Orthogonal Space-time Block Coding Scheme Research Articles

Performance Enhancement for B5G/6G Networks Based on Space Time Coding Schemes Assisted by Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces with Higher Modulation Orders

Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) and Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) technologies are essential in the fifth generation (5G) networks and beyond. IRS optimizes the signal propagation and the coverage and is a viable approach to address the issues caused by fading channels that limits the spectral efficiency, while MIMO enhances data rates, reliability, and spectral efficiency by using multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver ends. This paper proposes an IRS-assisted MISO system using the Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code (OSTBC) scheme to enhance the channel reliability and reduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) in wireless communication systems. The proposed system exploits the benefits from the transmit diversity gain of the OSTBC scheme as well as from the bit energy to noise power spectral density (Eb/No) improvement of the IRS technology. The presented work explores these combined technologies across different modulation schemes. The obtained results outperform the similar previously published works by considering higher-order modulation schemes as well as the deployment of rate ¾ OSTBC-assisted IRS. Moreover, the obtained results demonstrate that the integration of OSTBC with IRS can yield significant performance improvements in terms of Eb/No by 7 dB and 13 dB when using 16 reflecting elements and 64 reflecting elements, respectively.

MIMO FSO communication using subcarrier intensity modulation over double generalized gamma fading

Atmospheric turbulence-induced fading is known to have a serious detrimental effect on the performance of free-space optical (FSO) communication. The involvement of multiple lasers and photodetectors in FSO systems offers an effective way to overcome fading. Very recently, a new generic fading model, called double-generalized gamma (double GG), is developed for accurately describing irradiance fading over a wide range of turbulence conditions. Therefore, for a general and exact study of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO system, the double GG fading model is adopted in this paper. We investigate the MIMO FSO systems using subcarrier intensity modulation. Two typical transmit diversity schemes, repetition code (RC) and orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC), are considered. We first propose a new power series expression for the probability density function of the double GG fading. Then we derive the average error rate expressions for both schemes in terms of double power series. The truncated forms of the derived power series enable the rapid and accurate numerical computation of the error rates. Furthermore, we present the asymptotic error rate analyses at high electrical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for both schemes. Closed-form diversity order and coding gain for both schemes are also obtained. Our numerical results, verified by simulation, confirm that RC outperforms OSTBC for MIMO FSO systems with subcarrier intensity modulation in double GG fading. The asymptotic coding gain of the RC scheme over the OSTBC scheme is analytically quantified for varying degrees of the fading strength.

Conventional and modified TAS/OSTBC schemes in dual‐hop fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward relaying systems with imperfect feedback

AbstractModified transmit antenna selection (TAS)/orthogonal space‐time block coding (OSTBC) (M‐TAS/OSTBC) schemes have been shown to achieve superior error performance together with a reduced‐rate feedback channel in the presence of feedback errors (FEs) when compared with the conventional TAS/OSTBC (C‐TAS/OSTBC) schemes. This paper focuses on the bringing of fixed‐gain amplify‐and‐forward (FGAF) relaying schemes that employ M‐TAS/OSTBC schemes at both hops that provides reduced feedback‐rate and robust error performance in the presence of erroneous‐feedback channels. The exact expressions of the outage and error probabilities for both dual‐hop FGAF relaying schemes in Nakagami‐m fading channels have been derived and validated via Monte Carlo simulations. Additionally, with the help of high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) (i.e., asymptotic) approaches and some analytical approximations, the asymptotic diversity order analysis has been carried out. Besides, by providing a simulation‐based examination on the inclusion of power allocation within the modified scheme, the additional advantages on the performance have been exhibited. The extensive investigation and comparisons to the conventional schemes have shown that M‐TAS/OSTBC schemes employed at each transmission link provide full diversity order and considerable error performance as the C‐TAS/OSTBC scheme in ideal feedback cases and also achieve more robust error performance in the presence of FEs. Thus, by using M‐TAS/OSTBC schemes, the overall performances of the dual‐hop FGAF relaying schemes have been enhanced, which would result in reductions on the average SNR requirements to achieve a specified error rate constraint. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A low computational complexity V-BLAST/STBC detection mechanism in MIMO system

