Orius Strigicollis Research Articles

Rearing Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on an alternative diet of brine shrimp, Artemia salina (Anostraca: Artemiidae)

We investigated the use of cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia salina Linnaeus as an alternative diet to eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, in rearing the biological control agent Orius strigicollis (Poppius). Although 3rd- and 4th-instar nymphs and 1st to 5th-instar nymphs took longer to develop when fed on brine shrimp cysts with shells than on E. kuehniella eggs, the difference was within or approximately 1 day. The nymphal survival and development were considered to be similar in O. strigicollis fed the two diets. In reproductive characteristics, adult female bugs fed eggs of E. kuehniella or brine shrimp cysts with shells performed better than those fed brine shrimp cysts without shells. Brine shrimp cysts with shells would, thus, be useful for reliably and economically rearing O. strigicollis. This rearing method may also prove useful as part of the quality assurance for commercially produced O. strigicollis.

Predatory efficacy of Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) against Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) on strawberry

In this study, the predatory efficacy of Orius strigicollis (Poppius), a predacious flower bug, against the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) was investigated. Our results showed that release of 2, 4, 6, and 12 neonates of O. strigicollis per strawberry plant could suppress 58.9, 72.6, 88.6, and 92.8% of T. urticae, respectively, at 14days after treatment. A single release of 12 neonate bugs per plant achieved and maintained, over a period of 3months, 82% to 98% control of T. urticae population. A biweekly release of 6 neonate bugs per plant; likewise, suppressed ca. 90% of T. urticae population throughout the same period. However, predatory efficacy was reduced by an over-release of predators which may cause cannibalism as well as lower possibility of finding prey. Since the released neonates survived well to adults with offspring that retained their predatory ability, this study has demonstrated that O. strigicollis is a predator with good potential for sustainable suppression of T. urticae on strawberry, and one application of O. strigicollis neonates at a predator:prey ratio of 1:200 egg plus motile TSSM or 1:60 motiles per strawberry plant promises a season-long control and substantial management of spider mite infestation.

Fumigant toxicity of basil oil compounds and related compounds to Thrips palmi and Orius strigicollis.

This study was aimed at assessing the fumigant toxicity to adult Thrips palmi (a serious insect pest) and Orius strigicollis (a beneficial predator insect) of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil compounds and structurally related compounds using vapour-phase toxicity bioassays. Against adult T. palmi, linalool (LD50 0.0055 mg cm(-3) ) was the most toxic fumigant and was 15.2-fold more effective than dichlorvos (0.0837 mg cm(-3) ). Strong fumigant toxicity was also observed in pulegone (0.0095 mg cm(-3) ), (±)-camphor (0.0097 mg cm(-3) ) and 1,8-cineole (0.0167 mg cm(-3) ). Moderate toxicity was produced by camphene, 3-carene, (-)-menthone, (+)-α-pinene, (+)-β-pinene, α-terpineol and (-)-α-thujone (0.0215-0.0388 mg cm(-3) ). Against adult O. strigicollis, dichlorvos (LD50 9.0 × 10(-10) mg cm(-3) ) was the most toxic fumigant, whereas the LD50 values of these compounds ranged from 0.0127 to >0.23 mg cm(-3) . Based upon the selective toxicity ratio, the compounds described are more selective than dichlorvos. The basil oil compounds described merit further study as potential insecticides for control of T. palmi in greenhouses because of their generally lower toxicity to O. strigicollis and their greater activity as a fumigant than dichlorvos.

異なる植物上でのタイリクヒメハナカメムシの生存とソバの花での発育，産卵

異なる植物上でのタイリクヒメハナカメムシの生存とソバの花での発育，産卵

Novel Strain of Spiroplasma Found in Flower Bugs of the Genus Orius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae): Transovarial Transmission, Coexistence with Wolbachia and Varied Population Density

