Original Two-factor Structure Research Articles

Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Public Attitudes Toward Epilepsy (PATE-J) Scale.

This study aimed to develop and validate a Japanese version of the Public Attitudes Toward Epilepsy (PATE-J) Scale to measure attitudes towards epilepsy among the general Japanese population. The study employed a cross-sectional design using an online survey of 537 participants from the general public in Japan, with follow-up surveys at 2 weeks and 3 months. The PATE Scale was translated following standard guidelines and validated by conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the complete data set to assess the original two-factor structure of the PATE Scale. Internal consistency assessment, and convergent validity testing with the Modified Epilepsy Stigma Scale (M-ESS), Perceived Devaluation Discrimination Scale (PDDS), and Epilepsy Knowledge Scale (EKS) were carried out. CFA confirmed the two-factor structure of the PATE-J, comprising "Personal Domain" and "General Domain." The model showed acceptable fit indices (χ²(76) = 607.974, comparative fit index = 0.849, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.820, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.114, standardized root-mean-square residual = 0.078) and high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.87 for Personal Domain and 0.75 for General Domain). Strong correlations with the M-ESS (r = 0.713, p < 0.001), and weaker correlations with the PDDS, along with a negative correlation with the EKS (r = -0.306, p < 0.001), highlighted the PATE-J's distinctiveness. No significant associations were found between demographic factors and PATE-J scores. The PATE-J demonstrates strong psychometric properties and cultural relevance for measuring public attitudes toward epilepsy in Japan. Its validated two-factor structure supports cross-cultural comparisons and provides a reliable tool for assessing public attitudes, informing interventions, and guiding education campaigns.

Assessing Mindfulness Barriers: Turkish Validation of the Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness Scale (FRM) via a Bifactor Model Approach

The Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness Scale (FRM) is a self-report measure to help identify who may fear of, have blocks against, and show resistances to mindfulness. The goal of the present study was to evaluate psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the FRM. The study recruited a sample of 448 participants. Participants completed several instruments including the Fears and Resistances to Mindfulness Scale, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, Multidimensional Existential Meaning Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form. Factor analyses confirmed the original two-factor structure of the FRM with good internal consistency and a bifactor model of the FRM. Measurement invariance analyses across gender showed consistent psychometric properties across gender. The subscales and the general factor had positive associations with depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas they predominantly were negatively associated with well-being indicators or irrelevant. This study confirms the original factor structure of the FRM in a non-Western context along with a bifactor model. The Turkish version of the FRM is a valid and reliable instrument.

Cross-Cultural Validation and the Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Brief Religious Coping Scale.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Brief Religious Coping Scale (RCOPE) among Korean Protestant Christians to determine its reliability and validity in South Korea considering the unique characteristics of Korean Protestant Christianity. Exploratory Factor Analysis (n = 251) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 268) identified the original two-factor structure of the positive and negative religious coping subscales. Also, the scale exhibited robust reliability and construct validity. This study affirmed the scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring religious coping in Korean Christian adults.

A time to reflect: deviations from the balanced time perspective are associated with hypomentalization.

Poor mentalization, or lack of capacity to reflect on self and others in terms mental states, thoughts, and feelings, and time perspective biases were both related to mental disorders and lower wellbeing in separate studies. Expanding one prior study, we examined the relationship of mentalization and time perspective, including a measure known as deviations from the balanced time perspective (DBTP) that summarizes time perspective biases across the past, present, and future time frames. A convenience sample of 258 participants responded to a version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-8) and a six-dimensional version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI). Given recent evidence that the original two-factor structure of the RFQ may need to be reconsidered, we used confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to compare alternative models for RFQ as a first step. In line with several recent studies, the CFA favored a unitary model of RFQ-8 reflecting hypomentalization (or uncertainty). The total score showed significant associations with Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, and Future Negative dimensions of S-ZTPI, while hypomentalization was negatively associated with Future Positive. Of major interest, DBTP and hypomentalization showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.64 for latent constructs; r = 0.62 in an adjusted model). Deviations from the balanced time perspective were substantially related to hypomentalization. Further research is required to examine the generalizability of the finding (e.g., to measures of mentalization focused on others) and to provide a better understanding of the theoretical basis of the link. Potentially shared associations in development (e.g., attachment style) and mindfulness, that may influence both time perspective and mentalization is of interest in this regard.

