Orthodox Techniques Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONVENTIONAL INCISION AND DRAINAGE VERSUS INCISION AND DRAINAGE WITH PRIMARY CLOSURE OF THE WOUND IN ACUTE ABSCESS

Acute soft tissue abscesses are common conditions in our environment. For the treatment of skin and soft tissue abscesses, options include repeated aspiration, incision and drainage, incision and drainage with primary closure and conservatively treated by giving antibiotics. The established principle of surgical management of abscesses has been incision and free drainage; this permits healing by secondary intention or treatment by secondary closure. This modality of treatment has been challenged with the introduction of antibiotics. Ellis taught that the abscess wall prevented access of blood-borne antibiotics to the abscess cavity and that if this wall was curetted away the cavity could ll with antibiotic-laden blood clot, permitting safe primary closure. The primary closure technique is supported by many surgeons who showed its effectiveness in the treatment of breast, anorectal, axillary abscesses. Advantages of primary closure technique include faster healing rate, less hospital stay and early return to work, no greater recurrence than the conventional method, better scar formation and reduced cost of labour and material. It may be recommended as an alternative treatment that is superior to the orthodox technique

Orthodox Techniques of Carotid Endarterectomy

Orthodox Techniques of Carotid Endarterectomy

Orthodox and Contemporary Techniques at Constructing of the Monument. Image, Heroics, Plot

Examining the monument from a visual and conceptual point of view is an interesting but not easy task. The motivations for the construction of a monumental work of a memorial nature can be many and varied. Moreover, it is possible that there are connections between the various media for visual expression in the field of art and the specifics of the sculptural genre. Photography, painting, drawing and literature build images that form the basis for the creation of sculpture, both monumental and easel.

Static and regime-dependent herding behavior: An emerging market case study

We contribute to behavioral finance literature by demonstrating the relative superiority of a dynamic regime-sensitive approach in unraveling herding phenomenon. Employing daily data in Bursa Malaysia from 1995 to 2016, we first apply two orthodox techniques: cross-sectional standard deviation of returns (CSSD) model of Christie and Huang (2005) and the cross-sectional absolute dispersion (CSAD) model of Chang et al. (2000). The ensuing results appear inconsistent, with only one model capturing herding. In contrast, the dynamic approach with a two-state Markov Switching model reveals that herding is a heavily regime-dependent and non-linear phenomenon. A deeper dive via sectoral decompositions shows that the financial sector and large- and mid-capitalization segments are more herding-prone.

Static and Regime-Dependent Herding Behavior: An Emerging Market Case Study

We contribute to behavioral finance literature by demonstrating the relative superiority of a dynamic regime-sensitive approach in unravelling herding phenomenon. Employing daily data in Bursa Malaysia from 1995 to 2016, we first apply two orthodox techniques: cross-sectional standard deviation of returns (CSSD) model of Christie and Huang (2005) and the cross-sectional absolute dispersion (CSAD) model of Chang et al. (2000). The ensuing results appear inconsistent, with only one model capturing herding. In contrast, the dynamic approach with a two-state Markov Switching model reveals that herding is a heavily regime dependent and non-linear phenomenon. A deeper dive via sectoral decompositions shows that the financial sector and large- and mid-capitalization segments are more herding-prone.

Endoscopically assisted supratentorial evacuation of infratentorial epidural hematomas crossing the transverse sinus

Abstract Objective Traumatic posterior fossa extradural hematoma (TPFEDH) is a serious complication of cranial injury and the orthodox technique for removal of TPFEDH encompasses a suboccipital craniectomy or craniotomy. However, in some cases, the TPFEDH might extend to the supratentorial space, thus appearing to be crossing the transverse sinus. Contrary to the standard way, a modified supratentorial transoccipital approach may be better suitable in the management of this subtype of TPFEDH. Methods The clinical data of 34 consecutive patients in which the TPFEDH was crossing the transverse sinus were prospectively assessed. We operated all the parents using the supratentorial transoccipital approach via supratentorial liner incision. The supratentorial extradural hematoma (EDH) was evacuated and the endoscope was used to fully evacuate the infratentorial compartment. Glasgow Coma Scale at discharge (dGCS) was documented and Glasgow Outcome Scale score (GOS) was measured at 3–15 months (mean = 5.4 months) follow-up subsequently. Results The average operation time was 44 min (30–60 min). The blood loss was so minimal that the intraoperative blood transfusion was unnecessary for all the patients. Complete hematoma removal was achieved on all the patients. The average dGCS and GOS were 14 and 4.9 respectively. One case suffered from primary brain stem injury whose GOS scored only 3 on follow up. There was no surgery related mortality at discharge and during the follow-up. Conclusion This is the first case series to demonstrate the removal of TPFEDH crossing the transverse sinus via the modified supratentorial transoccipital craniotomy. This approach was proven to be more effective in managing such cases.

