Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Demodulation Research Articles

Suppression of impulsive noise in OFDM system using imperfect channel state information

This paper presents the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system working under Nakagami-m multipath fading channels, which utilizes the impulsive noise excision technique. Its performance is also evaluated under the imperfect channel state information (CSI) constraint. Although the impact of noise reduces due to the noise bucket effect appearing in OFDM systems with longer symbol duration, yet the impulsive noise energy spreads over OFDM subcarriers, which appears as a hazard in the demodulation and detection when the energy of impulsive noise exceeds certain threshold level. Under realistic conditions, the channel estimators cannot provide perfect/ideal channel state information. In this paper, we use the impulsive noise compensation method as a technique for the suppression of impulsive noise in the frequency-domain after OFDM demodulation and channel equalization. Under the aforementioned scenario, the simulation results are demonstrated for the performance evaluation of underlying OFDM communication system, under the Nakagami-m multipath fading channel, which also focuses on the adverse effects of imperfect CSI at the receiver, in terms of bit error rate.

Detection and Classification of OFDM Waveforms Using Cepstral Analysis

Cepstral analysis has been widely used in audio and speech processing applications because of its ability to reveal periodicities in a signal. The presence of cyclic prefix (CP) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals induces periodicities. Motivated by this, the paper focuses on cepstral analysis of OFDM signal. The distributions of cepstral coefficients are derived for two scenarios of noise only and OFDM signal in noise. It is shown that the OFDM cepstrum is significantly different from the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) cepstrum and can be used to detect OFDM waveforms. It is also shown that the cepstrum of OFDM is rich in features and can be used to estimate OFDM parameters such as number of subcarriers and length of the CP in an OFDM symbol. These OFDM waveform parameters can be used to automatically recognize or classify different OFDM waveforms, which are important for cognitive radios, coexistence of heterogeneous networks and signal intelligence. Two schemes are proposed to detect OFDM based primary user (PU) signals in cognitive radio systems. The distributions of the test statistics under the two hypotheses are established. Neyman-Pearson detection strategy is employed. Algorithms for estimating the number of subcarriers and the length of the CP are proposed and their performances studied through simulations. Later the proposed schemes are extended to cooperative sensing scenario with multiple secondary users (SUs) and it is shown that the collaboration between them significantly improve the performance of the proposed cepstrum based detection and estimation schemes.

Optical wireless transmission of 405 nm, 1.45 Gbit/s optical IM/DD-OFDM signals through a 4.8 m underwater channel.

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate wireless transmission of optical intensity modulation/direct detection-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (IM/DD-OFDM) signals in an underwater channel using a field programmable gate array based real-time transmitter. The real-time transmission of a 405 nm 1.45 Gbit/s optical OFDM signal through a 4.8 m underwater channel with an error vector magnitude of approximately 10% was successfully achieved.

BER Analysis and Compensation for the Effects of Polynomial HPA Non-linearity in MIMO OFDM Systems Over Fading Channel

The nonlinearities caused by the High Power Amplifier (HPA) has a crucial effect on the performance of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this paper, we investigate the performance of Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (VBLAST) MIMO OFDM systems in the presence of non HPA which is modeled as a NL polynomial model. Specifically, we present a theoretical analysis of NL distortion effects in VBLAST MIMO OFDM systems in terms of error probability and system capacity. Therefore, we propose a nonlinear distortion compensator based on Neural Network (NN) accompanied with Minimum Mean Square Error receiver which corrects this nonlinearity. In the fact, the correction is done at the transmitter after HPA and at the receiver level after OFDM demodulation in frequency and time domain. Also, we present the structure of the NN adapted to both the predistortion and frequency domain. Simulation results show the comparison between the theoretical and simulated of nonlinear distortion effects in MIMO-OFDM transmission systems, as well as the performance of different methods of compensation proposed.

OFDM-Aided Differential Space–Time Shift Keying Using Iterative Soft Multiple-Symbol Differential Sphere Decoding

Soft-decision multiple-symbol differential sphere decoding (MSDSD) is proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)-aided differential space-time shift keying (DSTSK)-aided transmission over frequency-selective channels. Specifically, the DSTSK signaling blocks are generated by the channel-encoded source information and the space-time (ST) blocks are appropriately mapped to a number of OFDM subcarriers. After OFDM demodulation, the DSTSK signal is noncoherently detected by our soft-decision MSDSD detector. A novel soft-decision MSDSD detector is designed, and the associated decision rule is derived for the DSTSK scheme. Our simulation results demonstrate that an SNR reduction of 2 dB is achieved by the proposed scheme using an MSDSD window size of N-w = 4 over the conventional soft-decision-aided differential detection benchmarker, while communicating over dispersive channels and dispensing with channel estimation (CE).

