Orthographic Drawing Research Articles

Drawing the Isolated Mosque

Abstract From the early-nineteenth century onwards, Orientalist visual constructs heavily shaped European depictions and analyses of mosque architecture. Over time, these representations shifted from the Orientalist exoticized scenographic model to the “scientific” language of the orthographic drawing. This article analyzes that process, tracing the evolution of a series of published plan drawings for five historical mosques. Unpacking their authors’ drafting techniques and examining the relationship between the isolation of the drawing and the understanding of the mosque as a timeless monument highlights the gaps of knowledge reproduced within the canonical texts of Islamic architecture and their disciplinary impact.

Did Ernst Herzfeld Find the Qaṣʿat Firʿawn (Pharaoh’s Bowl) in the Caliphal Palace at Samarra?

Ernst Herzfeld’s (1879–1948) papers on his excavation of the Abbasid city of Samarra, held at the National Museum of Asian Art Archives, include two maps indicating the existence of a large circular basin at the center of the square domed chamber south of the Caliphal Palace’s throne room. The details of this basin are provided in an orthographic drawing, and the captions of two photographs tersely attribute it to the palace. Now in the Madrasa al-Sharābiya in Baghdad, this basin has sometimes been identified as Qaṣʿat Firʿawn (Pharaoh’s Bowl), a large basin cited in medieval sources as having been part of the fountain of the Great Mosque of al-Mutawakkil. Strangely enough, not the slightest mention of this basin has been found in the written records of the excavations or in the published reports. A careful examination of other documents in Herzfeld’s archives and publications, as well as a number of reports of the Iraqi Directorate General of Antiquities, has established that the basin must have been discovered under unknown circumstances at an unspecified location in the palace several years after Herzfeld’s excavation. Furthermore, the study of medieval textual sources and other data related to the basin has shown that the latter is not Qaṣʿat Firʿawn but might well have been a similar basin. Originally a Roman labrum, the basin in question was repurposed during the Abbasid period as part of a low fountain with a unique water-circulation system that bears some similarities to the fountains of Islamic Spain.

An Action Research on The Effect of Using Real Modeled Object in Teaching Orthographic Drawing Concepts on Students’ Performance

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) has become a common tool used by educational institutions in teaching engineering drawing. Although more practical, learning that relies too heavily on CAD can lead to a decrease in students' ability to visualize and interpret technical drawing objects. This study will examine the integration of CAD in technical drawing education with the use of real model objects in the orthographic drawing and its impact on students’s performance. The study employed a three-step data collection approach, including a pre-test, intervention, and post-test, as well as a questionnaire to determine students' perceptions of the learning process. The study participants were fifteen fourth-grade high school students from SMA Seri Aman, Kota Tinggi. The students had previously been taught orthographic drawing and had prior knowledge of the subject matter. Based on the regression testing results, a p-value of 0.00 <0.05 was obtained, indicating a significant relationship between real modeled object learning and students' learning performance. Additionally, based on the average scores, there was an improvement in each phase, with pre-test scores of 4.46 and post-test scores of 8.40, indicating that the use of real modeled objects significantly improved learning outcomes compared to conventional learning models in orthographic drawing materials.

In praise of orthographic projections: Cinematic plans, history and application

This article offers insights for architectural and design educators that teach emerging cinematic and filmmaking practices. Due to its interdisciplinary nature and its practice-based methodology, this article presents the research, pedagogy and practice for educators in the field of architecture and spatial design as well as other creative disciplines such as film, animation and digital media. The argument is substantiated by empirical observations and qualitative analysis of student filmmaking projects and first-hand experiments in a design studio environment. Direct observations made from experiments in a design studio environment in which more than 50 students were trained and numerous internationally awarded architectural films and animations were produced. The research outcomes illustrate how traditional orthographic drawing techniques can operate as highly useful instruments in the process of designing narrative pieces of digital media, animation and film about architectural projects. The pedagogical approach has the potential to have implications on the discourse, practice and pedagogy of the emerging common ground between architecture, spatial design principles, digital media and filmmaking.

