Original Version Research Articles

88 Evaluating the impact of ChatGPT-4 on medical abstracts

Abstract Background Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has received recognition for its use in medical writing. Some even suggested it could write scientific abstracts. However, its real-life effectiveness to help researchers improve conference abstracts remains unexplored. Objectives To evaluate whether ChatGPT 4.0 could improve the quality of abstracts submitted to a medical conference by clinical researchers with various experiences. Design/Methods In October 2023, we conducted an experimental study involving 24 international researchers who provided one “original” abstract intended for submission at the 2024 Pediatric Academic Society (PAS) conference. Our research team created a prompt asking ChatGPT-4 to improve the quality of the abstract while adhering PAS submission guidelines. Researchers received the revised version and were tasked with creating a “final” abstract. The quality of each version (original, ChatGPT and final) was evaluated by the researchers themselves using a numeric scale (0-100). Additionally, three co-investigators assessed abstracts blinded to the version. The primary analysis focused on the mean difference in scores between the final and original abstracts. We also compared scores of the three versions and determined the proportion of researchers reporting ChatGPT's impact on their abstract and its acceptance probability. For an effect size of 0.7, it was estimated that we needed at least 20 pairs of abstracts. Results Abstract quality varied between the three versions with mean scores of 82, 65 and 90 for the original, ChatGPT and final versions, respectively. Overall, the final version displayed significantly improved quality compared to the original (mean difference 8.0 points; 95% CI: 5.6-10.3). Of note, 3 (14%) abstracts remained unchanged between final and original versions. Independent ratings by the co-investigator confirmed statistical improvements (mean difference 0.94 points; 95% CI: 0.44-1.44). Researchers identified minor (n=10) and major (n=3) factual errors in ChatGPT’s abstracts. However, 18 (75%) participants reported that ChatGPT contributed to the enhancement of their final abstract. Ten (42%) participants believed it improved their abstract's chances of acceptance. Eighteen (75%) researchers reported being uncomfortable using ChatGPT version for submission. Conclusion While ChatGPT 4.0 does not produce abstracts of better quality then the one crafted by researchers, it serves as a valuable tool for researchers to enhance the quality of their own abstracts. The utilization of such tools is a potential strategy for researchers seeking to improve their abstracts.

Detecting bubbles via FDR and FNR based on calibrated p-values

Detecting bubbles in asset prices is still an open question that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This paper improves the bubble detection and dating approaches developed in recent years by Phillips and co-authors, proposing to assess the plausibility of its outcomes via the false discovery rate (FDR) and the false non-discovery rate (FNR) based on calibrated p-values. Calibrating p-values of unit root tests, applied sequentially to detect bubbles, allows recovery of their super-uniformity property, which is crucial for a valid implementation of the inferential procedure. The paper also develops original self-calibrated versions of both FDR and FNR for the specific problem of bubble testing. Calibrated p-values are implemented in an online false discovery-based approach which monitors bubbles in real time. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is investigated via a simulation study and an empirical application.

The Romanian Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) Questionnaire, Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST), and Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen 2 (ToPAS 2).

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory condition mediated by the immune system with various manifestations. The increased prevalence of subclinical joint involvement has led to the development of early diagnostic methods for psoriatic arthritis, including several instruments that have been validated and used in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to perform the Romanian translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of three assessment tools: the Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) Questionnaire, Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (PEST), and Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen 2 (TOPAS 2), which are designed to evaluate early-stage arthritis in patients with psoriasis. All the activities were carried out in accordance with the internationally recognized methodology recommended by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research (ISPOR), the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding the translation process and the validation of instruments, and data from the international literature. These three questionnaires were administered to 29 patients with psoriasis diagnosed by biopsy. A descriptive study was conducted and the data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests using the PSPP program. A reliability test was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The obtained values were significant for the first two questionnaires, with a value of 0.89 for the EARP and 0.63 for the PEST, but the value was not as significant for ToPAS2, at 0.40. This pilot study revealed that the Romanian and original versions of the three questionnaires are similar.

