Orthodontic Research Articles

Relationship Between the Severity of Malocclusion and Oral Health Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

To investigate the impact of untreated malocclusion on different aspects of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). All relevant literature published up to February 18, 2016 was collected from nine electronic databases. To make studies comparable, studies that used the dental aesthetic index (DAI), index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN), or index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON) to measure malocclusion and oral health impact profile (OHIP) to measure OHRQoL were selected for systematic review. Meta-analysis, two independent-samples t-test and binary logistic regression were used to test whether different malocclusion severity groups had different OHIP scores. A total of 564 non-duplicate publications were identified first. Of these, 13 studies were included in this review. All studies had a cross-sectional design and most of them used convenience samples. Eleven studies presented a significant result about the association of malocclusion and OHIP scores. Statistical analyses showed that malocclusion had an impact on all subscales scores, and more severe malocclusion indicated higher OHIP scores on the subscales of physical disability, physical pain, psychological discomfort, psychological disability, and social disability. Untreated malocclusion was significantly associated with OHRQoL. The more severe the malocclusion, the worse was the impact on some physical domains and all psychosocial domains of OHRQoL. There was a lack of longitudinal population-based studies to confirm this result.

Characteristics of malocclusion in Iraqi orthodontic patients overjet and overbite variations (Comparativestudy).

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the variations of overbite and overjet in a group of patients needing orthodontic treatment and compare them with a previous Iraqi study. Materials and Methods: A number of 1550 pretreated orthodontic patients were clinically examined intra orally for certain occlusal features as overjet, overbite anterior openbite and anterior crossbite of ages, one year to more than thirteen years of age. Results and Conclusion: No significant differences were found between males and females among all variables. Overjet values were normal at stages of deciduous dentition and the distribution of both increased and decreased overjet values were high at mixed and permanent dentition stages. The distribution of anterior crossbite was low. Conclusion: There was a significantly high distribution of increased overjet and overbite in the total age group, in addition to a significant increase in the distribution of anterior crossbite indicating an increase in the severity of malocclusion during the last decade.

Evaluation of dental and skeletal maturity using digital panoramic radiographs and digital cephalograms

Background: Assessing the maturational status and pubertal growth spurt of a patient has considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment planning, and the outcome of orthodontic treatment. Objectives: To assess the usefulness of panoramic radiographs as a tool to estimate the growth and to ascertain the importance of tooth calcification stages as an indicator of maturity by using digital panoramic radiographs. Methods: We compared the dental maturity assessed by calcification of mandibular canine, first premolar, second premolar, and second molars using digital panoramic radiographs and skeletal maturity assessed by cervical vertebral maturation stages using lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist radiographs. Skeletal maturity was assessed using a cervical vertebrae maturation technique; hand-wrist maturity was evaluated using Fishman skeletal maturity indicators. Dental maturity was estimated according to guidelines of Demirjian. Spearman rank–order correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation between tooth calcification stages and skeletal maturity assessed on panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalograms, and hand-wrist radiographs of 60 patient participants, including 45 boys and 15 girls. Results: The panoramic radiograph is a reliable tool with which to estimate of growth and development of boys. Conclusion: The relationship between tooth calcification stages and the skeletal maturity indicators in boys allows clinicians to identify the stage of the pubertal growth from panoramic radiographs. It is appropriate to put these skeletal and dental maturation relationships into daily orthodontic diagnostic practice.

Assessment of Malocclusion status in 15 year old school children of a South Indian City- A Cross- sectional Survey

Introduction Self appraisal of ones appearance is one of the conflicting concerns, especially in adolescence. Facial and dental aesthetics contribute majorly towards overall appearance. Malocclusion is a disorder of multiple traits which has a large impact on both individual and society in terms of discomfort, quality of life, social and functional limitations. Objective To assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in 15 year old school children of Davangere City, Karnataka Methodology A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 15 year old school children using simple random sampling technique. Socio demographic details were recorded and severity of malocclusion was assessed by Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Chi Square and t-test were used and the data was analysed using SPSS Version 21. Results- A total of 710 children participated in the study, out of which 59% were females and 41% were males. 23.2% of the study participants had DAI scores of 2630 with definite malocclusion requiring elective treatment, 4.4% had DAI scores of 3135 with severe malocclusion requiring highly desirable treatment, and 1.7% had DAI scores ? 36 with handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory treatment. Conclusion Majority of the children in the study (70.7%) required little or no treatment, 29.3% had definite malocclusion requiring orthodontic treatment.