Abstract The idea of multiple antenna arrays has evolved into multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, which provides transmit and receive diversities. It increases robustness of the effect of multipath fading in wireless channels, besides yielding higher capacity, spectral efficiency and better bit error rate (BER) performance. The spatial diversity gain is obtained by transmitting or receiving multiple copies of a signal through different antennas to combat fading and improves the system BER performance. However, the computational complexity of MIMO system is inevitably increased. Space-time coding (STC) technique such as Alamouti’s space-time block code (STBC) that combines coding, modulation and signal processing has been used to achieve spatial diversity. Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) uses antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver to achieve spatial multiplexing gain. Independent data streams that share both frequency bands and time slots are transmitted from multiple antennas and jointly detected at the receiver. The theoretical capacity of V-BLAST increases linearly with the number of antennas in rich scattering environments. It's well-known that maximization of spatial diversity gain leads to degradation of spatial multiplexing gain or vice versa. In order to achieve spatial multiplexing and diversity gains simultaneously, the V-BLAST/STBC scheme has been introduced. This hybrid scheme increases MIMO system capacity and maintains reliable BER performance at the same time. However, both V-BLAST and STBC layers, in this hybid scheme, assume each other as an interferer. Thus, the symbols must be decoded with a suitable detection mechanism. In this paper, a new low complexity detection mechanism for V-BLAST/STBC scheme based on QR decomposition, denoted as low complexity QR (LC-QR) decomposition, is presented. The performance of the proposed LC-QR decomposition detection mechanism in V-BLAST/STBC transceiver scheme is compared with other detection mechanisms such as ZF, MMSE and QR decomposition. It is shown that the BER performance in V-BLAST/STBC scheme is better than V-BLAST scheme while its system capacity is higher than orthogonal STBC scheme when the LC-QR decomposition detection mechanism is exploited. Moreover, the computational complexity of proposed LC-QR decomposition mechanism is significantly lower than other abovementioned detection mechanisms.

Differential orthogonal space‐time block codes for four transmit antennas

A new high-order differential space-time block code (DSTBC) is introduced as an attractive alternative to the well-known coherent space-time block code (STBC) by providing both full space-time diversity and blind detection. A differential detection based on the orthogonal STBC scheme is proposed. The proposed differential scheme is a generalisation of the recent DSTBC already designed for two transmit antennas. The proposed differential encoder consists of a specific trellis diagram that creates a positive correlation between successive differential data. At the receiver side, the well-known Viterbi algorithm is applied using a specific metric that nearly compensates for the 3 dB penalty commonly introduced by the symbol by symbol differential schema, and shows a 0.5 dB performance loss only from the coherent STBC scheme.

High-Order Intensity Modulations for OSTBC in Free-Space Optical MIMO Communications

Recently, Simon-Vilnrotter and Premaratne-Zheng modified the binary pulse-position modulation (PPM) to support free-space optical (FSO) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems with orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) that requires the use of negative symbols. In this paper, we extend the investigation to optical OSTBC schemes with high-order intensity modulation. A necessary and sufficient condition for the high-order intensity modulation to maintain the orthogonality of the applied OSTBC is derived, and four Q-ary intensity modulation schemes satisfying this condition are proposed. In asynchronous FSO MIMO channels in which the signals from different transmitters arrive at the receiver with timing misalignment, the proposed modulation schemes can be used with shift-OSTBC to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) and provide diversity gain.

