Orthogonal Surface Research Articles

A Three‐Dimensional Architecture for Hydrogen‐Evolving, Host/Guest, Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Photocathodes Based on Nanolamellar MoO3 Scaffolds

AbstractThis work reports on the synthesis and characterization of a three‐dimensional hybrid organic/inorganic photocathode host/guest architecture based on nanolamellar MoO3 scaffolds, where light absorption and charge collection are orthogonal and active surface area is maximized. The proposed nanostructured architecture combines optimized optoelectrical properties and structural–morphological features, resulting in a photocurrent density of 2 mA cm−2 at +0.18 VRHE and an onset potential of +0.65 VRHE. The nanostructured host scaffold presents efficient photon trapping and increased surface area to accommodate the thin organic absorber layer. The ensuing absorption/collection decoupling significantly improves the photoelectrochemical performance, especially when compared to the flat‐stack reference device, suggesting that out‐of‐plane film nanostructuration may provide future opportunity for the design of efficient photoelectrodes.

Multivariable statistical analysis for enhancing performance indicators in direct contact membrane distillation

Orthogonal experimental design, correlation analysis and response surface charts were used to identify the parameters influencing the operational efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The orthogonal array design method was used to optimize the number of experimental trials required for dependence analysis. The operating factors studied were hot feed properties (temperature, salinity, flowrate) and cold distillate characteristics (temperature, and flowrate). The impact of those factors on three DCMD performance indicators - cold distillate production rate, performance ratio and recovery ratio – was investigated. The most significant factors influencing each performance indicator were obtained from the quantitative values of main and interaction effects, and confirmed by using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. The main effects of feed and distillate temperatures on the performance indicators were the greatest, indicating that the most significant factors were the feed and distillate temperatures. The maximum distillate production rate was obtained at feed and distillate temperatures of 90 and 15°C, respectively. The optimum recovery and performance ratios were obtained at a feed flowrate of 1.6 L/min but when feed temperature was kept at 70°C.

A Characterization of Isoparametric Surfaces in Space Forms via Minimal Surfaces

We give a characterization of isoparametric surfaces in three dimensional space forms with the help of minimal surfaces. Let us consider a surface in a three dimensional space form with the following property: through each point of the surface pass three curves such that the ruled orthogonal surface determined by each of them is minimal. We prove that necessarily the initial surface is isoparametric. It is also shown, that the curves are necessarily geodesics. On other hand, using the classification of isoparametric surfaces it is possible to prove that they have the above property along every geodesic. So, we have a characterization. As a preliminary result we prove that a surface with two geodesics, through every point, which are helices of the ambient, has parallel shape operator.

Temperature-Directed Assembly of Stacked Toroidal Nanorattles.

Here, we have developed a new methodology to obtain a pure population of well-defined and new kinetically trapped structures directly in water, inaccessible by other self-assembly techniques. We have exemplified this method through the synthesis of stacked toroidal micelles trapped into a nanorattle with multiple and orthogonal surface chemical functionality. These unique polymer nanorattles result from a water-surrounded inner core (or yolk) of stacked toroidal micelles encapsulated by a shell of stacked toroids. The nanorattles were monodispersed and could be freeze-dried and rehydrated without a change in the nanorattle structure. Confirmation of the kinetically trapped nanorattle structure was through the release of the individual stacked toroids using a plasticizer. Our approach provides a strategy for the synthesis of unique nanostructures that have the potential to be coupled with biological molecules and probes capable of performing multiple tasks and functions.

Chemical Modification of n-Type-Material Naphthalene Diimide on ITO for Efficient and Stable Inverted Polymer Solar Cells.

To provide orthogonal solvent processable surface modification and improve the device stability of bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs), n-type semiconducting material naphthalene diimide (NDI) was chemically introduced onto the ITO surface as a cathode interlayer (CIL) using 3-bromopropyltrimethoxysilane (BrTMS) as a coupling agent. After modification, the work function of ITO can be decreased from 4.70 to 4.23 eV. The modified ITO cathode was applied in inverted PSCs based on PTB7-Th:PC71BM. With the CIL modification, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.87% was achieved, showing a dramatic improvement compared to that of devices (PCE = 3.58%) without CIL. More importantly, with these chemical bonded interlayers, the stability of inverted PSCs was greatly enhanced. The improved PCE and stability can be attributed to the increased open-circuit voltage and the formation of robust chemical bonds in NDI-TMS films, respectively. This study demonstrated that chemical modification of ITO with n-type semiconducting materials provides an avenue for not only solving the solvent orthogonal problem but also improving the device performance in terms of the PCE and the stability.