Aesthetic and functional reestablishment of lateral conoid through orthodontic and dentistry

Aesthetic and functional reestablishment of lateral conoid through orthodontic and dentistry

A new movement in orthodontics is launched

A new movement in orthodontics is launched

Assesment of changes in the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimensions post twin-block therapy using polar planimeter

Background and Aim: An inordinate percentage of orthodontic patients present with Class II mandibular deficient problems. Mandibular deficiency is one of the major risk factors for developing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). If functional appliance therapy for mandibular development also increases the pharyngeal airway dimensions the risk for developing OSA in these patients will be minimized. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the changes in the sagittal pharyngeal airway dimensions (SPAD) after twin-block functional appliance therapy in adolescent patients with mandibular retrognathism, utilizing linear, and area measurements. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 patients with an age range of 12–14 years, both the genders having skeletal Class II malocclusion with a deficient mandible were selected and twin-block functional therapy was initiated. Lateral cephalograms were taken at the start of functional jaw orthopedic treatment (time point T1) and at its completion (time point T2) after 4–5 months. Specific areas and distances were measured and analyzed. Results: The area measures increased significantly while the linear measurements showed a non significant increase. The oropharynx (P = 0.008) area displayed the most significant increase followed by nasopharynx (P = 0.014) and laryngopharynx (P = 0.028). Conclusion: Functional appliance therapy utilizing twin-block appliance in Class II malocclusion patients with retrognathic mandible was efficient in increasing the SPAD.

Chairside systems: a current review.

Since Cerec (Chairside Economical Restoration of Esthetic Ceramics) was introduced as the first dental chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system in the mid-1980s, this technology has enjoyed growing popularity, particularly in the recent past. There has been a considerable increase in the number of available chairside systems in only the last few years. One of the main reasons for this is that intraoral scanners have become increasingly better, smaller, and faster, while the design software has become more and more user-friendly. Many work steps are now automated, and a very large range of materials is now available for dental chairside applications. These advances have driven the rapid increase in the range of indications for chairside dentistry in the areas of prosthodontics, dental implantology, and orthodontics, and have paved the way for more novel treatment and treatment planning strategies. Another reason is that intraoral scanner-based digital impression techniques are already superior to conventional impression techniques in certain respects. Moreover, the quality of fit of digitally designed dental restorations is constantly improving because of advances in milling machine technology. Due to the sheer number of new possibilities, it is only a matter of time before chairside systems become a standard component of dental practice. This article reviews the actual advantages and limitations of the chairside workflow, and provides a summary of all the available chairside systems available today.

Microhardness of nonfluorosed and fluorosed dental cementum: An in vitro study

Aim: The literature on the effect of fluoride on dental caries is well discussed in contrast to periodontal tissues. However, a recent review has explored an epidemiological association between fluorosis and periodontal disease and also the influence of fluorosis on periodontal structures along with the comparison of influence of periodontal treatment on fluorosed and nonfluorosed teeth. There is a scarcity in literature dealing with the effect of fluorosis on biological tissues such as bone and cementum. During the progression of periodontitis, there is a possibility of mechanical (microhardness), chemical (mineral), and histologic changes in cementum. Considering the higher incidence of periodontitis in the endemic fluorosed area around Davangere, there is an opportunity to study the cemental changes due to fluorosis which would influence the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. Hence, the aim was to study the microhardness of fluorosed and nonfluorosed cementum. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 healthy nonfluorosed and fluorosed orthodontically extracted premolars were collected to assess and compare the mechanical properties (Vickers hardness tester) of fluorosed versus nonfluorosed cementum. Results: The results of this study showed that the mean hardness of the fluorosed cementum (57.7 ± 9.4) was lower than nonfluorosed (60.40 ± 6.23) cementum. Conclusion: The clinical importance of this study is that clinicians need be aware of this difference during periodontal, orthodontic, caries treatment, crown procedures, and implant therapy.

Skeletal maturity assessment using calcification stages of mandibular canine

Aim: The aim of this study was to correlate the growth phase of skeletal tissues with the calcification stages of mandibular canine. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional observational study. Anonymized digital orthopantomogram and lateral cephalogram records of 300 pretreatment orthodontic patients aged 8–15 years were collected and analyzed. The calcification stages of right mandibular canine were scored on panoramic radiographs in accordance to the Gleiser and Hunt modified method of assessing tooth mineralization. The growth phase of skeletal maturation was scored on lateral cephalogram in accordance to the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method proposed by Baccetti et al. Results: A positive significant correlation was attained relating CVM Stages 1, 2, and 3 with mandibular canine calcification Stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Conclusion: The calcification stages of mandibular canine can be implemented for assessing the skeletal maturity clinically.

The Use of Elastics in Orthodontics

The Use of Elastics in Orthodontics

Peripheral ossifying fibroma: A case report and brief review

Gingival growths are one of the most frequently encountered lesions in the oral cavity. Most of these lesions are innocuous, but some do have malignant potential. Different lesions with similar clinical presentations make it difficult to arrive at a correct diagnosis. One of the infrequently occurring gingival lesions is peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) which is a reactive gingival overgrowth occurring frequently in the anterior maxilla. Lesions with histological features similar to POF have been given various names, adding to the confusion. Exuberant connective tissue response to chronic irritation due to plaque, calculus, restorative, or orthodontic appliances are thought to be responsible for the initiation of the lesion. Moreover, persistent irritation can cause metaplasia of the mesenchymal cells resulting in calcifications. The diagnosis is often challenging as the lesion masquerade as other reactive lesions of gingiva. This article describes a case of POF in a 29-year-old male in an unusual location with rare involvement of bone. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic characteristics are discussed and recommendations regarding differential diagnosis, treatments are provided.