Plagiarism detection of anime character portraits

With the expansion of animation industry, there has been a recurring issue of animation plagiarism. Currently, the technology for copyright protection and plagiarism detection in animation is limited. This paper proposes a framework of plagiarism detection for animation character portraits. A Seq2Seq-based model is proposed for extracting the morphological features of animation portraits. By studying portrait morphological fitting simulation, a significant progress is made in learning facial characteristic of animation portraits. With the fitting mechanism, the proposed model can effectively learn the representative essential features of animation portraits. We also propose several loss functions to enhance recognizability and feature mapping ability between original and pirated animation portraits. By comparing the similarity between the pirated and original versions, plagiarism detection is carried out. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model has a good fitting effect and effectively detect the authenticity and piracy of the animation portraits.

Exploring the Association between Sexual Orientation Beliefs and Ambivalent Sexism in Young Adults

This paper investigated the association between sexual orientation beliefs and ambivalent sexism in young adults. It was hypothesized that sexual orientation beliefs would correlate with and predicate ambivalent sexism, while there would be significant sociodemographic differences across the study variables. Selecting a cross-sectional (correlation) approach, a non-probability convenient sample of 221 young adults (Mage = 24.84, SDage = 5.82) was recruited. After filling out a detailed sociodemographic information sheet, the participants responded to original (English) versions of the Sexual Orientation Beliefs Scale (Arseneau et al., 2013) and the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996). The analysis revealed that all sub-scales of the Sexual Orientation Beliefs Scale (discreetness, naturalness, informativeness and homogeneity) had positive correlations with hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. Moreover, discreetness, informativeness, and homogeneity beliefs predicted hostile sexism, while only the homogeneity belief predicted benevolent sexism. The socio-demographic variables of age and education emerged as significant correlates. Muslims held stronger ambivalent sexism than non-Muslims but no difference was found in sexual orientation beliefs. Hostile sexism was higher in men and those from a nuclear family system. Benevolent sexism was higher in unemployed and non-heterosexual individuals. Lastly, the discreetness belief was stronger in men and heterosexuals. This study would be a valuable addition to the academic scholarship as it provided insights into the indigenous patterns of sexual orientation beliefs and their relationship with specific forms of sexism.

Consistent social odor representation across 7 languages: the Social Odor Scale translation and validation.

The Social Odor Scale (SOS) is a 12-item questionnaire initially developed and validated in Italian and German to investigate self-reported awareness of social odors, which are odors emanating from the human body that convey diverse information and evoke various emotional responses. The scale includes a total score and 3 subscales representing social odors in the respective categories: romantic partner, familiar, and strangers. Here, we aimed to (i) replicate the validation of the Italian and German versions of the SOS, (ii) translate and validate the SOS into multiple additional languages (French, English, Dutch, Swedish, Chinese), and (iii) explore whether the factor structure of each translated version aligns with the original versions. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported the scale's structure, yielding a good fit across all languages. Notable differences in SOS mean scores were observed among the different languages: Swedish participants exhibited lower social odor awareness compared to the other groups, whereas Chinese participants reported higher social odor awareness compared to Dutch and Swedish participants. Furthermore, SOS scores correlated with respondents' geographical location, with higher (i.e. northern) latitudes linked to lower social odor awareness. These results corroborate the SOS as a valid and reliable instrument, especially for the SOS total score and the Familiar and Partner factors, emphasizing the influence of individual and geographic factors on social odor awareness.