Optimizing Process Research of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction in the Using of Extracting Pigment from Orange Peel by the Response Surface Method

In this article, we have studied how the ultrasonic assist ethyl alcohol extract the pigment from orange peel. By adopting the orthogonal experiment and response surface method to investigate the affection of the extraction time, extraction temperature, extraction agent to the crude extraction yield of pigment. It`s result show that under the condition of the extraction temperature is 60 , the optimum conditions of ultrasonic assisted ethanol extract pigment:60% ethanol concentration, one hours of extraction time, Material liquid than 1:15g/mL. Under these conditions, the orange peel pigment crude yield up to 54.97%--the highest.

Ultra‐compact dual‐polarised UWB MIMO antenna with meandered feeding lines

An ultra-compact dual-polarised ultra-wideband multi-input multi-output antenna made with a single-shared-radiating element and two meandered feeding lines are proposed. Miniaturisation is achieved by using a combination of techniques, including a resonant stub connected to the ground through which shorts the excessive coupled energy before it reaches the other port and minimises coupling, slots etched in the radiator that also help minimise mutual coupling, while the meandered lines allow to bring the antenna closer to the greatly reduce the overall size of the antenna. Slots etched in the radiator and the use of a stub connected to the ground through, help to minimise the mutual coupling. The formation of orthogonal surface currents provides the necessary dual polarisation. Simulated and measured results demonstrate the wideband impedance matching, low mutual coupling and low envelope correlation coefficient. This antenna has an extremely compact size (22 × 24.3 mm2, including the ground plane) that makes it an excellent candidate for portable and handheld devices.

Surface Structuring Meets Orthogonal Chemical Modifications: Toward a Technology Platform for Site-Selectively Functionalized Polymer Surfaces and BioMEMS.

A manufacturing process for the site-selective modification of structured (bio)material surfaces with two different polymers/biomolecules is presented. In the first step, a chemical surface contrast is created (e.g., a gold-on-silicon contrast obtained by colloidal lithography), and is combined with two orthogonal surface reactions for polymer/biomolecule immobilization. To demonstrate this, an antimicrobial SMAMP polymer and a protein-repellent polyzwitterion were site-selectively surface-immobilized on the gold-silicon structures. By varying the structure spacing and the surface architecture, structure-property relationships for the interaction of these bifunctional polymer surfaces with bacteria and proteins were obtained (studied by fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, and antimicrobial assays). At 1 μm spacing, a fully antimicrobially active bifunctional material was obtained, which also near-quantitatively reduced protein adhesion. As the process is generally applicable to polymers/biomolecules with aliphatic CH-groups, it is an interesting platform technology for site-selectively functionalized bifunctional (Bio)MEMS.

Analysis of urban surface temperature change using structure-from-motion thermal mosaicing

Thermal image is important source of information in the urban climate. In this study, we proposed “structure-from-motion (SfM) thermal mosaicing” which uses only thermal images to make orthogonal land surface temperature (LST) image in the process of SfM. With this method, orthogonal LST image can be made automatically without finding many ground control points manually. For the application of the method, LST images of central Tokyo in the summer of 2007 and 2013 were made. The quality of the images was practically precise. The images were compared and it is clearly shown that the LST in 2013 became cooler than in 2007 in many areas of development. There were also hotter areas where loss of green spaces was observed. With prevailing usage of drones for obtaining airborne LST image, this automatic method to make LST image will be very useful for UHI studies and urban planning.

Enzymatic extraction and characterization of polysaccharide from Tuber aestivum

Tuber aestivum is one of the important edible mycorrhizal truffle having unique flavor and texture. It is known to contain approximately 5.23% of polysaccharide. The present work was focused on extraction and characterization of the polysaccharide from fruiting body of T. aestivum. The polysaccharide was extracted using complex enzymes viz. papain, trypsin and pectinase. Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the factors involved in the extraction process. The optimal factors for the extraction of polysaccharide from T. aestivum were 1.0% trypsin, 2.0% pectinase, 1.0% papain, temperature 50°C, pH 6.0 and extraction time 90min. Under these optimum conditions the polysaccharide extraction yield was found to be 46.93% of total polysaccharide. Polysaccharide so obtained was characterized for its structure, chemical composition, thermal analysis and bioactivity. The monosaccharides present in the extracted polysaccharides were glucose (>90%), rhamnose, galactose and mannose. The polysaccharide extracted from T. aestivum possessed the significant in vitro antioxidant capability.

Orthogonal Surface Tags for Whole-Cell Biocatalysis.