Clinical Applications of Genome Anthropology

Evolution is the only weapon that every living species has to survive to the changes of the surrounding environment. The clinical applications of genome anthropological studies has been studied. The goal is to understand with a global approach how certain body districts have changed during the evolution and how these changes have affected the contemporary man. All these researches investigated populations lived thousands of years ago and Tanaka craniofacial and cervical spine fresh cadaver dissective technic has enabled the creation of a comprehensive diagnostic protocol [1]. One of the most important tool of this diagnostic protocol is the use of all-skull CT cone beam which shows the anatomical structures in a real 3D perspective using a specific software. The use of this test has become a standard because the radiation dose administered is lower than the usual radiographs performed for the orthodontic diagnosis [2]. Among the innovative aspects of this protocol there is the evaluation of anatomical structures by means of cone-beam CT which allow us to create a specific therapy for each patient paying attention to gnathological and postural disorders. Patients are evaluated and monitored during the therapy using a clinical record which include a VAS test. VAS is a validated test and is used by patients to determine the effectiveness of the chosen therapy.

Class II malocclusion treatment using combined twin block and fixed orthodontic appliances: A case report

Dentofacial orthopedic treatment can significantly alter and improve facial appearance in addition to correcting irregularity of the teeth. Functional appliance therapy can be used successfully in Class II malocclusion, e.g., in a growing patient. Twin blocks are simple bite blocks that interlock at a 70° angle and correct the maxillomandibular relationship through functional mandibular displacement. The twin block appliance was developed by Clark in 1980s. They modify the occlusal inclined plane, guiding the mandible forward into correct occlusion. The use of these appliances is greatly dependent on patient's compliance and they simplify the fixed appliance phase. In this case, a 13-year-old adolescent was treated with twin block appliance followed by fixed appliance to detail the occlusion. The design and treatment effects are demonstrated in this case report.

Facial Aesthetic and Orthodontics

Facial Aesthetic and Orthodontics

Orthodontics in the future

Orthodontics in the future

Orthodontic Congregate in South Asia Region

No abstract available.

Biomimetic orthodontic treatments: Preferences of adult patients and analysis of the Willingness-To-Pay index

Biomimetic orthodontic treatments: Preferences of adult patients and analysis of the Willingness-To-Pay index

Comparison of Bolton’s Ratios in a Sample of Iraqi and Egyptian Populations

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of standardizing the Bolton ratio analysis as a diagnostic measure for both Iraqi and Egyptian orthodontic populations within three Angle' classification groups. Materials and methods: Two hundred forty pretreatment study casts (one hundred twenty of each population) were included in this study and divided into three Angle' classification groups. The mesiodistal crown diameters of all teeth were measured for computing the anterior and total Bolton ratios. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean ratios of Bolton analysis as a function of the Angle classification.HSD test was used to specify the classes of malocclusion that have significant differences. Results: No statistically significant differences were determined in the mean values of the anterior ratio among the angle classification groups in both Iraqi and Egyptian populations. No statistically significant differences were determined in the mean values of the overall ratio among the angle classification groups in Iraqi population. While there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of overall ratio among the angle classification groups in Egyptian population. This difference is specified with in class II malocclusion of Egyptian population. Conclusion: Anterior Bolton ratio can be standardized for both Iraqi and Egyptian orthodontic populations. While the overall ratio can be standardized only in class I and III malocclusions of both populations.

Evaluation of Mandibular Third Molar Position by Using Space-Width Ratio Method

Background: The prediction of changes in the mandibular third molar position and eruption is an important clinical concern because third molar retention may be beneficial for orthodontic anchorage. The aims of this study were to assess the mandibular third molar position by using medical CT scan and lateral reconstructed radiograph and evaluate gender differences. Materials and Methods: The sample of present study consisted of 39 patients (18 males and 21 females) with age range 11-15 years who were attending at Al-Suwayra General Hospital/ the Computerized Tomography department. The distance from anterior edge of ramus to distal surface of permanent mandibular second molar and mesio-distal width of developing mandibular third molar were measured in both three dimensional volumetric and two dimensional CT derived lateral images. The statistical analyses included: means, standard deviations. Paired t-test was used to compare between the two methods and independent t-test was used in verifying the genders difference. Results: The results showed that there was high significant method difference between 3D CT and 2D image and gender differences were observed in values of linear measurements of present study, as males showed higher mean values than females. Conclusion: There is high accuracy of measurement on CT images, so C.T. scan is advisable during the diagnosis and treatment plan of orthodontic cases.