Orthogonal Design Methodology Research Articles

Wind field simulation using WRF model in complex terrain: A sensitivity study with orthogonal design

Accurately simulating wind speed is of utmost importance for wind power assessments. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of wind speed simulation in complex terrain using different parameterization schemes from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, employing an orthogonal design methodology. Specifically, nine WRF simulations are conducted based on the orthogonal test, considering various configurations of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), microphysics (MP), and land surface (LS) options. The numerical results are then compared to actual wind data obtained from a measuring station at two different heights (50 m and 80 m) during summer and winter periods. Furthermore, range and variance analyses are employed to rank the three schemes and identify the optimal combination. Moreover, we examine the impact of each parameterization scheme on the accuracy of wind speed predictions based on the results obtained from the orthogonal simulations. Additionally, we discuss the influence of using different evaluation indices within the orthogonal test on the outcomes and analyze the WRF simulated results under the optimal scheme combination. Lastly, we conduct an uncertainty analysis of results from the optimal scheme combination. The findings reveal that both the PBL and MP schemes exhibit highly significant effects on the accuracy of wind speed predictions (significance: **), followed by the LS scheme (significance: *). The order of importance for these three options is ranked as follows: PBL > MP > LS, which is independent of the seasons. The optimal configurations vary from summer and winter periods. Specifically, the optimal scheme combination is determined to be PBL-ACM2, MP-Kessler, and LS-Noah MP in summer, while PBL-BouLac, MP-Lin, and LS-Noah MP in winter. The simulating accuracy of the wind speeds is satisfactory under this optimal combination when considering the uncertainty of on-site measurements during these two periods. These results provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate PBL, MP, and LS options (from the WRF model) for wind speed estimates and wind power development in the studied region.

Optimization for Ultrasound-microwave Assisted Extraction of Pectin Methylesterase from Jujube Using with Orthogonal Design Methodology

Optimization for Ultrasound-microwave Assisted Extraction of Pectin Methylesterase from Jujube Using with Orthogonal Design Methodology

Characterization of Dust Particles Emitted Through Pulse-Jet Fabric Filters During Industrial Pollution Control

The present investigation elucidates the role of pulse-cleaning parameters and filter media designs on the extent of dust emission and emitted particle characteristics during industrial pollution control using the pulse-jet filtration process. The study is followed by statistical analysis based on L8 (27) orthogonal design methodology. The experimental study shows that the dust concentration in clean gas increases with an increase in pulse pressure and pulse duration, whereas it decreases with an increase in pulse cycle. However, the contribution of pulse pressure and pulse duration is much higher than the impact of pulse cycle. In regard to the impact of filter media design, a higher level of bag height (which also implies lower air-to-cloth ratio) and lower level of seamline spacing can lead to higher outlet emissions at the transitory stage. The role of pulse pressure, bag height, and seamline spacing are found to be very significant in regulating fine particles in the emission (PM2.5) and, consequently, the aforesaid factors affect all volume particles diameters (D10, D50, and D97) and weight mean particles diameter D (4, 3) of particles in bulk.

Effect of Some Fabric and Sewing Conditions on Apparel Seam Characteristics

Many previous studies showed that seam appearance as well as performance depends on the interrelationship of fabrics, threads, and the stitch/seam selection and lastly on the sewing conditions, which include the needle size, needle thread tension, stitch density, and the appropriate operation and maintenance of the sewing machine. Present investigation elucidates the effect of blend composition, sewing thread size, and sewing needle parameters on garment seam characteristics (i.e., seam strength, seam strength efficiency, seam puckering, seam stiffness, and drape coefficient). The seam quality characterization is studied through the L9 orthogonal design methodology. In good quality apparels, compatibility of the seams with the functional requirement is very important for serviceability and life of the apparel. Reversibility as well as repairing of seams in the apparel is very limited in the condition of seam failure. Seam strength efficiency is higher for the uniform fiber matrix in the structure of fabrics. The polyester dominated suiting fabrics give minimum seam stiffness because polyester component has low flexural rigidity. The cotton dominated suiting fabrics have less seam puckering due to increase in fabric stiffness.

