Archwire Research Articles

Comparison of Surface Roughness of Different Orthodontic Archwires: Atomic Force Microscopic Study.

Surface roughness (SR) of dental components is significant because it impacts thesurface area of the contact surface, which in turn affects corrosion behavior and biological compatibility. Orthodontic archwires (OA) with SR can affect the coefficient of friction, which in turn affects how effectively sliding biomechanics work and how the orthodontic appliance works efficiently. The objectives of the present investigation were to examine the SRof five distinct kinds of OAusing an atomic force microscope (AFM) and to assess the merits of using AFM to analyze orthodontic materials. For this investigation, there were five distinct orthodontic archwires with rectangularcross-sectional geometry. There were assigned different categories: Category 1: SmartArch wires (Ormco) (n=20), Category 2: Damon wires (Ormco) (n=20), Category 3: heat-activated nickel-titanium (HANT) wires (G&H Orthodontics) (n=20), Category 4: nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires (G&H Orthodontics) (n=20), Category 5: stainless steel (SS) wires (Ormco) (n=20). Each wire category's 20 samples were selected. Ten samples from each category had 5 mm of wire clipped from the finish pointof the archwires. These were observed using the AFM in natural lighting. Using a cyanoacrylate glue that dries quickly, the samples were fastened to a metal holder. Ten randomly chosen patches of the surface, each measuring 15 × 15 µm, were taken from every sample and examined (N = 500). The mean values of roughness average (Ra) in category 1, category 2, category 3, category 4 and category 5 were 23.08 ± 17.66, 26.78 ± 5.65, 26.66 ± 3.89, 9.71 ± 0.29 and 11.29 ± 2.12 respectively. The values of Rarepresenting SR were greatest in category 3 (HANT wires) followed by category 2 (Damon wires) while values of SR were minimum in category 4 (NiTi wires) and category 5 (stainless steel wires). The findings had statistical significance also. The SRof stainless steel wire was discovered to be lessthan that of the other wires. The SR may have an impact on the efficiency of sliding mechanics as well as the appeal and corrosion resistance of orthodontic components.

A pilot study analyzing the influence of the material and the size of the orthodontic archwire on the level of pain and anxiety in adult patients in treatment with brackets: A prospective triple-blind randomized clinical trial.

The objective was to investigate the influence of the material and dimensions of the orthodontic archwire on the pain and anxiety in adult patients in orthodontic treatment with brackets. A randomized prospective triple-blind clinical pilot study was conducted at the Dental Clinic of the University of Salamanca. The study sample comprised 30 adult patients who started orthodontic treatment with brackets. This sample was divided into two groups: the NiTi group (n=15) and Cu-NiTi group (n=15). Pain was analyzed with a visual analogue scale (VAS) and anxiety with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Anxiety was assessed at the start of treatment (T0) and after one month (T1). Pain was analyzed at the start of treatment (T0), at different time points at the start (T01), and after 4 (T02), 24 (T03), and 48 hours (T04); these measurements were also recorded one month after starting orthodontic treatment (T11, T12, T13, and T14). The mean age of patients was 31.3 (± 6.05) years old. The highest level of pain, at the beginning of treatment, was observed after 48 hours (5.57 ± 1.72) and at one month after starting treatment at 24 hours (5.13 ± 1.89), with no significant differences between the two groups. When analyzing anxiety, no differences were observed between groups; the anxiety levels were higher one month after starting treatment compared to the start. Regarding the correlation between pain and anxiety, the NiTi group showed a greater direct relationship (<0.05) between these two variables at the start of treatment in the anxiety trait in relation to pain at T02 and T03 and after a month in T12, T13, and T14. In the sample studied, there was no significant influence of the size or material of the orthodontic archwire on pain and anxiety levels. Key words:Orthodontics, Brackets, Archwire, Pain, Anxiety, NiTi, Cu-NiTi.

