Orsat Apparatus Research Articles

Production and Kinetic Study of Biogas Formation from Cow Dung and Utilization of Biogas Effluent as Bio-Fertilizer

Biogas is an alternative and eco-friendly renewable power source and biogas effluent is used as a bio-fertilizer. In this research, the kinetic of biogas formation was studied and also the acceptance of biogas effluent as a bio-fertilizer was evaluated. 8000 g of cow dung and 600 ml of inoculum were fed to the digester. The volume of biogas production was observed for 50 days by using Orsat Apparatus and gas chromatography was used to analyze the gas. From the data, it was found that the formation of methane gas didn’t depend upon the concentration of cow-dung hydrocarbon and it followed the mechanism of the zero-order reaction. On the other hand, the elementary analysis of biogas effluent by AAS ensured the property of effluent as a bio-fertilizer. Utilization of Miscanthus fuscus with E. coli and S. aureus ensured a higher degree of biodegradation.

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil and Emission Characteristics of Its blends

In converting different vegetable oils for the respective esters, at a minimum reaction temperature and faster rate of the fatty acids, the catalyst plays a very important role which can be changed into fatty acid esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel by transesterification reaction with methanol. Homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts have been identified as catalysts and among these catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts were chosen because it was possible to generate more biodiesel at a comparatively faster rate. As a feedstock, soybean waste cooking oil (SWCO) was used in this research work. With the help of a conventional mechanical stirrer reactor, SWCO with methanol was heated at various temperatures. As a catalyst, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used. It evaluated the effect of various parameters such as reaction temperature (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C), the reaction time of 2 hours, and loading of the catalyst (0.5 wt. %, 0.7 wt. %, and 1 wt. % KOH and NaOH). Results show that biodiesel produced from soybean waste cooking oil was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel. The transesterification reaction using KOH catalyst was more effective than the NaOH catalyst. The yield and conversion of biodiesel produced from SWCO by using 0.5 wt. % KOH catalysts at 60°C are 93.2 % and 96.16 % respectively while; the yield and conversion of biodiesel produced from SWCO by using 0.5 wt. % NaOH catalysts at 60°C are 91.35 % and 94.5 % respectively. Blends of 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100% by volume of biodiesel derived from soybean waste cooking oil and diesel fuel were prepared as B10, B20, B30, B50 and B100. Biodiesel blends have ASTM standards that are similar to diesel fuel, and the ORSAT apparatus has used to exhaust gas.

Removal of CO2 in a multi stage fluidised bed reactor by monoethanolamine impregnated activated carbon

ABSTRACT The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere leads to global warming and climate change. To mitigate the emission of CO2, we have developed and designed a four stage fluidised bed reactor and it was operated in a continuous counter-current manner. The adsorbents used for this fluidised bed reactor were monoethanolamine impregnated activated carbon (MEA-AC) of different impregnation (0.2,0.4 and 0.6) and activated carbon (AC) prepared from green coconut shell. Changing the three hydrodynamics factors like gas velocity, solid flow rate and weir height, the maximum % removal of CO2 has been found out. Sampling and analysis has been performed by using Orsat apparatus. The percentage (%) removal of CO2 by AC was minimum due to only physical adsorption of CO2. MEA-AC, having highest impregnation ratio (0.6) shows maximum % removal of CO2 because MEA is of less viscous, Stable carbamate ion formed because of the –I effect of one alcohol groups during the reaction of CO2 with MEA-AC that leads to more adsorption. The higher impregnation ratio leads to more removal of CO2 because more amine functional groups are present in the AC surface. Both physical adsorption as well as chemical adsorption occurs in MEA-AC. The maximum % removal of CO2 for MEA-AC (0.6) was 94.9%, under the solid flow rate of 4.12 kg/h, superficial gas velocity of 0.188 m/s and the weir height of 50 mm.

Chemical analyses of shale gas and conventional natural gas

Shale gas is essentially non-traditional natural gas (NG). Shale gas can be considered an unusual alternative energy source. Shale gas production is a method of obtaining the NG trapped between deep underground rocks. Shale gas production is not economical, except for horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing methods. Advanced analysis of shale gaseous samples can be done using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and other modern testing methods. The Orsat apparatus includes three absorption pipettes containing chemical solutions that absorb gases. Absorbents are a 33% by weight aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) for carbon dioxide (CO2), alkali pyrogallol for oxygen (O2) and ammoniacal cuprous for carbon monoxide (CO) measurement. Oxygen is absorbed in alkaline pyrogallol or in a chromous solution. Shale gas can be analyzed best gas chromatographically. The capillary column can be separated from all the hydrocarbons and their isomers by alumina, which is used as a stationary phase in the gas chromatographic column, because alumina is highly selective for hydrocarbons. Silica is a specific adsorbent that exhibits greater applicability for hydrocarbons. The chemical contents of shale gas are similar to those of the conventional NG. The processing, transfer and storage and distribution of shale gas are assumed to be similar to the conventional NG.