Validation of the Approach-Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire in Individuals with Anxiety and Depression

The Approach-Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ) is a well-established measure assessing heightened sensitivity and reactivity to reward/positive stimuli (approach temperament) and to punishment/negative stimuli (avoidance temperament). These basic dimensions of personality are believed to be important for understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety and depressive disorders. Despite the ATQ’s potential utility in clinical psychology research, its psychometric properties and factor structure have yet to be examined in a psychiatric sample. The aims of the present study were to 1) conduct confirmatory factor analysis to replicate the ATQ’s factor structure in individuals diagnosed with an anxiety or depressive disorder (N = 244), 2) assess internal consistency and convergent and divergent validity, and 3) explore differences in approach and avoidance temperaments in individuals with versus without a diagnosis of anxiety or depression. Results confirmed the original two-factor structure of the ATQ in a clinical sample, with approach and avoidance temperaments representing orthogonal dimensions. The measure demonstrated strong internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and predictive validity. Individuals with anxiety and depression scored higher on avoidance items and lower on approach items compared to those without clinical diagnoses. This study supports the use of the ATQ in clinical populations.

The impact of family communication patterns on parent-child attachment and child quality of life

IntroductionPrevious research has demonstrated stable patterns of family communication. The Revised Family Communication Pattern Instrument (RFCP) is a common measure of these patterns. It posits two orientations: conformity orientation, characterized by a tendency to seek agreement within the family and by authoritarian decision-making; and conversation orientation, characterized by shared decision-making with the child and frequent family discussion.ObjectivesThe primary aim of our research was to adapt the RFCP questionnaire to the Hungarian language. Based on previous research, we hypothesized a negative relationship of conversation orientation and a positive relationship of conformity orientation with parents’ mentalizing problems, parental stress and burnout. According to our hypothesis, conformity orientation would predict both attachment anxiety and avoidance, whereas conversation orientation would decrease attachment anxiety.MethodsParents of children aged 6–17 (N=269, female=86,2%, mean age=42,64 [SD=6,10] yrs) completed the following online questionnaires: Child Quality of Life Questionnaire (ILK) parent version, Reflective Function Questionnaire (RFQ-8), Experiences of Close Relationships Questionnaire (ECR-RS), Parent Burnout Questionnaire (PBA-HUN), Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSS) and the RFCP instrument. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis. Linear regression analyses predicting attachment anxiety and avoidance included two factors of the RFCP, the RFQ-8, the PBA-HUN, and the PSS total score, as predictors. In addition, two factors of the ECR-R were included in the linear regression analyses predicting quality of life.ResultsThe confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original two-factor structure of RFCP (χ2=5482.21, df=325 p&lt; .001, χ2/df=16.86, CFI=0.91, TLI=0.90, RMSEA=0.075 (90% CI 0.068–0.082)) and their internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .78 and .74). Attachment avoidance (R2=0.12, F(5)=7.38, p&lt; .001) was only predicted by conversation orientation (β=−0.28, p&lt; .001), while attachment anxiety was predicted (R2=25.2, F(5)=17.7, p&lt; .001) by conformity orientation (β=0.24, p&lt; .001), parental mentalization difficulties (ß=0.20, p&lt; .001) and parenting stress (β=0.15, p= .015). Parental report of the child’s quality of life was predicted most strongly by attachment anxiety (β=−0.28, p&lt; .001), followed by conversation orientation (β=0.21, p&lt; .001) and attachment avoidance (β=−0.18, p&lt; .001, R2=28.8, F(7)=15.17, p&lt; .001).ConclusionsThe Hungarian version of the RFCP questionnaire has proven to be a reliable questionnaire. The importance of family communication patterns is demonstrated by the fact that it explains both the quality of parent-child attachment and the parent’s report on the child’s quality of life.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Development and Validation of the Hungarian Short ECR-R in a Large Nationally Representative Study and a Large Community Study of Mothers Raising Young Children

Introduction: The Hungarian version of the 36-item self-report Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised (ECR-R-HU) questionnaire assessing adult romantic attachment has been published recently. Short versions provide a useful tool for large-scale research and in the clinical field as well. Aims: The present study reports developing and validating the short form of the Hungarian version of the ECR-R (ECR-R-HU-SF).Methods: The development of the short form, data reduction, and item selection were performed in a nationally representative adult (18+) community sample (N = 958; Study 1). The newly developed ECR-R-HU-SF was then tested and validated in a different national study representative of children aged 3–36 months, using data from respondent mothers with diverse sociodemographic backgrounds (N = 980; Study 2). Results: In Study 1, using randomly split subsamples, the ECR-R-HU-SF retained 8 items and confirmed the original two-factor structure of the measure. The subscales showed very good reliability and correlated highly with their corresponding original long versions. Psychometric properties, construct (convergent) validity, sociodemographic associations, and mean population scores for the short-version subscales (Avoidance, Anxiety) were compared with those of the long version. In Study 2, subscales were highly reliable, and scores correlated in the expected directions with related constructs (depressive mood, perceived stress). Conclusions: In summary, the ECR-R-HU-SF is a valid instrument that can be used as an effective screening tool for measuring adult romantic attachment.