Investigation of numerical solution approaches for the cavitating flow analysis of twisted hydrofoils

In this study, geometrical parameters such as twist, section thickness, and angle of attack are numerically investigated for their influence on lift and drag coefficients, as well as cavitation development. The Delft 11 Hydrofoil, a twisted version of the NACA0009 foil with a −2° angle of attack, is used as the benchmark geometry for validation studies under both non-cavitating and cavitating flow conditions. After the validation studies, the geometries of the NACA0009 and NACA0015 hydrofoils were redesigned as half-twisted and twisted. These redesigned hydrofoils, along with the original no-twist versions, were analyzed under cavitating flow conditions within an angle of attack range of −2<AoA<5°. In the study, three-dimensional, unsteady, cavitating flow is modelled by two different solution approaches, RANS and DES, with the SST Menter k-omega turbulence model. The Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model is employed to obtain cavitation formation. The same physical conditions with RANS simulations are performed using a refined mesh with the DES method, focusing particularly on accurately and precisely obtaining cavitation development, especially cavitation cycles. Additionally, DES analyses were performed for various time step values, demonstrating the specific influence of the time step on cavitation cycles. The results show that while the RANS method effectively predicts the lift and drag forces of the hydrofoil, the DES method is crucial for capturing cavitation dynamics with greater precision, particularly for obtaining cavitation cycles. The results also indicate that twisted hydrofoil geometries produce more lift and drag force than half-twisted and no-twist geometries for both NACA0009 and NACA0015 hydrofoils. In addition, the cavitation formation around the hydrofoil generally increases with the twistiness.

Tri-channel visualised malicious code classification based on improved ResNet

As malicious code attacks continue to evolve, attackers leverage techniques like packing and code obfuscation to generate numerous variants, challenging traditional detection methods. Addressing the limitations of current deep learning-based malicious code classification approaches in feature extraction and accuracy, this paper introduces an innovative RGB visualization detection method based on a hybrid multi-head attention mechanism. Initially, a feature representation method utilizing RGB images is introduced. This approach focuses on semantic relationships between a malware’s binary information, assembly details, and API data, generating images with richer textural information. This technique effectively uncovers the deep dependencies between the original and variant versions of malicious code, providing stronger support for subsequent classification tasks. Furthermore, to tackle the issues of malware encryption and obfuscation, a deep neural network framework is adopted, incorporating a modular design philosophy and integrating a multi-head attention mechanism. This design not only enhances the expressiveness of critical features but also helps the model better focus on key aspects of the malicious code, thereby improving classification accuracy. Through comparative experiments and in-depth analysis, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed RGB visualization method and MSA-ResNet model in the field of malicious code variant classification are validated. The accuracy rates achieved on the Kaggle and DataCon datasets are 99.49% and 97.70%, respectively, representing significant improvements over other methods. This approach demonstrates strong generalization capabilities and resistance to obfuscation, offering a new and effective tool for malicious code detection.Graphical

Combining Transfer Learning and Ensemble Algorithms for Improved Citrus Leaf Disease Classification

Accurate categorization and timely control of leaf diseases are crucial for citrus growth. We proposed the Multi-Models Fusion Network (MMFN) for citrus leaf diseases detection based on model fusion and transfer learning. Compared to traditional methods, the algorithm (integrating transfer learning Alexnet, VGG, and Resnet) we proposed can address the issues of limited categories, slow processing speed, and low recognition accuracy. By constructing efficient deep learning models and training and optimizing them with a large dataset of citrus leaf images, we ensured the broad applicability and accuracy of citrus leaf disease detection, achieving high-precision classification. Herein, various deep learning algorithms, including original Alexnet, VGG, Resnet, and transfer learning versions Resnet34 (Pre_Resnet34) and Resnet50 (Pre_Resnet50) were also discussed and compared. The results demonstrated that the MMFN model achieved an average accuracy of 99.72% in distinguishing between diseased and healthy leaves. Additionally, the model attained an average accuracy of 98.68% in the classification of multiple diseases (citrus huanglongbing (HLB), greasy spot disease and citrus canker), insect pests (citrus leaf miner), and deficiency disease (zinc deficiency). These findings conclusively illustrate that deep learning model fusion networks combining transfer learning and integration algorithms can automatically extract image features, enhance the automation and accuracy of disease recognition, demonstrate the significant potential and application value in citrus leaf disease classification, and potentially drive the development of smart agriculture.

Validation of a tagalog version of the EORTC PATSAT-C33 and EORTC OUT-PATSAT7 patient satisfaction questionnaires for patients with cancer undergoing outpatient radiotherapy.