A review of the research progress of orthodontic archwire bending robot for fixed appliances

A review of the research progress of orthodontic archwire bending robot for fixed appliances

Coating of Orthodontic Archwires by Zein Based MgO Nanofibers Using Electrospinning System

Coating of Orthodontic Archwires by Zein Based MgO Nanofibers Using Electrospinning System

Incisor torque expression characteristics in two passive self-ligating brackets placed at different heights. A finite element investigation

ObjectiveThis study investigated torque expression in maxillary incisors using two passive self-ligating bracket types (Damon Q and Pitts 21) placed at different heights using the Finite element method. Materials and methodsTwo passive self-ligating brackets, Damon Q (Ormco, USA) and Pitts 21 (OC Orthodontics, USA) were 3D modeled using micro-computed tomography. Damon Q (0.022ˮ x 0.028″ slot size) and Pitts 21 (0.021ˮ x 0.021″ slot size) brackets were placed on a maxillary central incisor at predetermined vertical heights. Arch wires of size 0.019ˮ x 0.025″ stainless steel (Damon Q) and 0.020ˮ x 0.020” Titanium Molybdenum (Pitts 21) were placed in the bracket slots. ResultsPitts 21 brackets showed higher torquing moments at all bonding heights as compared to Damon Q brackets. The minimum torquing moment was 9.03Nmm at 5 mm for Damon Q and the maximum torquing moment was 14.92Nmm for Pitts 21 at a bracket bonding height of 8 mm. Total deformation for Pitts 21 at a height of 5 mm from the incisal edge was 0.61 × 10−6mm as compared to that of Damon Q which was 0.41 × 10−6mm. Lowest Von Mises stress values were at 27.07 MPa in Damon Q brackets at a bracket height of 5 mm from the incisal edge. Highest Von Mises stress values were 36.80 MPa for Pitts 21 brackets at a bracket height of 8 mm from the incisal edge. ConclusionPitts 21 brackets exhibited superior torquing characteristics compared to Damon Q. Total deformation in Pitts 21 was higher than Damon Q at all tested bracket bonding heights.

The treatment of severe class II division 2 patients with deep overbites and gummy smiles using lingual appliances: a case series

Abstract The treatment of Class II division 2 patients with palatally inclined upper incisors using lingual appliances is generally challenging due to difficulties in achieving upper incisor torque control. The present case series aims to describe a simple method combining lingual appliances and mini-screws for the non-surgical management of two severe Class II division 2 patients presenting with deep overbites and gummy smiles. The treatment plans involved initial bite opening and upper incisor torque recovery, followed by distalisation of the entire upper arch using mini-screw anchorage. In one case, additional anterior labial mini-screws were necessary to assist incisor intrusion and complete upper arch levelling. Favourable treatment results suggest that lingual appliances, when combined with mini-screws and pre-torqued arch wires, may offer an effective approach for the non-surgical management of severe Class II division 2 patients with deep overbites and gummy smiles.

A patient with bimaxillary protrusion was treated by the extraction of four premolars and four compromised first molars: a case report

Abstract The first molar has been reported to be the most caries prone tooth in the permanent dentition. Rarely is the extraction of the four first molars the ideal choice in orthodontic treatment, especially the extraction of four molars and four premolars. However, the extraction program presents a treatment alternative in selected cases. In the following case report, the orthodontic treatment is described a 15-year-old male patient who presented with a dentoskeletal bimaxillary protrusion, and a chief complaint of”crooked teeth”. Moreover, the patient had a skeletal Class I malocclusion with crowded dentitions, a hyperdivergent growth pattern, deviated midlines and an extremely deep Curve of Spee. A satisfactory treatment outcome was obtained by the extraction of four premolars and four compromised first molars. The mechanics involved alignment, levelling, detailing the occlusion using a straight arch wire technique followed by retention. The active treatment time was 48 months. The treatment successfully achieved a bilateral Class I relationship of the canines and the right molars, a mild Class III relationship of the left molars, a normal overjet and overbite, aligned dental midlines, optimal intercuspation and a harmonious facial profile. The occlusion remained stable during 5 years of review.

Archform

The basic principle of arch form in orthodontic treatment is that within reason, the patient’s original arch form should be preserved. These variations in arch form however, are not reflected in the preformed arch wires presently available and it is important to keep in mind during orthodontic treatment that if they are used, their shape should be considered a starting point for the adjustments necessary for proper individualization. Today, however, many normal variations are emphasized more than the specific type of arch forms. Recent studies nullify the existence of a single ideal arch-form template, indicating that dental arch forms are highly individual, and defining a single generalized shape and using variations of it should be avoided..

The effect of salbutamol sulphate inhalation (an anti-asthmatic medication) on the surfaces of orthodontic Archwires.