Post processing of the hot torsion test results using a multi-dimensional modelling approach

A model selection scheme was extended to a multi-dimensional representation of the hot torsion test torque, twist and twist rate data to calculate partial derivatives of the torque data with respect to twist and twist rate. These enabled calculation of the instantaneous strain and strain rate hardening indices in the Fields and Backofen method. The concept of an iso-parametric shape function has been borrowed from the finite element method for adding twist rate as a dependant variable to the torque–twist models identified by the model selection scheme. Expressions to calculate the hardening indices, when employing a rational model of torsion data, were derived and presented. Subsequently, the models were used for post processing the data and determining hot strength behaviour, taking into account variations of strain and strain rate hardening indices during the deformation. To substantiate the technique, the hot flow behaviour of API-X70 micro-alloyed steel was determined using a range of hot torsion test data for the material. The flow stress obtained using the instantaneous hardening indices were compared with that obtained by the orthodox technique. For the investigated cases, the onset of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) predicted by the presented technique deviated considerably from those obtained when the average indices were used.

O dilema do prisioneiro e a ineficiência do método das opções reais

No campo financeiro, existe uma idéia amplamente difundida de que o emprego do método das opções reais na avaliação de um projeto ou gestão de um negócio resulta em valores superiores àqueles obtidos por técnicas ortodoxas (Valor Presente Líquido). O objetivo deste artigo é desmistificar tal conceito, demonstrando que quando se leva em conta corretamente o efeito da concorrência, o emprego de técnicas ortodoxas de avaliação ou de gestão pode conduzir os gerentes das empresas a tomarem decisões estratégicas capazes de gerar lucros superiores àqueles que seriam obtidos ao empregar opções reais. Isso é demonstrado através da modelagem de um mercado duopolista, sujeito a incertezas, sendo calculado e comparado o lucro esperado para uma das empresas segundo três conceitos de gestão: método ortodoxo; opções reais exclusivas e opções reais comuns. Os resultados do modelo mostram que, dependendo do tipo de opção real disponível, uma situação de dilema do prisioneiro pode ocorrer, sendo neste caso a gestão por opções reais ineficiente, quando comparada ao método ortodoxo.

Anatomy and Clinical Significance of Pectoral Fascia

The submuscular or subglandular plane for breast augmentation is widely used. Recently, the subfascial plane for breast augmentation was reported by some authors who achieved satisfactory results. The anatomy of the pectoral fascia in Chinese female corpses was investigated to explore the possibility for a location of augmentation mammaplasty under the pectoral fascia. The anatomy of 30 side pectoral fascias on 15 corpses was studied. The thicknesses of the pectoral fascias were measured. The pectoral fascia is attached to the clavicle and sternum and covers the pectoralis major muscle. It is continuous inferiorly with the fascia of the abdominal wall. Furthermore, the pectoral fascia extends laterally to be continuous with the fascia of the back. The pectoral fascia, which can be successfully dissected bluntly along the subfascial plane, varies in thickness from 0.2 to 1.14 mm. Perforating branches of vessels and nerves emerging from the pectoral fascia are located mainly at the medial lateral and lower fascias. The pectoral fascias can be dissected bluntly along a subfascial plane with the pectoral fascia intact. The potential pocket between the pectoralis major muscle and the pectoral fascia can be used as a place for breast augmentation. The pectoral fascia may provide the breast implant with more soft-tissue coverage.

Price and the efficacy of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape for the removal of the proximal dental biofilm compared to the common nylon dental floss in adolescents and young adults.

Objective: To identify the price and the efficacy of the polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE tape as an oral hygiene method for the removal of the proximal dental biofilm, compared to the common nylon dental floss in adolescents and young adults. Methods: The polytetrafluoroethylene tape was used as a method for the removal of the proximal dental biofilm. By a randomized procedure the sample size was of 87 (31 men and 56 women) between 16 and 28 years old. The oral hygiene of the participants was suspended during a period of 12 hours. A suitable disclosing solution was used to paint the dental surfaces. The removal of the biofilm was made by the same operator who used the same technique with the two materials (polytetrafluoroethylene tape and nylon dental floss). The information was collected using the coronal division (in thirds) of the Greene and Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index. This index was modified to evaluate proximal surfaces only. Results: In the group of dental floss the presence of the proximal biofilm was 72.6% before and 11.2% after its removal. In the group of PTFE was 72.9% before and 11% after. After the comparison of the two methods the differences are not significant. PTFE price is 2.7 times lower than common nylon dental floss. Conclusions: The similarity in the removal of the proximal biofilm of the PTFE tape when compared to the nylon floss was significant. Thanks to its biocompatibility, tolerance and its low price, the PTFE tape is an alternative method for the removal of the biofilm in these proximal areas. Results of this study open a way for the investigation on non orthodox techniques, but effective, for the maintenance of the oral health with the only purpose of improving life quality of poor populations.

