Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Relay Systems Research Articles

Robust hybrid beamforming in full-duplex broadband mmWave relay systems

In this paper, the robust hybrid beamforming scheme in full-duplex (FD) millimeter-wave (mmWave) relay systems is designed under imperfect channel estimates. The inherent characteristic of mmWave signals, i.e., the large available bandwidth, is considered in the design, and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique is utilized to overcome the multipath fading. A self-interference cancellation module is inserted at the relay to attenuate the self-interference, which is the main challenge of the FD mode. A decomposition algorithm for mmWave OFDM relay systems is proposed to obtain the hybrid processors with analog-digital-analog structures and closed-form least-squared-based solutions. Numerical results show that the proposed design provides significant improvements by comparing with existing designs.

Superposition coded OFDM transmissions in a downlink cooperative relay network based on statistical channel state information

Non-orthogonal multiple access has recently emerged as a promising multiple access technique for future wireless technology. In this study, the authors investigate superposition coding in a downlink cooperative cellular system based on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in the presence of frequency selective multipath fading channels, a setup that has not been studied before. Specifically, the base station communicates with two paired mobile users simultaneously via the OFDM modulation with the help of a half-duplex relay under either the decode-and-forward (DF) or amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme, where the power allocation between two mobile users depends on the statistical channel state information (CSI) rather than perfect CSI. They derive the ergodic rate regions under Rayleigh fading channels and present an ad-hoc approach to determine the power splitting parameters when the target data rates are given. Simulation results based on the outage probabilities show that superposition coding consistently outperforms frequency division, however, the relative advantage of the DF and AF schemes in a superposition-coded OFDM relay system depends on the system geometry.

Low‐complexity energy‐efficient resource allocation for delay‐tolerant two‐way orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing relays

Energy-efficient wireless communication is important for wireless devices with a limited battery life and cannot be recharged. In this study, a bit allocation algorithm to minimise the total energy consumption for transmitting a bit successfully is proposed for a two-way orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing relay system, whilst considering the constraints of quality-of-service and total transmit power. Unlike existing bit allocation schemes, which maximise the energy efficiency (EE) by measuring ‘bits-per-Joule’ with fixed bidirectional total bit rates constraint and no power limitation, their scheme adapts the bidirectional total bit rates and their allocation on each subcarrier with a total transmit power constraint. To do so, they propose an idea to decompose the optimisation problem. The problem is solved in two general steps. The first step allocates the bit rates on each subcarrier when the total bit rate of each user is fixed. In the second step, the Lagrangian multipliers are used as the optimisation variants, and the dimension of the variant optimisation is reduced from 2N to 2, where N is the number of subcarriers. They also prove that the optimal point is on the bounds of the feasible region, thus the optimal solution could be searched through the bounds.

Channel Estimation, Carrier Recovery, and Data Detection in the Presence of Phase Noise in OFDM Relay Systems

Due to its time-varying nature, oscillator phase noise can significantly degrade the performance of channel estimation, carrier recovery, and data detection blocks in high-speed wireless communication systems. In this paper, we analyze joint channel, \emph{carrier frequency offset (CFO)}, and phase noise estimation plus data detection in \emph{orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)} relay systems. To achieve this goal, a detailed transmission framework involving both training and data symbols is presented. In the data transmission phase, a comb-type OFDM symbol consisting of both pilots and data symbols is proposed to track phase noise over an OFDM frame. Next, a novel algorithm that applies the training symbols to jointly estimate the channel responses, CFO, and phase noise based on the maximum a posteriori criterion is proposed. Additionally, a new \emph{hybrid Cram\'{e}r-Rao lower bound} for evaluating the performance of channel estimation and carrier recovery algorithms in OFDM relay networks is derived. Finally, an iterative receiver for joint phase noise estimation and data detection at the destination node is derived. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the application of the proposed estimation and receiver blocks significantly improves the performance of OFDM relay networks in the presence of phase noise.

Energy efficient joint power and subcarrier assignment scheme in OFDM relay system

A power and subcarrier assignment algorithm is proposed in this paper for maximizing the energy efficiency in the single-relay multi-users orthogonal-frequency-division -multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Under the constraints of maximum total power and minimum transmission rate, we formulate a joint optimization scheme for subcarrier pairing and power allocation to maximize the energy efficiency. The Dinkelbach's method is used to depress the complexity and to transform the problem to a linear programming, then we use the dual decomposition approach solve the problem. In the premise of the system transmission rate, this algorithm uses the improved decode-and-forward (IDF) relay to maximize the system energy efficiency. Simulation results illustrate that, compared with the spectral-efficient maximization (SEM) algorithm, the energy-efficient maximization (EEM) algorithm proposed in this paper makes the energy efficiency not decline when the signal-to-noise radio (SNR) is at a high level. At the point where SNR is 10 dB and the number of subcarriers is 16, system energy efficiency is increased by 6.2% and 11.9% with the subcarrier pairing strategy and power allocation strategy respectively.

A Novel Solution for OFDM Based Relay Systems

In this paper we propose a novel solution for performance enhancement of dual-hop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based decode-and-forward (DF) relay system, which assumes that relay station uses more than one antenna for downlink communications and implements transmit antenna selection (TAS) on subcarrier basis jointly with ordered subcarrier mapping (SCM). Ordered SCM is technique where subcarriers from the first hop are mapped to corresponding subcarriers on the second hop in accordance to their instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). It is proven to be a mapping scheme that maximizes the achievable ergodic capacity in OFDM based relay systems, while enabling bit error rate (BER) improvement at the same time. In order to assess the level of BER performance improvement in the system proposed in this paper, we analytically derive closed form BER expression of binary phase shift keying modulated OFDM DF relay system with TAS and SCM, assuming a scenario with Rayleigh fading statistics on both hops. Additionally, for further BER reduction, we analyze the combination of TAS with a modified SCM scheme, in which the subcarriers having the lowest SNRs on both hops are omitted. All derived analytical results are completely verified through simulations, showing that significant BER performance improvements are achieved with the novel proposed OFDM relay system, compared to the systems implementing only SCM, or only TAS, which approves that it can be considered as an interesting solution for the next generation of mobile cellular systems.