How Not to Forget

Can interior design facilitate remembrance? While the aesthetic and literary genre of speculative fiction projects contemporary political, social, and econometric structures into dystopian futures, speculative history turns this fictional and factual focus to the past. It uses photographs, textual records, oral testimony, and interpretation and extrapolation to intervene in existing narratives. This process involves engaging the absences and gaps in the ephemera housed in institutional archives that work to construct official records of historic events. This text-based essay explores the potential of engaging speculative history as a form of interior design praxis. How can lost narratives, hidden voices, architectural violence, and other concealed historical traumas interwoven with the built environment be resurfaced through strategies of interior visualisation? To address this prompt, four projects from the studio course Such a Place as Memory are taken as case studies to explore how the interior can be situated between public and personal forms of memory. By intervening in historical records and extrapolating familial histories, each work reveals the potential of digital or analogue tools to counter absences in the archive. Stories of communities at themargins or subject to violent political efforts are captured through representational strategies of advanced digital software, orthographic drawing, and architectural modelling. In each, speculation, interpretation, and intervention are centred as keyelements informed by theorist Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory. In my reading, the speculative interior and its strategies of representation may function as an apparatus of memory that can capture and relay unseen or deliberately concealed historical narratives into the future.

Review: Louis Kahn: The Importance of Drawing and Our Days Are Like Full Years: A Memoir with Letters from Louis Kahn

Review: <i>Louis Kahn: The Importance of Drawing</i> and <i>Our Days Are Like Full Years: A Memoir with Letters from Louis Kahn</i>

SCOPE and EaaSI: Software Emulation and the Future of Architectural History

SCOPE and EaaSI: Software Emulation and the Future of Architectural History

IMPROVING SPATIAL ABILITY SKILLS OF FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS IN BASIC ENGINEERING DRAWING USING A SOLID PAIR MODEL

Good spatial ability skills are an important component of an engineer’s ability to create and interpret engineering drawings, which is demanding in thinking, being a problem-solving process. The ability of an engineer to visualize in 3D is a cognitive skill that is attached to success in basic engineering drawing subjects. Engineering and technology education students need good spatial ability skills to understand several topics in basic engineering drawings like orthographic projection, axonometric drawing, sectional view, and hidden details drawings. This study aims at improving spatial ability skills using a solid pair model among first-year technical education students of Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya. A Quasi-experimental research design was used for the study, a standards pre and post-test were used to conduct a visualization transformation assessment to measure the students’ level of spatial ability skills. The study shows that after treatment using a solid pair model, the student without prior knowledge in basic engineering performed above average, likewise students with prior knowledge in the control and experimental group performed above average. The results indicate that a solid pair model was effective for improving spatial ability skills among first-year technical education students. This study implies to educators that there is need to appropriately enforce the use of a solid pair model for effective teaching and learning of basic engineering drawing. It is, therefore, affirmed that the use of a solid pair model in teaching basic engineering drawings should be enhanced with other teaching methods.&#x0D; Marwa, N. J. | Department of Technical Education Kaduna State College of Education, Gidan waya, Kafanchan, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Bases, Inputs and Reliability of a Basic Drawing Workbook

A developmental study was conducted on the reliability of a developed workbook in Basic Drawing. Three experts, and faculty and students of the University of Eastern Philippines rated the workbook. The entire study was completed during the School Year 2018-2019. Results of the study showed that the bases for the workbook were determined by the faculty handling drawing in three years in the UEP System who revealed that students have poor performance in drawing subject. From the bases, suggested inputs in the workbook included lettering, oblique drawing, isometric drawing, geometrical figures, polygon construction, ellipse drawing, orthographic drawing, one-point perspective, two-point perspective and section construction. The workbook was subjected to reliability test and the results showed that the workbook did not meet the requirements for a reliable material in all of its aspects considering that all of the values in accuracy, illustrations and presentations, readability, time allotment, and usefulness were below the acceptable value of 0.70. As such, the workbook still needed further improvement.