Tibioperoneal Angioplasty and Bypass

Revascularisation by angioplasty or bypass of narrowing and occlusion of the tibio-peroneal segment is done infrequently compared with the more proximal arteries, particularly the superficial femoral artery. The indication for intervention is critical limb ischaemia and the pattern of disease when it predominantly affects the calf arteries is most commonly seen in diabetics. Surgical bypass is the orthodox technique, with well-documented long-term results. Balloon dilation has recently been tried, particularly using the sub-intimal technique. The advantage of minimal invasiveness has to be set against the inapplicability of the method if severe calcification is present, as is often the case in diabetics, the high restenosis rate, and the absence of controlled trials showing good evidence of long-term patency.

The Incorporation of a Complementary Therapy by Australian General Practitioners: The Case of Acupuncture

Complementary therapies may be rejected by doctors as quackery or incorporated as part of their practice, although such incorporation may be limited. In Australia acupuncture has been incorporated as a normal part of general practice, although it is not accepted as an orthodox technique. This incorporation is demonstrated through analysis of national data on acupuncture usage and through analysis of two surveys of general practitioners undertaken independently in the states of Tasmania and Victoria, Australia. Further, it is argued, from examination of interview and focus group responses, that experienced doctors turn to acupuncture to deal with patients who do not respond to orthodox therapies. This move is possible because the valuing of clinical judgement allows practitioners to suspend their scientific judgement of the therapy although they are uneasy about doing so.

Behavior assessment and cross-validation by surrogate measures in drug prevention research.

When used with more orthodox survey or interview techniques, surrogate measures can enhance a study's credibility. Presented is a case report which illustrates the viability of using a surrogate measure to cross-validate self-reports of alcohol consumption by members of a fraternity at a large Midwestern university. As federal authorities continue to scrutinize myriad ways to reduce the nation's health care burden drug abuse research will have an enhanced opportunity to justify its role in that movement. The historical reliance on self-report methods which lack supportive, corroborating evidence of behavior change may jeopardize preventive drug education's opportunity to play a more integral part in influencing health promotion policies.

The perceived efficacy of complementary and orthodox medicine: preliminary findings and the development of a questionnaire

This study examined the perceived efficacy of five different types of alternative medicine (acupuncture, herbalism, homoeopathy, hypnosis and osteopathy) and orthodox medicine in treating 25 common complaints ranging from cancer to the common cold. Subjects completed a questionnaire measuring their state of health; experience of complementary medicine; sources of information about complementary medicine; and perceived efficacy of orthodox and complementary treatments in the treatment of each condition. Personal accounts of treatment appeared to be particularly important sources of information on complementary medicine, and also highly valued in assessing its efficacy. Orthodox medicine was clearly seen, by the great majority of subjects, as being more effective in the treatment of most complaints, especially in the treatment of major, life-threatening conditions. Complementary medicine was seen as more effective in the treatment of minor and chronic conditions, though generally not superior to orthodox medicine. For some specific conditions complementary medicine was seen as the most effective treatment: osteopathy and acupuncture were both perceived as valuable in the treatment of back pain, and herbalism was perceived as a valid treatment for fatigue and stress; hypnosis was seen as useful in the treatment of a variety of psychological problems, and seen as superior to orthodox techniques. The fact that people are able to specify which complementary therapies are likely to be effective in which conditions should make researchers cautious about treatment ‘complementary medicine’ as an umbrella term.