Comparison of adsorption capacity of mono-ethanolamine and di-ethanolamine impregnated activated carbon in a multi-staged fluidized bed reactor for carbon-dioxide capture

The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere leads to global warming and climate change. In our present study, a four stage fluidized bed reactor has been designed and developed for removal of CO2.Two different amine impregnated activated carbons have been prepared and used as adsorbents for capture of CO2. By changing the three hydrodynamics factors like gas velocity, solid flow rate and weir height, the highest percentage (%) removal of CO2 has been found out. Sampling and analysis has been performed by using Orsat apparatus. Among the two adsorbents i.e. Monoethanolamine impregnated activated carbon (MEA-AC) and Diethanolamine impregnated activated carbon (DEA-AC), the % removal of CO2 by Monoethanolamine impregnated activated carbon of impregnation ratio 0.6 (MEA-AC(0.6)) shows the highest, due to high degree stability of primary zwitterions formed than secondary zwitterions.Monoethanolamine impregnated activated carbon (MEA-AC) shows the highest % removal of CO2 (95%), at minimum gas velocity (0.188 m/s), maximum solid flow rate (4.12 kg/h) and at maximum weir height (50 mm) at initial concentration of CO2, 3000 ppm. MEA impregnated activated carbon was found to be suitable adsorbent for removal of CO2 from the flue gas in a multistage fluidized bed reactor.

Removal of CO2 in a multistage fluidized bed reactor by diethanol amine impregnated activated carbon

ABSTRACTTo mitigate the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), we have developed and designed a four-stage fluidized bed reactor. There is a counter current exchange between solid adsorbent and gas flow. In this present investigation diethanol amine (DEA) impregnated activated carbon made from green coconut shell was used as adsorbent. This type of adsorbent not only adsorbs CO2 due to the presence of pore but also chemically reacts with CO2 and form secondary zwitterions. Sampling and analysis of CO2 was performed using Orsat apparatus. The effect of initial CO2 concentration, gas velocity, solid rate, weir height etc. on removal efficiency of CO2 have been investigated and presented. The percentage removal of CO2 has been found close to 80% under low gas flow rate (0.188 m/s), high solid flow rate (4.12 kg/h) and weir height of 50 mm. From this result it has been found out that multistage fluidized bed reactor may be a suitable equipment for removal of CO2 from flue gas.

Biological Purification System: Integrated Biogas from Small Anaerobic Digestion and Natural Microalgae

Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll, have an important role since they provide the oxygen and the source of energy for all living things. Plant and algae growth is affected by the photosynthesis speed which depends on the availability of carbon dioxide (CO2). This paper reports on the pilot plant scale study of the impact of 20% to 50% CO2 on biogas into the growing medium of microalgae which obtained bio-methane purification results as gaseous bio-fuels. Research material was produced from the Jatropha curcas Linn. husk biogas digester and a 0.15 m3 HDPE drum was used as a purification. The purification tank was filled with Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) farm water which grew “wild” microalgae naturally. The water was fed from the top with continuous flow of (16 to 31) L· min–1 and the biogas was fed from the bottom at (18 to 29) L · min–1. CO2 level data of biogas was measured by orsat apparatus and processed with t test. The results achieved average efficiency reduction levels of CO2 on 50% in two cycles (24% in the first and 26% in the second).

A comparative study of biogas production using plantain/almond leaves and pig dung, and its applications.

Plantain/almond leaves and pig dung were used as substrates in anaerobic biodigester for producing biogas by batch operation method within the mesophilic temperature range of 20.0 to 31.0°C. The study was carried out to compare biogas production potential from plantain/almond leaves and pig dung wastes. The cumulative biogas produced from the plantain/almond leaves was 220.5 L while the cumulative biogas from the pig dung was 882.5 L. Orsat apparatus was used to analysize the gas produced. The methane component of gas from pig dung was 70.2% while that for plantain/almond leaves with algae was 72.7%. The biogas from the almond/plantain leaves became combustible on sixteenth day while the biogas from the pig dung was combustible on fourteenth day. Results showed that pig dung produced more biogas than the almond/plantain leaves within the same period. Key words: Mesophilic, anaerobically, almond/plantain, combustible, algae.