We herein describe the engineering of E. coli strains that display orthogonal tags for immobilization on their surface and overexpress a functional heterologous "protein content" in their cytosol at the same time. Using the outer membrane protein Lpp-ompA, cell-surface display of the streptavidin-binding peptide, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system, or a HaloTag variant allowed us to generate bacterial strains that can selectively bind to solid substrates, as demonstrated with magnetic microbeads. The simultaneous cytosolic expression of functional content was demonstrated for fluorescent proteins or stereoselective ketoreductase enzymes. The latter strains gave high selectivities for specific immobilization onto complementary surfaces and also in the whole-cell stereospecific transformation of a prochiral CS -symmetric nitrodiketone.

Orthogonal Array Application and Response Surface Method Approach for Optimal Product Values: An Application for Oil Blending Process

This paper presents a methodical approach for designing and optimizing process parameters in oil blending industries. Twenty seven replicated experiments were conducted for production of A-Z crown super oil (SAE20W/50) employing L9 orthogonal array to establish process response parameters. Power law model was fitted to experimental data and the obtained model was optimized applying the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Quadratic model was found to be significant for production of A-Z crown supper oil. The study recognized and specified four new lubricant formulations that conform to ISO oil standard in the course of analyzing the batch productions of A-Z crown supper oil as: L1: KV=21.8293Cst, BS200=9430.00Litres, Ad102=11024.00 Litres, PVI=2520 Litres, L2: KV=22.513Cst, BS200=12430.00 Litres, Ad102=11024.00 Litres, PVI=2520 Litres, L3: KV=22.1671Cst, BS200=9430.00Litres, Ad102=10481.00 Litres, PVI=2520Litres, L4: KV=22.8605Cst, BS200=12430.00 Litres, Ad102=10481.00 Litres, PVI=2520Litres. The analysis of variance showed that quadratic model is significant for kinematic viscosity production while the R-sq value statistic of 0.99936 showed that the variation of kinematic viscosity is due to its relationship with the control factors. This study therefore resulted to appropriate blending proportions of lubricants base oil and additives and recommends the optimal kinematic viscosity of A-Z crown super oil (SAE20W/50) to be 22.86Cst.

Atomic and electronic structure of the CdTe(111)B–(2√3 × 4) orthogonal surface

The atomic and electronic structure of four variants of Te-terminated CdTe(111)B–(2√3 × 4) orthogonal polar surface (ideal, relaxed, reconstructed, and reconstructed with subsequent relaxation) are calculated ab initio for the first time. The surface is modeled by a film composed of 12 atomic layers with a vacuum gap of ~16 A in the layered superlattice approximation. To close Cd dangling bonds on the opposite side of the film, 24 fictitious hydrogen atoms with a charge of 1.5 electrons each are added. Ab initio calculations are performed using the Quantum Espresso program based on density functional theory. It is demonstrated that relaxation leads to splitting of the four upper layers. The band energy structures and total and layer-by-layer densities of electronic states for the four surface variants are calculated and analyzed.

Experimental Studies on Hole Quality in Drilling of SA182 Steel

In any manufacturing industry, defects minimization is the prime condition for reducing the production cost and improving the quality. In this research, the experimental studies on hole quality characteristics in drilling of SA182 steel with HSS drill has been presented. The study primarily focuses on investigating the effects of machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and point angle on thrust force, specific cutting coefficient, surface roughness and circularity error in drilling of SA182 work material. The experiments were planned as per Taguchi’s orthogonal array and response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed to analyze the machinability and hole quality characteristics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to check the adequacy of the models for the required responses. Response surface analysis obviously reveals that thrust force, specific cutting coefficient and surface roughness decrease with the increase in cutting speed, whereas the circularity error increases with increased cutting speed and feed. Higher point angle is desirable for minimal surface roughness and circularity error.

Influence of Surface Reinforcement, Member Thickness, and Cracked Concrete on Tensile Capacity of Anchor Bolts

An extensive numerical study was carried out to evaluate the influence of concrete member thickness and orthogonal surface reinforcement on the tensile capacity and performance of anchor bolts in u ...

Enhanced candicidal compound production by a new soil isolate Penicillium verruculosum MKH7 under submerged fermentation.