190 Background: The satisfaction of cancer patients with their care significantly impacts their quality of life. Beyond specific cancer treatments, the delivery of care plays a vital role. Evaluating patient satisfaction with care is increasingly important in oncology due to the prolonged and intensive nature of cancer management. Discussions often focus on medical aspects, neglecting administrative and psychosocial concerns. Patient-centered care involves assessing satisfaction, which reflects perceived quality. Patient satisfaction is now recognized as a key indicator of care quality. Methods: The EORTC developed tools like PATSAT-C33 and OUT-PATSAT7 to assess satisfaction with cancer care. These instruments, translated into Tagalog using a “forward-backward” translation procedure in accordance with the EORTC QOL Study Group guidelines, were validated among Filipino cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. The tools encompass dimensions like doctors' skills, information exchange, nurses' responsiveness, and care organization. They showed reliability and validity comparable to the original versions. Results: Construct, criterion, and factorial validity were assessed, indicating the tools measure intended constructs effectively. The multi-item scales of EORTC PATSAT-C33 and EORTC OUT-PATSAT7 have good to excellent internal consistency. A value between 0.8 - 0.9 represents good reliability, whereas a Cronbach alpha of≥0.9 represents excellent reliability. Criterion validity was confirmed by comparing them with a validated Filipino satisfaction scale. Each dimension identified in the original study applies to Filipino cancer patients, suggesting the tools' applicability across populations. Conclusions: Despite some demographic biases in the study sample, the translations proved valid and reliable. These Tagalog versions are recommended for use with native Tagalog-speaking Filipino cancer patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes may enhance reliability. [Table: see text]

Four questions to assess attitudes toward epilepsy, the caveness questions: Analytical study to verify the usefulness of the Japanese version

ObjectiveThis study sought to translate the Caveness questions (CQs), initially formulated in the United States for assessing attitudes toward people with epilepsy (PWE), into Japanese. Concurrently, the study examined the translated instrument's psychometric properties, specifically the usefulness within Japan's cultural and linguistic context. MethodsWe crafted the Japanese version of CQs-J by drawing upon the original English and German versions. Subsequently, On May 22nd and 23rd, 2023, we administered an online questionnaire survey to the general public registered with the online research survey service (Cross Marketing Group Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Inclusion criteria comprised an age of ≥18 years, processing proficient reading and speaking skills in Japanese, and demonstrating the ability to comprehend the Japanese questionnaires. In addition, we included questions about age, gender, education levels, employment status, and any experiences with epilepsy. ResultsA cohort comprising 400 ordinary people processing prior exposure to information regarding epilepsy participated in the study. Participants provided informed consent before proceeding to complete the study questionnaire. The CQs-J, encompassing following four items.CQ1) Would you object to having any of your children in school or at play associate with persons who sometimes had seizures (fits)?CQ2) Do you think epilepsy is a form of insanity or not?CQ3) Do you think epileptics should or should not be employed in jobs like other people?CQ4) Would you object to having a son or daughter of yours marry a person who sometimes has seizures (fits)?We compared CQs-J groups with negative or positive attitudes towards epilepsy, taking into account age, gender, employment status, education levels, and knowledge and experiences of the condition. Those who responded to the CQ1 question that they would object to their child's occasional association with someone at school or at play who has seizures (fits) were significantly more negative in their experiences with epilepsy: they did not understand what to do during seizures (Ex3, p < 0.01), and they did not believe in the effectiveness of epilepsy treatment (Ex4, p < 0.01). In addition, males were significantly more likely to respond that epilepsy is insanity when asked the CQ2 question (p < 0.001). Additionally, in CQ3, do you think people with epilepsy should have the same access to jobs as other people with epilepsy? Significant differences were found for younger age, a lower overall Epilepsy Knowledge Scale score (p < 0.001), being employed (p = 0.028), Ex3 (p = 0.041), and Ex4 (p < 0.01). Finally, older people were significantly more opposed to marrying someone who has seizures in CQ4 (p < 0.001) or is not working, and others were also significantly more opposed (p = 0.030). SignificanceWe evaluated the utility of the Japanese version of the CQs, demonstrating its effectiveness for assessing treatment strategies in stigma reduction and enabling cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes towards epilepsy. In large-scale social surveys, the CQs-J scale effectively captures broad attitudes toward epilepsy with a limited number of items and offers the advantage of ease of use for longitudinal studies, such as tracking changes in attitudes over time. Furthermore, we expect the CQs-J results to facilitate in-depth cross-cultural comparisons of attitudes toward epilepsy by comparing them across different cultures.