Enhanced closed-loop EOSTBC schemes for multiple transmit antennas

In this paper, a novel closed-loop multiple antennas transmission scheme suitable for M = 2p(p ⩾2) transmit antennas is proposed on the basis of the extended orthogonal space–time block codes. And, all 2p transmit antennas are divided into p groups, and each group includes two antennas, and Alamouti orthogonal space-time block code is adopted. All p groups are used to transmit the same source symbols, and each group is scaled by one scale matrix before transmission. The elegantly designed scale matrix takes both power allocation and phase rotation into account to optimise the antenna array gain and exploit full transmit diversity while maintaining low linear decoding complexity provided by Alamouti code. By formulating the problem as a convex optimisation problem, the optimal solution for the scale matrix is achieved. In addition, several practical feedback codebook design methods are proposed, and their advantages over the existing closed-loop extended orthogonal space–time block code schemes are clearly demonstrated by both analysis and simulation results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Outage Probability Analysis of Multiuser MISO Systems Exploiting Joint Spatial Diversity and Multiuser Diversity with Outdated Feedback

In this paper, the outage performance of multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems exploiting joint spatial and multiuser diversities is investigated for Rayleigh fading channels with outdated feedback. First, we derive closed-form exact outage probabilities for the joint diversity schemes that combine user scheduling with different spatial diversity techniques, including: 1) transmit maximum-ratio combining (TMRC); 2) transmit antenna selection (TAS); and 3) orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC). Then the asymptotic outage probabilities are analyzed to gain more insights into the effect of feedback delay. It is observed that with outdated feedback, the asymptotic diversity order of the multiuser OSTBC (M-OSTBC) scheme is equal to the number of transmit antennas at the base station, while that of the multiuser TMRC (M-TMRC) and the multiuser TAS (M-TAS) schemes reduce to one. Further by comparing the asymptotic outage probabilities, it is found that the M-TMRC scheme outperforms the M-TAS scheme, and the M-OSTBC scheme can perform best in the outage regime of practical interest when the feedback delay is large. Theoretical analysis is verified by simulation results.

Performance bounds for two-way amplify-and-forward relaying

In this paper, the average sum rate of two-way amplify-and-forward (AF) half-duplex relaying system is analyzed. To this end, we first derive the harmonic mean of two independent gamma distributed random variables which have the same shape parameter but different scale parameters. By deriving tight upper and lower bounds for the average sum rate of two-way relaying, we verify that two-way relaying can significantly recover the spectrum efficiency loss of one-way relaying. We also extend the two-way AF half-duplex relaying to the case where source and destination terminals both transmit Alamouti's orthogonal space time block code (OSTBC) utilizing two antennas and the relay has only one antenna. By deriving both upper and lower bounds for the average sum rate as well as an upper bound for the pairwise error probability (PEP) for the proposed two-way OSTBC scheme, we show that the average sum rate is further improved compared to the single antenna case and a diversity order of two is also achieved. Furthermore, optimal power allocations under a global power constraint for two-way relaying with single antenna and the proposed two-way OSTBC scheme are derived analytically.

Optimal antenna subset selection and blind detection approach applied to orthogonal space-time block coding

An approach combining optimal antenna subset selection with blind detection scheme for Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding (OSTBC) is proposed in this paper. The optimal antenna subset selection is taken into account at transmitter and/or receiver sides, which chooses the optimal antennas to increase the diversity order of OSTBC and improve further its performance. In order to enhance the robustness of the detection used in the conventional OSTBC scheme, a blind detection scheme based on Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is exploited which can directly extract transmitted signals without channel estimation. Performance analysis shows that the proposed approach can achieve the full diversity and the flexibility of system design by using the antenna selection and the ICA based blind detection schemes.

Analytical assessment of multi-user vs. spatial diversity trade-offs with delayed channel state information

In this letter, we explore the combined use of spatial and multi-user diversity in a cellular system where channel state information is subject to delays in the feedback channel. First, we analytically derive the probability and cumulative density functions of the post-scheduling signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for both a single-input single-output (SISO) and an orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) transmission schemes. Then, we obtain the closed-form expressions of the corresponding average system capacities. By evaluating those expressions, we analytically show that the OSTBC scheme is far less sensitive to delays in the feedback channel