Outage analysis of a dual-hop OFDM amplify-and-forward relay system with subcarrier mapping in Rayleigh fading

Subcarrier mapping (SCM) is considered to be crucial for capacity-maximization in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relaying network. Although SCM in an OFDM system has been investigated extensively, nevertheless, the outage probability and outage capacity analysis of the system is not yet available in the literature. This paper presents the outage analysis of a dual-hop OFDM relay system with ordered subcarrier paring schemes, i.e., worst-to-best (WTB) SCM and best-to-best (BTB) SCM. Accurate close-form expressions are derived for end-to-end outage while considering a dual-hop fixed gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying system with Rayleigh fading channel model. The first and second moments of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and capacity are derived for WTB SCM and BTB SCM schemes while approximating the probability distribution function (PDF) of total capacity of each subcarrier pair by Gaussian distribution. The outage performances of these schemes are compared with balanced links, i.e., when the SNR is same for both hops, as well as unbalanced links, i.e., when the SNR of the second hop is one half of the SNR of the first hop. The numerical results validate the analysis in Rayleigh fading channel.

Performance Analysis of Two-Way OFDM Relay Systems with Ordered Subcarrier Pairing

In this paper, we first prove the optimality of ordered subcarrier pairing (OSP) in two-way orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay systems. The probability distribution function (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is then derived for each subcarrier pair of the two-way links over Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, we analyze the performance of the systems including outage probability, symbol error rate (SER) and capacity. Monte Carlo simulations validate our analysis.

Proof of Optimality of Ordered Subcarrier Pairing in Amplify-and-Forward OFDM Relay Systems without Diversity

Amplify-and-forward (AF) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay systems without diversity are studied, with emphasizing on the subcarrier pairing at the relay node. Using the subcarrier pairing based on the signal-to-noise power ratios (SNRs) of subcarriers, it is proven that the ordered subcarrier pairing (OSP), according to normalized channel gains of the subcarriers of OFDM at two hops, is optimal in terms of system capacity, without any assumption for SNRs of subcarriers and types of power constraints. The proof about the optimality of OSP shows that in this kind of relay systems, the subcarrier pairing and power allocation are completely decoupled.

An Efficient Channel Estimation Scheme Using Walsh Pilots in Bi-directional Wireless OFDM Relay Systems with Analog Network Coding

SUMMARY In this paper, we propose an efficient channel estimation scheme in bi-directional wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay systems applying analog network coding (ANC). In the relay systems applying ANC, channel separation is needed to estimate each of the bi-directional channels simultaneously from the combined received signal. In the conventional channel estimation schemes, relatively higherratio pilots are needed to obtain accurate channels. In contrast, we propose a channel estimation scheme with sparse pilots, while maintaining high accuracy for channel estimation. In the proposed scheme, Walsh codes are inserted as the pilot symbols at both end nodes, and the individual channels are obtained by correlation processing from the combined signals. The improved bit error rate (BER) and throughput performances of the proposed

A Reduced Overhead OFDM Relay System with Clusterwise TMRC Beamforming

We consider a relay clustering system using decode and forward (DF) relaying, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and transmit maximal ratio combining beamforming (TMRC-BF) at the relays. We address channel estimation at the destination for the above system. A cluster pairing scheme with corresponding pilot designs is proposed. It reduces both necessary pilot overhead and computational complexity by half. Simulation results show that if the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of pilots for channel estimation for TMRC-BF at the relays is kept above a threshold (5 dB below the SNR of the pilots sent to the destination by the cluster pairing strategy), nearly optimal channel estimation performance can be achieved.

Dual-Hop Non-regenerative OFDM Relay Systems with Chunk-Based Power Allocation

In this paper, we propose dual-hop non-regenerative Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) relay systems without signal buffering and processing delay due to Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse FFT (IFFT) at the Relay Node (RN). One scheme uses per subcarrier Power Allocation (PA) at Source Node (SN) and per chunk PA at RN to improve the achievable rate. Another scheme employs per chunk PA at both SN and RN. Numerical results in mobile communication environments show that both schemes improve the achievable rates compared to conventional simple amplify-and-forward relay systems with per subcarrier PA at RN. In particular, the latter scheme can obtain almost the same or slightly higher achievable rates by selecting an appropriate chunk size in severe frequency selective channel and by setting any chunk size in highly frequency-correlated channels. Therefore, chunk-based PA at both SN and RN can be found a beneficial PA for dual-hop OFDM relay systems in terms of competitive achievable rates and relatively small amount of required channel information to calculate allocated power.

Reduction of Feedback Based-on User Traffic Rate in OFDM Relay System

In order to reduce feedback while maintaining user performance in multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay system, feedback mechanism based on user traffic rate is proposed. From the aspects of feedback outage probability, user weighted channel gain related to user traffic rate is compared with the system threshold. The higher user traffic rate is, the bigger the user traffic weight becomes. So the high traffic rate user has greater probability to be fed back, which can support different traffic rate. Simulation results show that the proposed feedback mechanism can bring more feedback sub-carriers to the user with high traffic rate.