Violent attitudes in Portugal and Canada: Measurement invariance and psychometric properties of the Evaluation of Violence Questionnaire.

Theory and evidence suggest that attitudes toward violence are relevant for the explanation, prediction, and reduction of violent behavior. The purpose of the present study was to adapt a measure of violent attitudes-the Evaluation of Violence Questionnaire (EVQ)-for use in Portugal, test the cross-country equivalence, and test the validity of both versions. We found the expected one-factor structure, high internal consistency, and cross-country measurement invariance for the Portuguese and original EVQ with men in Portugal (N = 320) and Canada (N = 298). We also found the expected pattern of correlations with measures of more versus less theoretically relevant constructs: both versions of the EVQ showed the strongest correlations with overall aggression and reactive aggression; slightly lower correlations with proactive aggression; negative correlations with self-control; and the smallest correlations with self-esteem. Our results support the equivalence, reliability, and validity of the Portuguese and original versions of the EVQ.

The evolution of Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS™) in presumed healthy infants

The Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS™) is a scoring system that reflects the appearance and intensity of symptoms possibly related to consumption of cow’s milk. The original tool was recently updated by changing the cut-off, and the stool scale and by adding angioedema. There is no data available regarding the natural evolution of CoMiSS in infants with no cow’s milk allergy (no-CMA) or a comparison between original and updated CoMiSS values. We determined the original and the updated CoMiSS in infants not diagnosed with cow’s milk allergy. The evolution of CoMiSS during the first year of life was assessed repetitively during predefined check-ups at 1.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months. The original and updated scores were compared with the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. We also tested the impact of feeding type, age, gender, and order in the family on the CoMiSS. One hundred and twenty-two infants were included. CoMiSS values during the first year of life showed an inverse relation to age. The difference in CoMiSS between the original and updated versions was significant at 6,8,10, and 12 months (p < 0.001), related to the switch from the Bristol Stool Form Scale to the Brussels Infants and Toddlers Stool Scale (BITSS). The difference between both versions of CoMiSS was not significantly different in infants < 6 months (p = 0.999 at 1.5 and 4 months, and p = 0.586 at 3 months, respectively).Conclusion: CoMiSS decreases with age during the first year of life. While there is no difference between the two CoMiSS versions in healthy infants under 6 months of age, the CoMiSS value in the updated version is lower than the original 1 in infants aged 6 to 12 months.What is known?• The Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) is a validated awareness tool for cow’s milk allergy (CMA).• A CoMiSS of ≥ 10 indicates a risk for cow’s milk allergy.What is new?• The natural evolution of CoMiSS in infants not diagnosed with CMA (no-CMA) shows an inverse relation to age.• There is no difference between the original and the updated CoMiSS versions in no-CMA-infants under six months of age, but the updated CoMiSS is lower in infants 6–12 months than the original one.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: improving music source separation by bridging networks