Investigation of Fe-Ni-Al2O3 Anodes for Aluminum Production

In this paper, electrolysis tests were carried out for analyzing the gas purities evolving from the cup-shaped Fe-Ni-Al2O3 anodes, which were made by slip casting. The oxygen purity of the collecting anodic gas detected by Orsat apparatus was in an interval of 98–100%. SEM and XRD results showed that Fe-Ni-Al2O3 anode surface formed a layer that consisted of FeAl2O4, NiO, and Al2O3 mainly, as well as small amounts of metal phase Ni3Al.

Using date stone charcoal as a filtering medium for automobile exhaust gases

A thermal reactor was designed and built to produce coal from date stones by pyrolysis. Five specimens of coal have been prepared at different maximum charring temperatures. It was found that, as the temperature increases, the properties of coal are improved (the percentage of carbon content increases). It was also found that, at 700°C, the percentage of carbon content remains constant. The coal prepared at this temperature was used as a filtering medium in an adsorption filter to purify the exhaust gases of a two stroke spark ignition engine. The results showed that the filter has a high adsorption ability for CO and CO 2 gases. An ORSAT apparatus was used to measure the concentration of CO and CO 2 in the exhaust gases before and after the filter. The filter reduced the concentration of CO and CO 2 by 62 and 59%, respectively.

Compressibility Factors for CO2-Methane Mixtures

Compressibility factors from a high-ratio CO2-natural gas mixture are compared with other experimental data and values calculated using two correlations. Discussion includes the use of these factors in monitoring reservoir performance for the SACROC Unit CO2 injection project. Introduction The SACROC Unit CO2 injection project in Scurry County, Tex., required transporting 200 Mcf/D of CO2 for 200 miles. A feasibility study of the mode of transportation resulted in selection of a "supercritical-pressure-state" pipeline system. A study was made of available data on compressibility (z) factors for CO2-natural gas at supercritical pressures, as well as of two engineering calculation methods. This study indicated that the z factors should be measured rather than taken from published information. This paper compares our measured compressibility factors with calculated and published compressibility data, and describes applications of z factors to the various phases of the SACROC Unit CO2 injection project. phases of the SACROC Unit CO2 injection project. Experimental PVT Data There were two reasons for measuring z factors rather than relying on published information:Reamer et al.'s data for the CO2-methane system did not include C2+, which is contained in the pipeline gas.For engineering purposes, corresponding-state and equation-of-state calculation methods are not accurate enough near the critical point. CO2 pipeline design conditions include the critical point. Our measurements were made in a visual PVT cell using the CO2-natural gas mixture described in Table 1. Conditions ranged from 680 to 3,001 psia and 49 to 120 degrees F. Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 1 show the experimental results along with the calculated values and Reamer et al.'s data. Experimental Method The gas used for the compressibility-factor measurements was prepared from pure compounds. It was analyzed by determining the CO2 in an Orsat apparatus (thus removing the CO2) and chromatographing the re-reminder of the gas. The liquid-vapor, two-phase boundary of the gas was estimated, and the gas pressure was kept above the cricondenbar to insure single-phase transfer from a storage vessel to the visual PVT cell. In the visual cell, the pressure was decreased in steps and the volume was measured at each step. This pressure-volume relation was determined at 49, 70, 90, and pressure-volume relation was determined at 49, 70, 90, and 120 degrees F. At 49 and 70 degrees F we observed bubble points and a dew point. Compressibility factors were points and a dew point. Compressibility factors were calculated from the pressure, volume, and temperature values (z = pV/RT). Experimental Results Table 1 shows the analysis of the gas used, along with the measured specific gravity and volumetric expansion values. Table 2 shows the measured z factors for the four temperatures. These data are plotted in Fig. 2 with the observed bubble and dew points. JPT P. 81

Field Reliability of the Orsat Analyzer

Results from four field based collaborative tests and from one laboratory based collaborative test of the Orsat analytical procedure are discussed. The results from the five collaborative tests demonstrate that routinely using Orsat data to convert particulate emissions from combustion sources to the reference conditions of 50 % excess air and 12% carbon dioxide may introduce sizeable errors in the corrected particulate loading. Ways to improve the Orsat apparatus and increase the reliability of the data are suggested. Also reported are the results from field and laboratory studies on the reliability of using individual carbon dioxide and oxygen analyzers of the Fyrite* type to determine stack gas molecular weight. The laboratory study, which was done using three cylinders containing mixtures of carbon dioxide, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen of known concentration, determined that these analyzers give carbon dioxide and oxygen analyses of sufficient reliability to yield accurate molecular weights. The results of the field studies, which were done on actual flue gas samples, also support this conclusion.