Spiroplasma, a group of small, wall-less, helical, and motile bacteria belonging to the Mollicutes, contains species with diverse life histories. To date, all the Spiroplasma strains that are known to be transmitted vertically in arthropod lineages belong to either the Spiroplasma ixodetis group or the Spiroplasma poulsonii group. Here, we found that a unique strain of Spiroplasma vertically transmitted in predatory flower bugs of the genus Orius belongs to the Spiroplasma insolitum group, which is a group of bacteria phylogenetically closely related to S. insolitum derived from the tickseed sunflower, Bidens sp. (Asterales: Asteraceae). The infection frequencies in natural populations were16.0% in Orius sauteri (n = 75), 40.5% in Orius nagaii (n = 37), and 8.0% in Orius minutus (n = 87). Orius strigicollis was not infected with Spiroplasma (n = 147). In the early stage of oogenesis (i.e., within the germarium), a large number of bacteria with the typical morphology of Spiroplasma existed, keeping a distance from Wolbachia bacteria. The Spiroplasma population seemed to increase during host development but Wolbachia population did not.

Distribution Patterns of Wolbachia Endosymbionts in the Closely Related Flower Bugs of the Genus Orius: Implications for Coevolution and Horizontal Transfer

Vertical transmission is the primary route of the endosymbiont Wolbachia for its own spread among invertebrate hosts, but horizontal transmission between different hosts is believed to have occurred multiple times. However, it is not well known how Wolbachia commonly spread among closely related hosts. We focused on the closely related species of the minute pirate bugs belonging to the genus Orius, which are important biological control agents in agricultural crops because they are the most useful natural enemy of various tiny pests, such as thrips. Here, we examined five Orius species (Orius sauteri, Orius nagaii, Orius minutus, Orius strigicollis, and Orius tantillus) from eight geographic localities in Japan for Wolbachia infection. Two distinct strains, wOus1 and wOus2, were detected based on Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene sequencing. Furthermore, multilocus sequence typing revealed that each of the strains comprised two variants that differed in a single nucleotide. The overall distribution patterns of the two Wolbachia strains were found to differ among host species: prevalent double infection with wOus1 and wOus2 in O. strigicollis; fixation of single infection with wOus2 in O. nagaii; occurrence of single infection with wOus1 in O. sauteri; prevalence of single infection with wOus1 in O. minutus with an exception in a single population; and lack of Wolbachia infection in O. tantillus. Such differences in the distribution patterns of Wolbachia may reflect the evolutionary history of Wolbachia infection among Orius species and/or ecological and physiological differences among the Orius species that determine the invasiveness and maintenance of the two Wolbachia strains.

施設栽培ピーマンにおける主要害虫の総合防除に関する研究 5．近紫外線除去フィルムで被覆した施設におけるククメリスカブリダニとタイリクヒメハナカメムシを用いたミナミキイロアザミウマの防除

施設栽培ピーマンにおける主要害虫の総合防除に関する研究 5．近紫外線除去フィルムで被覆した施設におけるククメリスカブリダニとタイリクヒメハナカメムシを用いたミナミキイロアザミウマの防除

Effect of selective insecticides and acaricides on hatching and development of Orius strigicollis Poppius

Effect of selective insecticides and acaricides on hatching and development of Orius strigicollis Poppius

Superinfection of cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia is not additive in Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae).

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) allows the intracellular, maternally inherited bacterial symbiont Wolbachia to invade arthropod host populations by inducing infertility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. The general pattern is consistent with a model of sperm modification, rescued only by egg cytoplasm infected with the same strain of symbiont. The predacious flower bug Orius strigicollis is superinfected with two strains of Wolbachia, wOus1 and wOus2. Typically, superinfections of CI Wolbachia are additive in their effects; superinfected males are incompatible with uninfected and singly infected females. In this study, we created an uninfected line, and lines singly infected with wOus1 and wOus2 by antibiotic treatment. Then, all possible crosses were conducted among the four lines. The results indicated that while wOus2 induces high levels of CI, wOus1 induces very weak or no CI, but can rescue CI caused by wOus2 to a limited extent. Levels of incompatibility in crosses with superinfected males did not show the expected pattern. In particular, superinfected males caused extremely weak CI when mated with either singly infected or uninfected females. An analysis of symbiont densities showed that wOus1 densities were significantly higher than wOus2 densities in superinfected males, and wOus2 densities were lower, but not significantly, in superinfected relative to singly infected males. These data lend qualified support for the hypothesis that wOus1 interferes with the ability of wOus2 to cause CI by suppressing wOus2 densities. To our knowledge, this is the first clear case of non-additive CI in a natural superinfection.