Gender Disparity Competence in Drafting Technology among Government Secondary Learning Institutions

This study determined the level of competencies between male and female students in drafting technology as a subject of Grade 8 in secondary schools in Leyte. It assessed the profile of the students along with their age, grade in drafting technology and family income. It also looked into their attitude and study and work habits towards drafting technology. Likewise, it looked into the level of competencies along the different areas such as: Freehand drawing, lettering, geometric construction, orthographic drawing, pictorial drawing, and commercial Arts. The descriptive survey research method was used in this study. It was conducted in selected public secondary learning institutions in Leyte, Philippines with 345 randomly chosen respondents. Structured questionnaires were administered to generate the needed primary data. Findings revealed that majority of the students were 14- 15 years old with satisfactory rating. They belong to families below poverty threshold. Both male and female students were moderately favourable towards drafting technology and exhibited satisfactory study and work habits. Their level of drafting competency was satisfactory having similar levels of competences for both male and female respondents. Inadequate drafting facilities were the top problems met by the students. In conclusion, both male and female students possessed good competency level in drafting technology course, exhibited moderately favourable attitudes and satisfactory in their study and work habits towards drafting technology. The study recommends that students should improve their attitude and study habits. State of the art facilities have to be provided by the administration to upgrade students’ knowledge and skills in drafting technology.

El multifamiliar contemporáneo en la manzana limeña: el caso de Magdalena del Mar

The research article analyzes the difficulties of design on several multifamily buildings under construction in Lima. Nowadays, the dimensions of the lots, the regulations in Lima and the real estate pressure have lead to some kinds of buildings with a persistent configuration. We try to reveal someof the essential characteristics which are deeply re-categorizing many of the traditional urban tissues of the city, such is the case of the district of Magdalena del Mar. The methodology is conceptually based on a typological understanding of housing, and it is operatively based on the use of orthographic drawing as an analysis tool. Finally, we consider whether these contingencies allow the projection of buildings with a collective idea of the city. The research leaves open the possibility to use its conclusions in the feedback of the municipal urban parameters.

Prospettiva Soldatesca: An Empirical Approach to the Representation of Military Architecture in the Early Modern Period

The paper deals with the history of military perspective, that is, cavalier perspective with a horizontal projection plane. After surveying briefly its remote origins in ancient and mediaeval transoblique or ‘Egyptian’ perspective, the authors explain how military perspective arose to fulfill the needs of military architecture representation, in particular the depiction of the new bastion systems that were introduced in the late fifteen and sixteenth centuries as an answer to the appearance of gunpowder and artillery. Next, the paper follows its gradual expansion into broader fields as a general technical drawing procedure, while remarking a puzzling fact: until the 19th, this technique was not conceived as a projection, in contrast to orthographic drawing and linear perspective. Nevertheless, its awkard ‘legalisation’ in the late nineteenth century paved the way for its adoption as the most significant graphic device of the architecture of the twentieth century.

Augmented Reality-based Support System for Teaching Hand-drawn Mechanical Drawing

This research aims to reduce the time, effort and monetary cost needed for developing various educational materials for teaching hand-drawn mechanical drawing by replacing actual educational materials with virtual ones on an augmented reality (AR) -based support system. This system is used for training of sketching and orthographic projection drawing, and has following features. 1) The virtual educational materials constructed by using 3D-CAD are superimposed to a real-time camera image as AR objects. 2) Students can watch the objects from various directions by using a cubic-marker intuitively. 3) The objects are applied realistic textures similar to the actual materials.