This study aimed to compare the surface roughness and friction of different orthodontic archwires after exposure to salbutamol sulphate inhalation, an anti-asthmatic medication. Orthodontic archwires (stainless-steel [StSt], nickel-titanium [NiTi], beta-titanium [β-Ti], and copper-NiTi [Cu-NiTi]) were equally divided into two groups. The exposed groups were subjected to 20 mg salbutamol sulphate for 21 days and kept in artificial saliva. The control groups were only kept in artificial saliva. Surface changes were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The average surface roughness (Ra) was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and friction resistance forces were assessed using a universal testing machine. Statistical analyses were performed using t-tests and ANOVA followed by post hoc tests. Salbutamol sulphate did not change the surface roughness of StSt and NiTi archwires (p > .05). However, the change in the surfaces of β-Ti and Cu-NiTi archwires was significant (p < .001). The frictional forces of exposed StSt, NiTi, and Cu-NiTi archwires did not change (p > .05). However, the frictional forces of β-Ti archwires increased significantly after exposure to salbutamol sulphate (p = .021). Brushing with fluoride after exposure to salbutamol sulphate increased the frictional forces of β-Ti only (p = .002). Salbutamol sulphate inhalation significantly affected the surface texture of β-Ti and Cu-NiTi orthodontic archwires and increased the friction of β-Ti archwires. These deteriorating effects were not detected on the surface of StSt and NiTi archwires. Therefore, we suggest that β-Ti and copper titanium archwires should be used cautiously in individuals under salbutamol sulphate inhalation treatment.

Innovative device for in-vivo quantitative assessment of different wire materials using 3D models

Orthodontic archwire materials are changing rapidly in our time. Because an ideal archwire material has not yet been found, assessment of the most effectual properties of different archwires including working range and its effect on root resorption is still an unmet clinical need. Unfortunately, most clinical studies lack standardization of subjects and force. Performing a standardized in-vivo quantitative assessment for the working range of different orthodontic archwires and its effect on root resorption was not previously attempted. This is the first study to quantitatively compare and assess these properties in a standardized split mouth design. In this work, a sample of 10 Wister rats in which one of the two upper incisors was randomly selected to receive a force of 25gram-force using CuNiTi wire while the control side received the same amount of force with NiTi. CBCT was done before and after force application to compare the working range and root resorption. The results showed a significant difference in the working range between groups favoring a larger amount of displacement in the CuNiTi(p < 0.05). Consequently, this novel approach can open new avenues for experimenting with orthodontic wire materials based on standardized measurements of not only mechanical but also biological effects. By this, we can resolve many contradicting results that currently exist in the orthodontic community which are caused by lack of standardization in clinical studies. Accordingly, we were able to obtain a reliable and accurate measurement of the working range of both clinically valuable materials.

Correlation of dental arch width and alveolar arch width with facial divergence

Dentofacial skeletal anomalies occur as a result of a differential growth of the lower facial skeleton to upper facial skeleton resulting in malocclusion in transverse, vertical and sagittal plane. To correlate different Vertical facial types with Dental arch width and Alveolar arch width for the patients in North Indian sub population. Lateral cephalograms and study models of 150 untreated adults were selected and divided into 3 groups: Group I (Normodivergent), Group II (Hypodivergent) and Group III (Hyperdivergent) on the basis of (SN-MP angle, FMA, Gonial angle &amp; Jarabak’s ratio). Dental arch width and Alveolar arch width were measured on maxillary and mandibular casts by using digital caliper. All the 3 groups were compared by using ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Turkey HSD test. Significant (p&amp;#60;0.05) correlation was seen for parameters of Dental arch width and Alveolar arch width in both maxillary and mandibular arches with Facial divergence. Dental and Alveolar arch width were maximum in hypodivergents followed by normodivergents and minimum in hyperdivergents in both maxillary and mandibular arches. Therefore, during orthodontic treatment it is suggested to use individualized arch wires according to each patients pretreatment arch form and widths.