Relationship between Release Number of Haplothrips brevitubus as Booster of Orius strigicollis and Its Effect on Control of Pest Thrips on a Variety of Green Pepper Grown in Greenhouse

Relationship between Release Number of <i>Haplothrips brevitubus </i>as Booster of <i>Orius strigicollis </i>and Its Effect on Control of Pest Thrips on a Variety of Green Pepper Grown in Greenhouse

Molecular Identification and Evaluation of Orius species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) as Biological Control Agents

Orius strigicollis is a predatory bug that attacks small arthropods, such as thrips, and augmentative release of commercial strains has been widely conducted in greenhouses in Japan. The accurate evaluation of its effectiveness is essential for successful biological control programs. However, because Orius species occur naturally in the field, it is difficult to discriminate O. strigicollis from other Orius species. Furthermore, it is necessary to discriminate commercial strains of O. strigicollis from field populations. In this review, we introduce two types of molecular procedures: (1) a multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique to identify Japanese Orius species, and (2) microsatellite DNA markers that can be used to measure genetic diversity within populations of O. strigicollis and to discriminate field and commercial strains. The usefulness of molecular ecological approaches is also discussed.

총채벌레 천적 으뜸애꽃노린재(Orius strigicollis)와 미끌애꽃노린재(Orius laevigatus)의 생물학적 특성 비교

With the comparison of native Orius strigicollis (Poppius) to European O. laevigatus (Fieber), we investigated biological characteristics such as developmental period, fecundity, life span, predation ability, and augmentation after release. Experiments were carried out at five temperature condition, , and . In the case of O. strigicollis, egg period was days (hatchability: ), and developmental period of nymphs was days (survival rate: ). Fecundity at each temperature was 28.1, 107.9, 123.6, 127.3, and 18.1, respectively. Life span of adults was 63.4, 40.1, 22.1, 18.3, and 11.0 days, respectively. In the case of O. laevigatus, egg period was days (hatchability: ), and developmental period of nymphs was (survival rate: ) days. Fecundity at each temperature was 101.8, 218.6, 224.5, 219.5, and 15.7. Life span of adults was 70.6, 66.4, 32.6, 34.5, and 7.3 days, respectively. In long-day condition (16L:8D), fecundity of O. strigicollis and O. laevigatus was 105.8 and 109.5 , respectively. In short-day condition (10L:14D), fecundity of them was 1.0 and 63.0 , respectively. Daily prey consumption of second instar Frankliniella occidentalis was 14.3 and 10.9, respectively. In greenhouse, density of O. strigicollis begins to increase from mid May and peaked about early July (1.8 individual/flower), while that of O. laevigatus begins to increase from mid March and peaked about early June (6.6 individual/flower).

Olfactory Responses of the Predatory Mites (N eoseiulus cucumeris) and Insects (O rius strigicollis ) to Two Different Plant Species Infested with Onion Thrips (T hrips tabaci)

Responses of Neoseiulus cucumeris (a predatory mite) and the predatory insect Orius strigicollis to volatiles associated with two different plant species infested with onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, were examined in a Y-tube olfactometer. Both predators species showed a significant preference for volatiles from infested cucumber leaves without T. tabaci over clean air. However, they were not attracted to volatiles from uninfested cucumber leaves, artificially damaged cucumber leaves, or volatiles from T. tabaci plus their visible products collected from cucumber leaves. These results suggest that both predator species are capable of exploiting herbivore-induced volatiles from T. tabaci-infested cucumber leaves as a foraging cue. Neither predator was attracted to volatiles from uninfested spring onion leaves, infested spring onion leaves without T. tabaci, or volatiles from T. tabaci plus their visible products collected from spring onion leaves. Interestingly, they avoided volatiles from artificially damaged spring onion leaves. A possible explanation for the non-significant olfactory responses of the predator species to spring onion plants with infestation damage of T. tabaci is discussed.