Iterative Synchronization-Assisted Detection of OFDM Signals in Cognitive Radio Systems

Despite many attractive features of an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system, the signal detection in an OFDM system over multipath fading channels remains a challenging issue, particularly in a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenario. This paper presents an iterative synchronization-assisted OFDM signal detection scheme for cognitive radio (CR) applications over multipath channels in low-SNR regions. To detect an OFDM signal, a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) test is employed without additional pilot symbols using a cyclic prefix (CP). Analytical results indicate that the LLR of received samples at a low SNR can be approximated by their log-likelihood (LL) functions, thus allowing us to estimate synchronization parameters for signal detection. The LL function is complex and depends on various parameters, including correlation coefficient, carrier frequency offset (CFO), symbol timing offset, and channel length. Decomposing a synchronization problem into several relatively simple parameter estimation subproblems eliminates a multidimensional grid search. An iterative scheme is also devised to implement a synchronization process. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detector.

Long reach colorless WDM OFDM-PON using direct detection OFDM transmission for downstream and OOK for upstream

Here we have proposed a novel architecture of wavelength division multiplexed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-passive optical network (WDM OFDM-PON) which is capable of transmitting 10 Gbps data both in downstream and upstream directions up to 50 km. Here direct detection OFDM is used for downstream unicast transmission and simple on–off keying data is used for upstream unicast transmission. OFDM eliminates inter-symbol interference through use of a cyclic prefix also provides good protection against co-channel interference and impulsive parasitic noise. Since delay interferometer (DI) acts as a optical equalizer and vestigial sideband filter hence a DI is used at central office for successful transmission of 10 Gbps upstream data up to 50 km using reflective semiconductor optical amplifier at optical network unit (ONU) having bandwidth of 1.5 GHz. Since no extra laser source is used at ONU and downstream data is further used for upstream data modulation so colorless scheme is implemented. Simulation is performed for all downstream and upstream channels having data rate of 10 Gbps with a transmission distance of 50 km having acceptable performance.

Baseband Transceiver Design of a High Definition Radio FM System Using Joint Theoretical Analysis and FPGA Implementation

Advances in wireless communications have enabled various technologies for wireless digital communication. In the field of digital radio broadcasting, several specifications have been proposed, such as Eureka-147 and digital radio mondiale (DRM). These systems require a new spectrum assignment, which incurs heavy cost due to the depletion of the available spectrum. Therefore, the in-band on-channel (IBOC) system has been developed to work in the same band with the conventional analog radio and to provide digital broadcasting services. This paper discusses the function and algorithm of the high definition (HD) radio frequency modulation (FM) digital radio broadcasting system. Content includes data format allocation, constellation mapping, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation of the transmitter, timing synchronization, OFDM demodulation, integer and fraction carrier frequency (integer carrier frequency offset (ICFO) and fractional CFO (FCFO)) estimation, and channel estimation of the receiver. When we implement this system to the field programmable gate array (FPGA) based on a hardware platform, both theoretical and practical aspects have been considered to accommodate the available hardware resources.

High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication

In this paper, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated a novel quasi-balanced detection (QBD) technique in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) visible light communication (VLC) system. By employing opposite signals to odd and even consecutive symbols, the nonlinearity distortion, and direct current can be eliminated efficiently. Additionally, the sensitivity of receiver can also be improved by 3dB, thus a longer transmission distance and high-order modulation formats can be received. We achieved physical data rate of 2.1-Gb/s enabled by wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM), pre- and post-equalization, and the resulting bit error ratios (BERs) were below the FEC limit of 3.8x10(-3). The distance was above 2.5 meters that was long enough for indoor communication. Compared with conventional direct-detection optical (DDO-OFDM) and asymmetrically-clipped optical (ACO-OFDM), the BER can be enhanced by 22.2dB and 20.8dB, respectively, which shows great potential in short range and low cost access network.

Filter-and-Forward Transparent Relay Design for OFDM Systems

In this paper, the filter-and-forward (FF) relay design for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission systems is considered for improving system performance over simple amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying. Unlike conventional OFDM relays performing OFDM demodulation and remodulation, to reduce processing complexity, the proposed FF relay directly filters the incoming signal in the time domain with a finite impulse response (FIR) and forwards the filtered signal to the destination. Three design criteria are considered for optimizing the relay filter. The first criterion is the minimization of the relay transmit power subject to per-subcarrier signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) constraints, the second criterion is the maximization of the worst subcarrier channel SNR subject to source and relay transmit power constraints, and the third criterion is the maximization of the data rate subject to source and relay transmit power constraints. It is shown that the first problem reduces to a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem by semi-definite relaxation (SDR), and the solution to the relaxed SDP problem has rank one under a mild condition. For the latter two problems, the problem of joint source power allocation and relay filter design is considered, and an efficient algorithm is proposed for each problem based on alternating optimization and the projected gradient method (PGM). Numerical results show that the proposed FF relay significantly outperforms simple AF relays with an insignificant increase in complexity. Thus, the proposed FF relay provides a practical alternative to the AF relaying scheme for OFDM transmission.