This paper presents the crossing scheme (X-scheme) for improving the performance of deep neural network (DNN)-based music source separation (MSS) with almost no increasing calculation cost. It consists of three components: (i) multi-domain loss (MDL), (ii) bridging operation, which couples the individual instrument networks, and (iii) combination loss (CL). MDL enables the taking advantage of the frequency- and time-domain representations of audio signals. We modify the target network, i.e., the network architecture of the original DNN-based MSS, by adding bridging paths for each output instrument to share their information. MDL is then applied to the combinations of the output sources as well as each independent source; hence, we called it CL. MDL and CL can easily be applied to many DNN-based separation methods as they are merely loss functions that are only used during training and do not affect the inference step. Bridging operation does not increase the number of learnable parameters in the network. Experimental results showed that the validity of Open-Unmix (UMX), densely connected dilated DenseNet (D3Net) and convolutional time-domain audio separation network (Conv-TasNet) extended with our X-scheme, respectively called X-UMX, X-D3Net and X-Conv-TasNet, by comparing them with their original versions. We also verified the effectiveness of X-scheme in a large-scale data regime, showing its generality with respect to data size. X-UMX Large (X-UMXL), which was trained on large-scale internal data and used in our experiments, is newly available at https://github.com/asteroid-team/asteroid/tree/master/egs/musdb18/X-UMX.

Enhancing kernel oil and tailoring fatty acid composition by genomics-assisted selection for dgat1-2 and fatb genes in multi-nutrient-rich maize: new avenue for food, feed and bioenergy.

Enhancing maize kernel oil is vital for improving the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins. Here, we combined favourable alleles of dgat1-2 and fatb into parental lines of four multi-nutrient-rich maize hybrids (APTQH1, APTQH4, APTQH5 and APTQH7) using marker-assisted selection (MAS). Parental lines possessed favourable alleles of crtRB1, lcyE, vte4 and opaque2 genes. Gene-specific markers enabled successful foreground selection in BC1F1, BC2F1 and BC2F2, while background selection using genome-wide microsatellite markers (127-132) achieved 93% recurrent parent genome recovery. Resulting inbreds exhibited significantly higher oil (6.93%) and oleic acid (OA, 40.49%) and lower palmitic acid (PA, 14.23%) compared to original inbreds with elevated provitamin A (11.77 ppm), vitamin E (16.01 ppm), lysine (0.331%) and tryptophan (0.085%). Oil content significantly increased from 4.80% in original hybrids to 6.73% in reconstituted hybrids, making them high-oil maize hybrids. These hybrids displayed 35.70% increment in oil content and 51.56% increase in OA with 36.32% reduction in PA compared to original hybrids, while maintaining higher provitamin A (two-fold), vitamin E (nine-fold), lysine (two-fold) and tryptophan (two-fold) compared to normal hybrids. Lipid health indices showed improved atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, cholesterolaemic, oxidability, peroxidizability and nutritive values in MAS-derived genotypes over original versions. Besides, the MAS-derived inbreds and hybrids exhibited comparable grain yield and phenotypic characteristics to the original versions. The maize hybrids developed in the study possessed high-yielding ability with high kernel oil and OA, low PA, better fatty acid health and nutritional properties, higher multi-vitamins and balanced amino acids, which hold immense significance to address malnutrition and rising demand for oil sustainably in a fast-track manner.

Masquerade of authority: hijacked journals are gaining more credibility than original ones.

At the moment, the academic world is faced with various challenges that negatively impact science integrity. One is hijacked journals, a second, inauthentic website for indexed legitimate journals, managed by cybercriminals. These journals publish any manuscript by charging authors and pose a risk to scientific integrity. This piece compares a journal's original and hijacked versions regarding authority in search engines. A list of 16 medical journals, along with their hijacked versions, has been collected. The MOZ Domain Authority has been used to check the authority of both original and hijacked journals, and the results have been discussed. It indicates that hijacked journals are gaining more credibility than original ones. This should alarm academia and highlights a need for serious action against hijacked journals. The related policies should be planned, and tools should be developed to support easy detection of hijacked journals. On the publishers' side, the visibility of journals' websites must be enhanced to address this issue.