BackgroundMicroorganisms are a rich source of structurally diverse secondary metabolites that exert a major impact on the control of infectious diseases and other medical conditions. The biosynthesis of these metabolites can be improved by manipulating the nutritional or environmental factors. This work evaluates the effects of fermentation parameters on the production of a lactone compound effective against Candida albicans by Penicillium verruculosum MKH7 under submerged fermentation. Design–Expert version8.0 software was used for construction of the experimental design and statistical analysis of the experimental data.ResultsThe important factors influencing antibiotic production selected in accordance with the Plackett–Burman design were found to be initial pH, temperature, peptone, MgSO4.7H2O. Orthogonal central composite design and response surface methodology were adopted to further investigate the mutual interaction between the variables and identify the optimum values that catalyse maximum metabolite production. The determination coefficient (R2) of the fitted second order model was 0.9852. The validation experiments using optimized conditions of initial pH 7.4, temperature 27 °C, peptone 9.2 g/l and MgSO4.7H2O 0.39 g/l resulted in a significant increase (almost 7 fold from 30 to 205.5 mg/l) in the metabolite production which was in agreement with the prediction (211.24 mg/l). Stability of the compound was also assessed on the basis of its response to physical and chemical stresses.ConclusionsSo far as our knowledge goes, till date there are no reports available on the production of antibiotics by Penicillium verruculosum through media optimization using RSM. Optimization not only led to a 7 fold increase in metabolite yield but the same was achieved at much lesser time (8–10 days compared to the earlier 12–15 days). The enhanced yield of the antibiotic strongly suggests that the fungus P. verruculosum MKH7 can be efficiently used for antibiotic production on a large scale.

Flows induced by power-law stretching surface motion modulated by transverse or orthogonal surface shear

Boundary-layer solutions to Banks' problem for the flow induced by power-law stretching of a plate are obtained for two generalizations that include arbitrary transverse plate shearing motion. In one extension an arbitrary transverse shearing motion is the product of the power-law stretching. In the other extension the streamwise stretching coordinate is added to an arbitrary transverse shearing and together raised to the power of stretching. In addition we find that Banks' power law stretching may be accompanied by orthogonal power-law shear. In all cases, the original boundary-value problem of Banks [1] is recovered. Results are illustrated with velocity profiles both at the plate and at fixed height in the fluid above the plate.

Preparation of Functional Alternating Polymer Brushes and Their Orthogonal Surface Modification through Microcontact Printing.

This paper reports microcontact printing (μCP) to immobilize an alkoxyamine initiator (regulator) on glass and silicon substrates and subsequent surface-initiated alternating nitroxide-mediated copolymerization (siNMP) of hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate (HFIPA) and 7-octenylvinyl ether (OVE). The resulting patterned polymer brushes are analyzed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, site-specific post-functionalization of the alternating polymer brushes by applying two orthogonal surface reactions is achieved with thiols and amines through μCP. The versatility of this post-polymerization modification approach is demonstrated by site-selective immobilization of small organic molecules, fluorophores, and ligands providing a binary bioactive surface. The successful side-by-side orthogonal immobilization is verified by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluorescence microscopy.

Analysis of the Influence of Temperature and Gas Injection on the Onset of Asphaltene Precipitation Using a Response Surface Methodology Approach

Asphaltene deposition had always been a challenge for the flow assurance issues in oil industry due to both high removal costs and complex behavior in various temperature and composition conditions. These conditions could occur in any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the reservoir, and production of oil in tubing or surface facilities. The central composite experimental design of orthogonal type and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to develop reliable models to investigate the effects of input variables on asphaltene onset pressure (AOP). The considered input variables were the temperature and the gas mole% in CO2 and N2 gas injection scenarios. Regression analysis showed agreement of the experimental data with the determination coefficient (R2) values of 0.991 and 0.987 for CO2 and N2 gas injection models, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test the significance of the RSM polynomial models. ANOVA study showed, in CO2 injection model, the effect of temperature was greater than the gas mole%, while in N2 injection model, the gas mole% effect was dominant over the temperature effect. By investigating the models, it was seen that in N2 gas injection, any amount of gas increased the AOP at different temperatures. But in CO2 gas injection, depending on the temperature, AOP might rise or fall upon adding gas.

A hydrophobicity study on wavy and orthogonal textured surfaces

Abstract A numerical study was carried out to investigate the wetting characteristics of both an orthogonal type surface and a wavy type surface at the nano-scale by means of the molecular dynamics simulation method. In this study, the contact angles of a droplet on orthogonal type surfaces and on wavy type surfaces were used to compare the wetting characteristics of orthogonal stripe-patterned surfaces with those of wavy-patterned surfaces. The water droplet is less affected by the various orthogonal type and wavy type surfaces when the primary texture height of the structure and surface energy are relatively low. However, as the primary texture height of the structure and surface energy increase, the results of a one directional textured pattern is different from those of the dual direction textured pattern. In the cases of the orthogonal stripe-patterned surfaces and the wavy-patterned surfaces having a one directional pattern, the geometric difference indicates that the wavy type surface have a contact angle as much 85° higher than the orthogonal type surface. However, when comparing the orthogonal and wavy dual direction patterned surfaces, there is never more than 17° difference.