Optimum and Sub-Optimum Receivers for OFDM Signals with Strong Nonlinear Distortion Effects

In this paper we consider the optimum detection of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) signals with strong nonlinear distortion effects. It is shown that the optimum performance with strong nonlinear distortion effects is not as bad as one might expect and can even be better than the performance with conventional, linear transmitters. To achieve these excellent performances we should employ receivers able to take advantage of the information associated to transmitted data symbols that is inherent to the nonlinear distortion component, in opposition to traditional OFDM implementations where nonlinear distortion effects are regarded as an undesirable noise-like component. We study the achievable gains of the optimum receiver both analytically and by simulation. Since the complexity of optimum receivers is extremely high when we have nonlinear distortion effects, even for OFDM signals with a small number of subcarriers, we propose several sub-optimum receivers and evaluate their performance. Our sub-optimal receivers allow remarkable performance improvements, being able to reduce significantly the gap between the optimum performance and the performance of typical OFDM receivers.

Grouped DCT precoding for PAPR reduction in optical direct detection OFDM systems

A new grouped precoding technique based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) is presented for peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction of optical intensity modulated/direct detection (IM/DD) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The computational complexity of the scheme is reduced by at least about 15% compared with that of the ordinary DCT precoding scheme when the number of groups is 2. The PAPR with this method can be reduced by about 0.8 dB. Meantime, compared with original OFDM, the bit error rate (BER) performance of system is improved. So the proposed scheme for reducing PAPR is very effective in optical IM/DD OFDM systems.

OFDM Signal Detection in Doubly Selective Channels with Blockwise Whitening of Residual Intercarrier Interference and Noise

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a popular broadband wireless transmission technique, but its performance can suffer severely from the intercarrier interference (ICI) induced by fast channel variation arising from high-speed motion. Existing ICI countermeasures usually address a few dominant ICI terms only and treat the residual similar to white noise. We show that the residual ICI has high normalized autocorrelation and that this normalized autocorrelation is insensitive to the multipath channel profile as well as a variety of other system and channel conditions. Consequently, the residual ICI plus noise can be whitened in a nearly channel-independent manner, leading to significantly improved detection performance. Simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis. In particular, they show that the proposed technique can significantly lower the ICI-induced error floor in maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) designed to address a few dominant ICI terms.

Differential OFDM for acoustic communications

High-rate acoustic communication typically rely on coherent detection which requires sophisticated channel estimation, and may in turn suffer a penalty in performance when channel tracking is less than ideal (a situation that is often inevitable on time-varying channels). To improve the robustness of signal detection, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is considered with differentially coherent detection. The resulting receiver has very low computational requirements, and a potential to outperform coherent OFDM detection when channel tracking becomes difficult. Differential encoding is applied in the frequency domain (across carriers) so that it does not require the channel to remain constant over consecutive blocks in time. Instead, it requires only that the channel transfer function change slowly between adjacent carriers, but this requirement coincides with the basic premises of OFDM system design. At the same time, closely spaced carriers promote bandwidth-efficiency. For extreme situations, when close carrier separation leads to insufficient temporal coherence within each OFDM block, a method of partial FFT demodulation can be used with differentially coherent detection. The ensuing receiver algorithm is cast into the multi-channel (spatial diversity) framework, and its performance is illustrated using synthetic, as well as experimental data.

Superimposed Training-Based Channel Estimation and Data Detection for OFDM Amplify-and-Forward Cooperative Systems Under High Mobility

In this paper, joint channel estimation and data detection in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative systems under high mobility is investigated. Unlike previous works on cooperative systems in which a number of subcarriers are solely occupied by pilots, partial data-dependent superimposed training (PDDST) is considered here, thus preserving the spectral efficiency. First, a closed-form channel estimator is developed based on the least squares (LS) method with Tikhonov regularization and a corresponding data detection algorithm is proposed using the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) criterion. In the derived channel estimator, the unknown data is treated as part of the noise and the resulting data detection may not meet the required performance. To address this issue, an iterative method based on the variational inference approach is derived to improve performance. Simulation results show that the data detection performance of the proposed iterative algorithm initialized by the LMMSE data detector is close to the ideal case with perfect channel state information.