Color Stability of Different Aesthetic Arch Wires in Beverages Consumed During the COVID-19 Era: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction One of the prime reasons for patients seeking orthodontic treatment is improvement in their aesthetics or appearance. With a greater number of adult patients now opting for orthodontic treatment, the demand for aesthetic orthodontic materials has increased.With the background of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the popular role of strongly pigmented beverages that play an immunity-boosting role, studies exploring the effect of such beverages on orthodontic appliances may improve the decision-making process of selecting such aesthetic appliances. Materials and methods Four brands of wires and six beverages were included in this study. The wires were Teflon-, epoxy-, or ceramic-coated. Convenience sampling was done, and five samples of each brand were prepared to be tested in each solution. Samples were tested under a spectrophotometerafter immersing them in various solutions fortwo, four, and eight weeks.A comparison of aesthetic degradation due to color changes amongst four brands of archwires was done by applying the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. P values were calculated for all samples to determine whether the color change that occurred in the samples was statistically significant or not. Results Overall results showed that none of the archwires resisted color change after being immersed in staining solutions after two, four, and eight weeks, respectively, which was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion At the end of all time intervals, none of the archwires resisted a color change irrespective of the brand or coating of archwires. This result was found to be statistically significant. With respect to the solutions, all solutions from Chyavanprash, tea, coffee, vitamin C, turmeric milk, and AYUSH kadha displayed a staining effect on all the aesthetic archwires.

Graphene-Based Coatings for Surface Modification and Their Applications in Fixed Orthodontics: A Scoping Review.

Surface coating technology can assist fixed appliances by reducing friction, improving antibacterial characteristics, and increasing corrosion resistance. The application of functional coatings composed of graphene onto the surfaces of orthodontic brackets and archwires has been shown to enhance their mechanical qualities. The objective of the current study was to carry out a scoping analysis of published recent evidence on the utilization of graphene as a covering material in metallic orthodontic accessories, such as brackets and archwires; Methods: A scoping review was undertaken following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Dentistry and Oral Science Source, and Google Scholar were searched between 2003 and 2023; Results: In total, 38 potential references were detected, from which 10 were selected for this review. These articles addressed the benefits of the application of graphene-oxide functional coatings onto the surface of archwires and brackets during fixed orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic graphene-oxide-based coatings provide improved surface characteristics (e.g., reduced friction and anticorrosive effects), antibacterial capabilities, and biocompatibility. These characteristics can increase the effectiveness of orthodontic therapy, improve patient comfort, and lower the likelihood of problems; Conclusion: Orthodontists should be aware of and comprehend the prerequisites for using graphene-oxide-coated archwires and brackets to fulfill needs throughout their clinical practice.

Influence of prophylactic fluoride agents on the color changes and surface roughness of polymer and rhodium coated nickel-titanium orthodontic archwires

The effect of fluoride use on the color change and surface characteristics of coated nickel and titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires was investigated. Epoxy resin, PTFE or rhodium-coated archwires were exposed to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) or sodium fluoride (NaF) or artificial saliva (AS), simulating three-month clinical trials. Color changes (∆E) were assessed using a laboratory spectrophotometer in the three-dimensional CIELab color space. The roughness (Ra) and surface structure of the archwires were examined using a non-contact profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Data were analyzed using two-way and one-way variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Bonferroni test (α=0.05). The average values of ∆E and Ra were the highest for epoxy-APF archwires and the lowest for rhodium-AS archwires. A significant relationship was found between the archwires surface treatment method and the ∆E and Ra values. After three months, greater changes in color and roughness were observed with APF than with AS.

Evaluation of Salivary Nickel and Chromium Level of Iraqi Sample Treated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

As orthodontic appliances consider one of the esthetic treatment in dentistry, which contain variable amount of Nickel and Chromium in different part of the orthodontic appliance that may release in saliva and affect patient's health, the aim of the study was conducted to evaluate the nickel and chrome concentration level in saliva for orthodontic patients who are treated with nitinol and stainless steel arch wire and compare this concentration with that of control group. Three groups have been studied 1st group and 2nd experimental includes 17 patients with nitinol arch wire and other 17 patients with stainless steel arch wire. The 3rd group was control group includes 17 patients without orthodontic appliance, stimulated saliva collected in sterile screw capped bottle, and kept at (-20 C˚) then allowed to defrost at room temperature, then the concentration of salivary ions of nickel and chromium was measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Descriptive and Inferential statistical analysis has been used. Revealed significant difference in Cr and Ni concentration among three groups. This study proved that with nitinol arch wire the level of Cr and Ni increase in saliva more than that of control and stainless steel group.