English

The objective of this study was to optimize the submerged cultured conditions of carbonic anhydrase (CA) production from the strain of Bacillus mucilaginosus K02 by mono-factor tests with blank control and orthogonal design methodology. When the bacteria was cultured under the condition of monofactor tests with blank control and orthogonal designs, and conventional mono-factor test and orthogonal designs, respectively, the CA productions increased from 5.32 μU/L under the basic medium to 34.53 and 26.12 μU/L. The kinetic analysis of 5 L-fermentor showed that the specific production rate of CA in the optimized medium was almost equaled to the one obtained in the basic and optimized medium with conventional methods. The result demonstrated that CA synthesis was positively correlated with cell growth, and the mono-factor tests with blank control applied in the optimizing composition of the media could achieve better results in contrast to the conventional method. Key words: Bacillus mucilaginosus, carbonic anhydrase, specific production rate, kinetic analysis, orthogonal design.

Production of Lactic Acid by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Using Steam Pretreated Lespedeza Stalks as Inexpensive Raw Materials

The lespedeza stalks with steam pretreatment were fermented to lactic acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) in this study. Orthogonal design methodology was used to evaluate the optimum SSF conditions that give maximum lactic acid yield. We have investigated the following relative factors, such as temperature, loading of cellulase, calcium carbonate and concentration of substrate. The optimum operating conditions were found to be temperature of 43 °C, cellulase loading of 30 FPU/g substrate, calcium carbonate of 3 % and substrate of 6 %. Comparisons of different steam pretreated conditions on lactic acid yield from lespedeza stalks were also made. The results showed that lactic acid yields from lespedeza stalks with 4 min pretreatment at pressure of 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 2.0 Mpa were 41.8 %, 42.5 %, 50.6 % and 64.0 % of the theoretical, respectively. The lactic acid yield from steam pretreated lespedeza stalks was much higher than that of lespedeza stalks without pretreatment (23.9 %). It can be concluded that the lactic acid yield was remarkably improved by steam pretreatment. The yield of lactic acid from steam pretreated lespedeza stalks was 1.68 times higher than that of untreated ones. Additionally, the lactic acid yield could be further promoted from 64.0 % to 89.4 % by washing pretreated stalks with water, which suggested that water processing is a promising method to remove inhibitors in broth to improve lactic acid yield.

An L 9 orthogonal design methodology to study the impact of operating parameters on particulate emission and related characteristics during pulse-jet filtration process

This study embodies experimental characterization of emitted particulate and filtration performance under varied situation in a pulse-jet cleaning process. Tests were conducted under simulated condition in a filtration apparatus consisting four bags. The effect of four different factors such as fabric punch density, baffle plate height, air to cloth ratio and cycle time have been investigated on the key parameters; emission, pressure drop along with PM 2.5 and average particle diameter of emitted particulate matter in a pulse-jet filtration process. Experimental investigation based on L 9-orthogonal design shows that emission is reduced with the increases in punch density and pulse cycle time; but it increases up to a certain extent with the increase in air to cloth ratio. However baffle plate height has no effect on the emission. On the other hand pressure drop across the tube sheet increases with the material consolidation, air to cloth ratio and pulse cycle time; but the above parameter first decrease with the increase in baffle plate height. PM 2.5 (based on the number distribution) is found to be mainly affected by the baffle plate height and cycle time; as it first increases and then decrease with the increase in baffle plate height but it shows reverse trend with the increase in cycle time. Average particle diameter based on number volume is found to be mainly affected by the baffle plate height and cycle time. With the increase in time of filtration, both emission and pressure drop tend to increase without affecting PM 2.5 and average particle diameter based on number volume.