A 0.13-$\mu{\hbox {m}}$ 1-GS/s CMOS Discrete-Time FFT Processor for Ultra-Wideband OFDM Wireless Receivers

A discrete-time (DT) fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor is presented as an architectural approach to Fourier transform processing multigigahertz of spectral bandwidth. The processor is considered with the specific application of demodulating orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. The processor enables increased receiver linearity beyond that which is typically limited by the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio of high sample rate ADCs by performing OFDM demodulation in the DT domain. The circuit design of the prototype DT-FFT processor is presented and measurement results from the CMOS 0.13-μm test chip are shown. Results show that the processor demodulates OFDM at 1 GS/s with an accuracy better than 2.8% error vector magnitude while drawing 25 mW from a 1.2-V power supply. The processor demonstrates a measured dynamic range of 49 dB, a 13-dB improvement over that of a 6-bit quantization limited all-digital FFT processor and ADC pair. The DT-FFT is also shown to better tolerate large blocking signals with an 8-dB dynamic range improvement. The DT-FFT core area is 450 μm × 450 μm.

Blind Spectrum Sensing for OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Systems

Given the ever-growing demand for radio spectrum, cognitive radio has recently emerged as an attractive wireless technology. Since orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the major wideband transmission techniques, detection of OFDM signals in low-signal-to-noise-ratio scenario is an important research problem. In this paper, it is shown that cyclic prefix (CP) correlation coefficient (CPCC)-based spectrum sensing, which was previously introduced as a simple and computationally efficient spectrum-sensing method for OFDM signals, is a special case of the constrained generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) in the absence of multipath. As such, the performance of this algorithm degrades in a multipath scenario, where OFDM is usually implemented. Furthermore, by considering multipath correlation in the GLRT algorithm and employing the inherent structure of OFDM signals, a simple and low-complexity algorithm called the multipath-based constrained-GLRT (MP-based C-GLRT) algorithm is obtained. The MP-based C-GLRT algorithm is shown to outperform the CPCC-based algorithm in a rich multipath environment. Further performance improvement can be achieved by simply combining both the CPCC- and MP-based C-GLRT algorithms. A simple GLRT-based detection algorithm is also developed for unsynchronized OFDM signals, whose performance is only slightly degraded when compared with the synchronized detection in a rich multipath environment.

Per Sub-Block Equalization of Very Long OFDM Blocks in Mobile Communications

In orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems mobility results in time-variations of the channel, which yield intercarrier interference (ICI), especially when large OFDM blocks are employed in order to achieve a high spectral efficiency. In this letter we focus on systems with very long OFDM blocks, where many of the existing ICI mitigation techniques can not be applied due to complexity constraints. To mitigate ICI we propose a pre-equalizer, operating on sub-blocks of the received OFDM block, whose aim is to force all sub-blocks to have almost the same equivalent channel. In other words, the pre-equalizer combats only time variations of the channel. Next, after OFDM demodulation, the classical equalizer compensates frequency selectivity of the target channel. Performance of the proposed scheme, together with a suitable channel estimate implemented on a per sub-block basis, is evaluated for a digital video broadcasting scenario, according to the DVB-T2 standard, where the OFDM block size may be 32k, and its possible extension to hand-held devices in a next-generation DVB-H.

Low-Power Discrete Fourier Transform for OFDM: A Programmable Analog Approach

The modulation and demodulation blocks in an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system are typically implemented digitally using a fast Fourier transform circuit. We propose an analog implementation of an OFDM demodulator as a means for reducing power consumption. The proposed receiver implements the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) as a vector-matrix multiplier using floating-gate transistors on a field-programmable analog array (FPAA). The DFT coefficients can be tuned to counteract an inherent device mismatch by adjusting the amount of electrical charge stored in the floating-gate transistors. When compared to a digital field-programmable gate array implementation, the analog FPAA implementation of the DFT reduces power consumption at the cost of a slight performance degradation. Considering the errors in the DFT coefficients as intersymbol interference, the performance degradation can be further mitigated by employing a least mean-square or minimum mean-square-error equalizer.

Using turbo iterative receiver to mitigate RPI effect in MIMO OFDM communication system

The received power imbalance (RPI) effect exists in multiple antennas wireless communications system due to design flaw, operator's negligence etc. The range of RPI can be from -10dB to 0dB and if the RPI information is not available at the receiver terminal, it can implement turbo iterative receiver by concatenating multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) demodulation (MIMO OFDM demodulation, MOD) serially by channel decoder such as low density parity check (LDPC) decoder or Convolution code (CC) decoder to mitigate the RPI effect and to maintain the system performance at certain acceptable level.