Mechanical Properties and Potential Clinical Implications of Improved Superelastic Orthodontic Archwires: An Observational Study

Mechanical Properties and Potential Clinical Implications of Improved Superelastic Orthodontic Archwires: An Observational Study

A digital orthodontic arch wire design system with interactive adjustment and intelligent optimization

The design of orthodontic arch wires is a prerequisite for orthodontic treatment that determines the subsequent orthodontic effects. Current methods for designing orthodontic arch wires are often based on traditional manual techniques, which suffer from problems such as low accuracy and efficiency. To address these issues, a digital orthodontic arch wire design system has been developed using Unity 3D and C#. This system allows for the interactive adjustment and intelligent optimization of the shape of digital orthodontic arch wires. The developed system includes modules for curve design, contour construction, and collision detection of orthodontic arch wires, which can be customized interactively to meet the personalized needs of patients. In addition, an energy-constrained method is employed to optimize the shape of certain regions of the arch wire, which helps overcome distortion and interference issues caused by unreasonable interaction. The effectiveness of the developed system has been evaluated through experiments on digital design and optimization of orthodontic arch wires. Results demonstrate that the system can achieve accurate and efficient digital design of orthodontic arch wires, effectively reduce distortion, and is expected to improve the orthodontic effect.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Edamame (Glycine Max L. Merril) terhadap Streptococus Mutans pada Kawat Orthodontik Berbahan Nikel Titanium

Tooth movement in Orthodontic is brought about orthodontic archwire, which generate the biomechanical forces, transmit these forces via brackets to bring about tooth movement. Niti wire are the most commonly used in orthodontic treatment. These devices have characteristics that can lead to plaque accumulation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of edamame extract (Glycine max L. Merril) Against Streptococcus Mutans (S. mutans) on orthodontic Nickel Titanium (NiTi). This study was an in vitro laboratory experimental study with a posttest only control group design. Edamame were extracted using the maceration method using 70% ethanol. NiTi immersed in artificial saliva in order to form pellicles for bacterial adhesion. NiTi that has been formed pellicles are then contaminated with S. mutans bacterial suspension, then cleaning is done by immersing in distilled water and edamame extract (Glycine Max L. Merril) with a concentration of 50, 75 and 100mg/ ml then observation is carried out by counting the number of colonies. with the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The results showed that the smallest average number of S. mutans colonies was found in the edamame extract concentration of 75 and 100mg/ml. The statistical results showed that there was a significant difference between the 75 mg / ml edamame extract group and the negative control. Edamame extract with concentration of 50 mg/ml is an effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of S.Mutans bacteria.

Recent Advances in Orthodontic Archwires: A Review.

Orthodontic archwires are the primary aid to achieve desirable tooth movement. These wires are also considered to be the backbone of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic archwires are available in various materials. The journey of advancement of these wires has shown immense growth in aesthetics as well as the mechanical properties of the materials used to ultimately provide patient satisfaction. This review highlights the properties of orthodontic archwires and the disadvantages associated with these wires which limit their use in today's era. The major role of the clinician is to choose the most appropriate alloy as per the needs of the patient. This can be done by accurately analyzing the properties of every material. The introduction of robotic systems in bending archwires and the properties of newer materials like organic polymer wires and bactericide archwires have also been described in this review. Thus, this review article focuses on the recent advances in orthodontic archwires and their properties for selection as per need.

Bio-inspired nanocomposite coatings on orthodontic archwires with corrosion resistant and antibacterial properties.

The corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of fixed orthodontic devices are insufficient in the complex oral cavity, which delays tooth movement and causes enamel demineralization. To overcome the challenges, this research constructs a series of polydopamine-graphene oxide (PDA-GO) nanocoatings on representative NiTi archwires via self-assembly. The morphology, chemical structure, and multifunctional properties of coatings showed tunability dependent on the PDA/GO ratio. Optimized PDA-GO coatings with uniform and dense characteristics prolonged the diffusion path for the corrosive medium and reduced Ni dissolution in NiTi alloys. Meanwhile, the applied coatings endowed NiTi alloys with antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans due to the surface structures and inherent properties of PDA-GO. In vitro cytotoxicity tests further verified their good biocompatibility. This bio-inspired nanocomposite coating provides a practical reference for modification of dental metal surfaces to better behave in the intraoral environment.