으뜸애꽃노린재 성충에 대한 착색단고추에 등록된 농약의 저독성 및 잔류독성 평가

화학적방제와 생물적방제를 상호보완적으로 사용하여 해충을 방제하기 위해 천적에 대한 저독성 약제와 천적의 안전방사시기를 설정하였다. 고추와 착색단고추에 등록되어 있는 52종(살충제 33종, 살균제 19종)의 살충 살균제를 충체침지처리법과 잎침지처리법으로 독성을 평가하였다. 살충제의 충체침지처리 후 애꽃노린재 성충에 대한 저독성약제는 milbemectin유제 등 14종이었으며, 잎침지처리법에 의한 저독성약제는 12종이었다. 처리한 살균제 19종은 모두 천적에 대해 저독성을 보였다. 약제살포 후 1일에 안전방사 가능한 약제는 pyraclofos, methomyl, thiodicarb, esfenvalerate bifenthrin, alpha-cyrermethrin, etofenprox, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, indoxacarb등 14종이었으며, 네오니코티노이드계 농약은 잔류독성이 길게 나타났다. For the development of integrated pest management system by harmonizing biological and chemical control, some experiments were carried out to select low toxic pesticides and to evaluate residual toxicity to natural enemies. Leaf dipping method and body dipping method were set up for evaluating toxicity to minute pirate bug, Orius strigicollis adult. We had tested 52 kinds of pesticides (33 insecticides, 19 fungicides) commonly used to control greenhouse insects, mites, and disease pests to natural enemies at the recommended concentration. Fourteen insecticides by body dipping method, 12 insecticides by leaf dipping method and 19 fungicides were selected as low toxic pesticides to O. strigicollis adult. After insecticide spraying at recommending dose on the sweet pepper plant, we examined residual effect of insecticides by introducing natural enemies on different days. Safety interval for introduction of O. strigicollis adult was established according to residual toxicity of pesticides. Safety insecticides at one day after treatment were pyraclofos, methomyl, thiodicarb, esfenvalerate bifenthrin, alpha-cypermethrin, etofenprox, fenvalerate, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, indoxacarb. However, residual toxicity of nee-nicotinoids last up to 21 days to O. strigicollis adults.

A simple mass-rearing method for predaceous Orius bugs in the laboratory

Orius strigicollis (Poppius) and O. laevigatus (Fieber) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) can be reared successfully using a plastic Petri dish (90 mm in diameter, 20 mm in depth) as a rearing cage with wheat grains to prevent cannibalism and excessive moisture. Frozen eggs of Ephestia kuehniella were supplied as food and a soybean seedling was provided as an oviposition substrate. The rate of individuals reaching the adult stage averaged 74–87% when the initial nymphal density was 100–400. In addition to the high breeding capacity, these insects could be separated without difficulty from wheat grains by using a suitable sieve, and wheat grains were reusable after sterilization in an oven.

タイリクヒメハナカメムシの成虫と卵の同時放飼法による定着促進効果

We developed a technique of simultaneously releasing adults and eggs of Orius strigicollis to enhance its early establishment in greenhouses. We first sought suitable oviposition substrates and alternative diets for O. strigicollis adults. Among three species of plants examined as oviposition substrates, the hatchability of eggs was best on Sedum rubrotinctum shoots. Fresh honey was as effective as the eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, a conventional diet, in increasing the longevity of O. strigicollis adults, indicating that fresh honey can be used as an alternative diet for O. strigicollis. At least one shoot of S. rubrotinctum must be provided per two O. strigicollis females to obtain eggs effectively. About 1,100 eggs were obtained from one bottle of O. strigicollis (Tairiku®, 250 adults) when they were reared with S. rubrotinctum shoots and fresh honey for three days. The number of O. strigicollis offspring found on sweet peppers was increased when eggs of O. strigicollis were released with adults at the same time, suggesting that the simultaneous release of eggs and adults of O. strigicollis was effective in enhancing its early establishment.