Cinemetrics: Embodying architectural representation in the digital age

How can architecture emerge from the prison of its current forms of representation? Grahame Shane1 interprets the concluding diagram of Robin Evans' Projective Cast: Architecture and its Three Geometries2 as a critique of postmodern architecture's self-reflection and lack of engagement with the world. Shane argues that Evan's diagram depicts architectural representation as a self-reinforcing, closed, conceptual triangle of mirrored reflections between the human observer, the scopic regime of perspective, orthographic architectural drawing conventions, and designed objects. Shane draws his interpretation from Evans's early work on Victorian prison architecture as well as one of Evan's last public lectures. Shane characterized Evans' critical view of postmodern architectural practice and representation as a “self-correcting means of stabilization and pacification of the physical, built environment.”3 This essay develops a theory of Cinemetrics that demonstrates how contemporary architectural production, with the aid of digital tools, has the capacity to break this closed system with open-ended, embodied cybernetic feed-back loops within a wider public culture engaged in the making and imagining of architecture.4 This essay argues that this break can only be accomplished by embodying architectural representation through a careful engagement with Gilles Deleuze's philosophy of movement and time images derived from cinema,5 Henri Bergson's theories of memory, attention and duration,6 and from Charles Sanders Peirce's pragmatic semiosis.7

Experimental Research on the Relations between Stereoscopic Vision and Mechanical Designers' Activities, with a View to C.A.D. Teaching

This study examines the influence of two crossed factors upon the performance of a subject whose aim is to understand the functioning of a complex piece of technical apparatus, in this instance an automated arm from an assembly line. The primary factor was the encoding degree of the third dimension which constitutes the representation of the object. The methods of presentation were: a 3-D photograph, an axonometric perspective drawing and a first angle orthographic drawing. The second factor was professional experience. The subjects were, on the one hand, first year technology pupils (15--16 year-olds) and, on the other hand, professional draughtsmen from RENAULT. The results obtained with the 3-D photograph were twice as good as those obtained with the axonometric perspective or the orthographic drawing. It should be pointed out that experience did not effect the score.

Cognitive processes and strategies employed by children to learn spatial representations

Children often have difficulties in learning spatial representations. This study investigated the effect of four different instructional formats on learning outcomes and strategies used when dealing with spatial tasks such as assembly procedures. It was hypothesised that instructional material that imposed least extraneous cognitive load would facilitate enhanced learning. Forty secondary students were presented with four types of instruction; orthographic drawing, isometric drawing, physical model and, isometric and physical model together. The findings provide evidence to suggest that working from physical models caused least extraneous cognitive load compared to the isometric and orthographic groups. The model group took less time, had more correctly completed models, required fewer extra looks, spent less time studying the instruction and made fewer errors. Problem decomposition, forward working and attending to information in the foreground of the graphical representation strategies were analysed.

Cognitive Load and Assembly Tasks: effect of instructional formats on learning assembly procedures

The study investigated the effect on learning of four different instructional formats used to teach assembly procedures. Cognitive load and spatial information processing theories were used to generate the instructional material. The first group received a physical model to study, the second an isometric drawing, the third an isometric drawing plus a model and the fourth an orthographic drawing. Forty secondary school students were presented with the four different instructional formats and subsequently tested on an assembly task. The findings indicated that there may be evidence to argue that the model format which only required encoding of an already constructed three dimensional representation, caused less extraneous cognitive load compared to the isometric and the orthographic formats. No significant difference was found between the model and the isometric‐plus‐model formats on all measures because 80% of the students in the isometric‐plus‐model format chose to use the model format only. The model format also did not differ significantly from other groups in total time taken to complete the assembly, in number of correctly assembled pieces and in time spent on studying the tasks. However, the model group had significantly more correctly completed models and required fewer extra looks than the other groups.

ＣＣＤカメラによる考古遺物の正射投影撮影および図化

In the compilation of archival records for archeological artifacts, true orthographic drawings of these artifacts have to be drawn by the archeologists themselves or part-timer, expending a great deal of time, labor, and skills. This paper describes the real time orthographic drawing system using a CCD camera. Finally, it demonstrates real time orthographic drawing results for Jomon pottery by using this system instead of the manual method which requires 3-4 hours.