溶射に用いるプラズマジェットの性質について

The gas velocity by the fluid dynamic method (shown in Fig.6 and the expression 2), the temperature distribution (shown in Fig. 14) and the mixing rate of air (as measured by the Orsat apparatus) (shown in Fig. 11) into the jet along the jet axis at various distances from the nozzle under the ordinary operating conditions for spraying process are experimented and some considerations of the results are made. Moreover, the flying velocities of the spraying powders (Al2O3, Mo and Nickelbase alloy) in the jet are measured by using the turning disc (shown in Fig. 1).The results can be summarized as follows.Under the conditions of the flow rate of operating gas 30l/min and the operating currents 450 and 550 A.(1) At the 50 mm' distance from the nozzle(i) Flying velocity of spraying powderAl2O3: 150-160 m/secMo: 100-105 m/secNickel-base alloy: 70 m/sec(ii) Gas velocity: 120-140 m/sec(iii) Temperatureunder current 550 A: 2, 200°Cunder current 450 A: 1.700°C(iv) Mixing rate of air: 55-65%(2) At the 100 mm' distance from the nozzle(i) Flying velocity of spraying powderA12O3: 140-150 m/secMo: 95-100 m/secNickel-base alloy: 60-70 m/sec(ii) Gas velocity: 40-50 m/sec(iii) Temperature (under current 450, 550 A): 800-900°C(iv) Mixing rate of air: about 90%

Measurement of Trapping Efficiencies of a Two-Stroke Engine

A method for the measurement of trapping efficiencies of a two-stroke gasoline engine through the exhaust gas analyses is investigated. Theoretical formulas for obtaining the trapping efficiency are introduced which can be applied to a rich or a weak mixture operation. The experiments are carried out with special precations to secure representative sample gases, and the gas analyses are conducted by a newly developed Orsat apparatus with excellent accuracy. It is shown, from the results of the present study, that the reliable trapping efficiencies are obtainable according to the authors' method.

Measurement of Trapping Efficiencies of a Two-Stroke Engine

A method for the measurement of trapping efficiencies of a two-stroke gasoline engine through the exhaust gas analyses is investigated. Theoretical formulas of trapping efficiency are introduced which can be applied to a rich or a weak mixture operation. The experiments are carried out with special precautions to secure representative sample gases, and the gas analyses are conducted by a newly developed Orsat apparatus with excellent accuracy. It is shown, from the results of the present study, that the reliable trapping efficiencies are obtainable according to the author's method.

A modified orsat apparatus for analysis of purified coke-oven gas

With the usual Orsat apparatus ethane in coke-oven gas cannot be determined. The value reported as methane is the sum of methane and ethane. Some modifications have been carried out based on the ascertained conditions for determining the ethane content. With the modified apparatus it is possible to determine the ethane without appreciable increase of the duration of the analysis. The accuracy of the determination of ethane is 0.1 to 0.2 per cent by volume.

Rapid Operating Device for Orsat Apparatus

Rapid Operating Device for Orsat Apparatus

鐵鋼中の含有ガスに關する研究(第2報)

An improved apparatus for the vacuum fusion method is described. The melting apparatus in vacuum was improved and Orsat's apparatus for the volumetric microanalysis of collected gases was used for the gravimetric method in the previous report, and the accuracy of the result of analysis was increased.The effect of the absorption of gases in crucible and the deposited metal on the inner wall of melting tube upon the results of analysis is discussed and a method to minimize the error is proposed.

The Test Performance of Hudson Avenue’s Most Recent Steam-Generating Units

Abstract This paper presents the results of an acceptance test on one of the largest stokers in operation at the present time. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to illustrate the procedures developed for measuring those losses which are commonly allowed to appear in the unaccounted-for item of the energy balance. These losses are the hydrogen and hydrocarbon losses, and the carbon-monoxide loss which is in excess of that indicated by the conventional type of Orsat apparatus. Usually, part of the cinder loss appears in the “unaccounted-for” because it is seldom determined with the accuracy which the magnitude of this loss as determined from the method described would seem to warrant. The completeness with which the losses in the present test have been measured is evident from the low value obtained for the radiation and unaccounted-for item of the energy balance. A high rate of combustion (75 lb per hr per sq ft) was carried for 48 hr at an efficiency of 77 per cent. The superheater produced approximately constant steam temperature over the full range of loads.

Note on gas analysis with modified Orsat apparatus

Note on gas analysis with modified Orsat apparatus