Computer-aided interviewing of parents in a child psychiatric clinic

The development of automated or semi-automated data from patients has increased because of the growing availability of computers to clinicians. Slack and his colleagues [1] demonstrated the value of this technique. The computer used could elicit medical histories which at times were fuller than those obtained during a clinical interview, and it was found that such computer interviews were well tolerated by patients. These findings have subsequently been confirmed in psychiatric practice [2–7]. The use of automated interviews in psychiatry has been reviewed by Mizutani [8], who draws attention to the potential saving of clinician's time if computer interviews are used for screening purposes, as originally noted by Coddington and King [3], and by Carr and Ghosh [6]. The widespread availability and increasing power of the microcomputer will encourage further exploration of this method. The clinical interview in child and adolescent psychiatric practice has been in a state of change. There is increasing use of family-centred interviewing techniques, which often have, as a central objective, the promotion of change at a relatively early stage in assessment. In comparison with orthodox techniques which depend on full assessment prior to the introduction of therapy, these techniques may make it more difficult at the outset to clearly and thoroughly establish which features of the child are causing concern, and their significance. A possible solution to this problem is to precede the initial interview with a data gathering phase which does not involve the clinician. This would be possible if a computer was used to elicit appropriate information before the initial interview with the family. If this method were acceptable to the family, it is possible that the more ‘neutral’ seeming aspect of an automated questionnaire would augment the clinician's first contact with them in a useful manner.

The conduct of social research in Latin America: A personal view of problems in open and closed societies

The barriers to social research in Latin America are substantial, and go far beyond textbook descriptions of orthodox methods and techniques of investigation. The scholar working in the field must be alert to opportunities and sensitive to atypical research issues. Flexibility is a prerequisite, one requiring personal insight into the society and polity being studied. Contrasts are drawn between research in open and in closed societies. However, these are not necessarily polar extremes in terms of the context for inquiry; one is not axiomatically more difficult than the other. The one certainty that may be anticipated, as suggested by more than a quarter-century of personal experience, lies in the unpredictability of challenges and obstacles which enrich the skills and the understanding of the investigator.

KEEPING CONTRACT IN ITS PLACE—BALFOUR v BALFOUR AND THE ENFORCEABILITY OF INFORMAL AGREEMENTS

A further line of attack on the apparent conflict and uncertainty among the decisions in appellate courts has been to seek more understandable statement of them by grouping the facts in new-and typically but not always narrower-categories. The search is for correlations of fact-situation and outcome which (aided by common sense) may reveal when courts seize on one rather than another of the competing premises. One may even stumble on the trail of why they do . . . The process is in essence the orthodox technique of making distinctions, and reformulating-but undertaken systematically; exploited consciously, instead of being reserved until facts which refuse to be twisted by 'interpretation' force action. The departure from orthodox procedure lies chiefly in the distrust of, instead of search for, the widest sweep of generalization words permit. Not that such sweeping generalizations are not desired-if they can be made so as to state what judges do. (Karl Llewellyn, 'Some Realism about Realism-Responding to Dean Pound' 44 Harv L Rev 1222, 1240-1 (1931).)

Effect of particle size on the properties of atomized high-speed steel powders and blanks produced from such powders

1. The work described has shown that the difference in structure between particles of different sizes is preserved in sintered blanks. 2. Steel blanks acquire a homogeneous structure after forging with a reduction of 80–90%. 3. With rise in the oxygen content of powders the mechanical and cutting properties of sintered high-speed steels sharply fall. 4. Vacuum heat treatment almost completely reduces surface oxide films on the particles of high-speed steel powders, enabling properties to be obtained similar to those of steel produced by orthodox techniques.

A collaborative investigation of a potency assay for adsorbed tetanus vaccines based on the protection of mice from tetanic paralysis

A quantal technique for the potency assay in mice of adsorbed tetanus vaccines which uses paralysis as the criterion of a failure of protection is described. The results of the technique are compared with those provided by the more orthodox technique which uses death as the criterion of a failure of protection. The paralytic technique provides results comparable with those provided by the lethal technique and has the advantage that it may be used in a way that almost wholly eliminates animal suffering.

Colorimetric Enzymatic Determination of Serum Total Carbon Dioxide, as Applied to the Vickers Multichannel 300 Discrete Analyzer

Phosphoenolpyruvate carbosylase (EC 4.1.1.31) has been used in developing a simple, inexpensive colorimetric assay for serum total carbon dioxide in an open system. The oxaloacetate formed by the action of the enzyme on bicarbonate and phosphoenolpyruvate is measured by use of the diazonium salt of Fast Violet B. Interferences from billirubin, pyruvate, and drugs are negligible. Acetoacetate interference is significant only in highly ketotic samples, and a serum blank corrects for it. Serum protein interference is equivalent to 3.3 plus or minus 1.25 mmol of CO2 per liter and hence is sufficiently constant to be corrected for by use of a serum standard or serum blank. The method has been applied to the Vickers M-300 and D-300 systems and within-batch standard deviations of plus or minus 0.1 to plus or minus 0.6 mmol/liter have been observed. Excellent correlation with orthodox techniques has been obtained.