Influence of translation on perceived metaphor features: quality, aptness, metaphoricity, and familiarity

Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the effects of translating literary metaphors from Serbian to English on metaphor quality, aptness, metaphoricity, and familiarity. The research involved 55 Serbian metaphors translated into English using the A is B form, which were then evaluated by 252 participants in two separate studies. Study 1 served as an extension of a previous norming study. In it, a group of participants assessed 55 translated literary metaphorical expressions, and their evaluations were compared to those of the original Serbian versions. In Study 2, a group of participants, divided into two subgroups, rated a collection of both the original metaphorical expressions and their translated counterparts. The results indicate that the translated metaphors generally scored higher in terms of aptness, familiarity, quality, and partially in metaphoricity. These findings suggest that translating the metaphors into English had a positive impact on their perceived effectiveness and familiarity. Several factors are considered to explain these outcomes, including the nature of the English language itself, the participants’ exposure to English, and the translation process. Overall, this study highlights the influence of translation on the perception of literary metaphors and provides insights into metaphor interpretation.

On the use of scale distortion for visual humour

In contrast to verbal humour, visual humour remains a relatively underdeveloped area of research. In this exploratory study, we investigate whether scale incongruity – i.e., discrepancy between the expected and actual experience of the size of an object – can serve as a source of humour in the visual modality. We adapt a pre-existing visual data set of mundane scenes by altering the size of an individual object in each scene and collecting humorousness ratings from human annotators on the original and scale-distorted versions. Our analysis of these annotations reveals that scenes with distorted objects are perceived to be significantly funnier than the original images.

Cross-cultural adaptation of National Early Warning Score 2 to Angolan Portuguese

ObjectiveTo make a cross-cultural adaptation of the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS 2) from English to Angolan Portuguese. MethodsA methodological research of cross-cultural adaptation was conducted, involving sequential stages of forward translation, translation synthesis, back-translation, and the application of the Delphi Panel methodology for analyzing semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence between the translated and the original versions. This process culminated in the development of a pre-final version, which subsequently underwent testing in a cohort of nurses (n = 37). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was calculated to assess inter-rater reliability of ratings. Cronbach's alpha was used for evaluating the internal consistency and reliability within the items of the NEWS 2 score. ResultsThe cross-cultural adaptation process allowed us to prepare the final version of this tool. The data collected during the testing phase facilitated the examination of inter-rater reliability of ratings and the internal consistency and reliability within the items of the NEWS2 score. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient observed at this step was 0.992. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.993. ConclusionThe cross-cultural adaptation of the NEWS 2 scoring system to Angolan Portuguese was successful, providing healthcare professionals in Angola with the means to effectively use the tool.

Рецепція «Історії України-Руси» Михайла Грушевського в сучасній українській історіографії

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the process of understanding M. Hrushevskyi's "History of Ukraine-Rus" in modern Ukrainian historiography. The research methodology involves the use of the principles of objectivity, historicism, and systematicity, as well as general scientific and special-historical methods typical for historiographical research. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the study of the little-known problem of the reception of M. Hrushevskyi's "History of Ukraine-Rus" in the historiography of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. Conclusions. The article has concluded that the research of M. Hrushevskyi's main work has acquired unprecedented intensity during the last three decades. This was facilitated by wider-scale publishing work - the mass reprinting of the original and English-language versions of "History of Ukraine-Rus" made it available to a wide range of readers and researchers. As a result, numerous different-format studies of individual problems and nuances of the grand narrative (historiosophical, methodological, problem-thematic, etc.) as well as attempts to understand it holistically in the context of the progress of Ukrainian studies at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 21st centuries appeared. These studies convincingly showed "History of Ukraine-Rus" as the most significant historical work for Ukrainian historiography, which metaphorically established the title of "historical passport of the Ukrainian people". At the same time, the mentioned intensity of research reflection makes it possible to outline further historiographical perspectives. Thus, the work on the contextualization of the historiographical ideas and problems of the multivolume work is far from finished. For example, a special elucidation of the specifics of the establishment of the Sobornist ideology on its pages seems to be promising. However, the most important task seems to be the need to synthesize current studies on individual parts of the "History of Ukraine-Rus" and prepare a general work on this monument, which should appear as a collective interdisciplinary project.