Fumigant Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils to &lt;I&gt;Thrips palmi&lt;/I&gt; (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and &lt;I&gt;Orius strigicollis&lt;/I&gt; (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)

The fumigant toxicity of 92 plant essential oils to adult Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Orius strigicollis Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) was examined by using a vapor phase toxicity bioassay and compared with those of dichlorvos, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, and thiamethoxam, four commonly used insecticides. Responses varied according to oil type and insect species. As judged by 24-h LC50 values, pennyroyal oil (2.63 mg/liter air) was the most toxic fumigant and was 23.6-fold more toxic than dichlorvos (62.09 mg/liter air) against adult T. palmi. Potent fumigant toxicity (LC50, 11.03-19.21 mg/liter air) was observed in armoise, basil, cedarleaf, coriander, cypress, howood, hyssop, marjoram, myrtle, niaouli, rosemary, and sage (Dalmatia) oils. Neither emamectin benzoate, spinosad, nor thiamethoxam exhibited fumigant action. Against adult O. strigicollis, dichlorvos (LC50, 6.3 x 10(-6) mg/liter air) was the most toxic fumigant, whereas the LC50 values of the 13 essential oils ranged from 17.29 to 158.22 mg/liter air. O. strigicollis was 1.4-22.1 times less susceptible than T. palmi to the essential oils. The essential oils described merit further study as potential fumigants for the control of T. palmi in greenhouses.

Genetic diversity in field and commercial populations of Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) measured by microsatellite markers

Six microsatellite markers were developed for Orius strigicollis (Poppius), and their characteristics were analyzed using seven field and two commercial populations. The markers showed enough polymorphism to be suitable to elucidate genetic diversity, although null alleles were found on two loci and three loci were sex-linked. No linkage disequilibrium was detected except for a pair of two sex-linked loci. Allele frequencies between sexes in each population were not different in field populations. No genetic differentiation was found among populations collected in southern Kyushu, suggesting that this species has a large gene pool in the field. Allelic richness was significantly smaller in commercial populations than in field ones, possibly due to bottleneck effects and genetic drifts during mass-production procedures.

Rearing of Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on Artificial Diet

An artificial rearing method was designed for the generalist predator, Chrysopa pallens (Rambur). The rearing media were formulated based on, Orius strigicollis diets for feeding larvae, and two diets for adults were prepared with insect source and non-insect as their main components. Development of the predators was successfully obtained with the diets for both larval and adult stages. The impact of these diets was recorded for growth during the larval stage and oviposition rates by the females. Total development period and mortality rate of, C. pallens were about 26.9 days and 11%, respectively. The females showed better reproduction with average of 2019 eggs over their life span of 89 days when the artificial diet with non-insect source was provided. On overall basis the life expectancy and fecundity was better when compared with previous findings.

Induction and Termination of the Reproductive Diapause in the Minute Pirate Bug Onus strigicollis Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the photoperiod and temperature on the reproductive diapause in Orius strigicollis. The photo-period and temperature affected nymphal development, adult longevity, diapause induction, and diapause termination in O. strigicollis. At 18 °C, nymphs developed significantly faster at a photoperiod of 8:16 (L:D) h than at a 12:12 (L:D) h. When kept at 15°C and 9:15 (L:D) h continuously from the 2 nd instars, the longevity of adult O. strigicollis was much shorter than that from the 4 th instars, but their longevity was not different between the genders. At 18°C, when continuously kept under short photoperiod from the first three nymph stages, 100% of adults entered the reproductive diapause within 40 days after adult eclosion. From the 1 st to 3 rd instars, O. strigicollis displayed a long-day response with a critical photoperiod between 12 h and 14 h at 18°C within 20 days after adult eclosion. When continuously kept at 15°C and 18°C with a 9:15 (L:D) h photoregime from the 2 nd instars, all females entered the reproductive diapasue, while the diapause incidence at 20 °C and 25 °C was quite low even within 20 days after adult eclosion. No diapause incidence was found when only the egg or the first three nymph stages were kept at 18°C and 8:16 (L:D) h, while the later two nymph stages showed a slight increase in diapause incidence. Combined exposure from the nymph to adult stages to 18°C and 8:16 (L:D) h is necessary to attain 100% of diapause incidence. Diapause in O. strigicollis was terminated rapidly as long photoperiod and/or lower temperature was treated.