The Scale of Perfectionism and Excellencism (SCOPE): an adolescent-based validation study for the measurement of perfectionism and excellencism

ABSTRACT Objective We aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Scale of Perfectionism and Excellencism (SCOPE) in a novel sample, Australian adolescents. Method The cross-sectional sample consisted of 350 participants (79 male, 271 female; mean age 17.9 years, age range = 15–20 years) from a secondary 10 school and university who completed a web-based questionnaire. Results Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the original two-factor structure was replicated and invariant across gender, educational setting, and language (English as first or second language). Cronbach alphas indicated good internal consistency: Excellencism (.95) and Perfectionism (.97). We found evidence for divergent and convergent validity. Academic performance was associated with Excellencism, independent of 15 Perfectionism (partial r = .32; p < .01), with no discernible relationship with Perfectionism. We explored concurrent validity and found mixed results with associations being in the expected direction only for the criterion measures that might be conceptualised as capturing negative-type perfectionism. Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into SCOPE and the distinct constructs of Excellencism and Perfectionism. Findings indicate Excellencism is associated with more positive 20 academic and mental health outcomes compared to Perfectionism. Further research is warranted to explore long-term outcomes of these constructs to potentially inform educational practice, mental health promotion, and early intervention.

Fear of Movement in People with CRPS: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Tampa Scale-11 for Kinesiophobia.

People with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) commonly report a fear of movement that can worsen symptoms and increase disability. The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) is used to evaluate fear of movement and (re)injury, but findings have been inconsistent in different populations. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of TSK-11 in individuals with upper limb CRPS. Specifically, to determine if the factor structure aligns with the original two-factor model, consisting of "activity avoidance" and "somatic focus." People with CRPS (n=142, mean age=42, 54% female) completed the TSK. The psychometric testing included internal consistency and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient), and convergent construct validity. Confirmatory and Exploratory factor analyses (CFA, EFA) were performed to evaluate the structural validity. The TSK-11 showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.93) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC=0.93, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.94). The Standard Error of Measurement and Minimal Detectable Change were 4.3 and 11.7, respectively. The results also demonstrated excellent criterion validity (r=0.81). CFA demonstrated that the original two-factor model did not fit. EFA derived a two-factor solution with different items. The factor structure accounted for 64.91% of the variance, and the internal consistency of the factors was acceptable (>0.90). Expert consensus suggested naming these two factors as Fear-avoidance, Magnification & Helplessness. The TSK-11 demonstrates excellent retest reliability in people with CRPS. The original two-factor structure was not confirmed, and a new 2-factor structure of the TSK-11 proposed consisting of subscales for Fear Avoidance beliefs and Magnification/Helplessness. Given the overlap between these constructs and the construct of pain catastrophizing, further study is needed to clarify both measures' content validity and relative uniqueness.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Family Questionnaire among the caregivers of people with schizophrenia.

Expressed emotion refers to relatives' attitudes and emotional behaviors toward mentally ill family members. It is a robust predictor of patients' illness outcomes and caregivers' wellbeing in a wide range of mental disorders. However, expressed emotion has not been fully explored in the Chinese context. One reason is the lack of reliable and cost-effective measurements. A reliable, valid, and user-friendly instrument is needed to support the research and clinical practice based on expressed emotion in China. This study aimed to translate, adapt, and examine the psychometric properties (factorial structure, measurement invariance, internal consistency reliability, and concurrent validity) of a Chinese version of the Family Questionnaire. A total of 248 caregivers participated in the study. A translation and back-translation procedure was applied to translate the Family Questionnaire into Chinese. We compared two models to examine the factor structure of the questionnaire by performing confirmatory factor analysis. We also conducted measurement invariance analysis to test whether the factor structure of the tool is invariant across male and female groups. Reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's α. The concurrent validity was examined by testing the predictivity of the expressed emotion on relevant outcomes with path analysis. We used the STROBE checklist to report. The item-total correlation coefficients of the scale ranged from 0.375 to 0.752. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Chinese version of the Family Questionnaire displays the original two-factor structure (emotional overinvolvement and criticism; X2 = 335.50, df = 169, X2/df = 1.985, RMSEA = 0.063, SRMR = 0.058, CFI = 0.913, and TLI = 0.902). In addition, the two-factor structure was invariant across the male and female groups. The two subscales showed excellent internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 for both emotional overinvolvement and criticism. The concurrent validity of the Chinese version was supported by the good predictivity of the two subscales to care burden, family function, and quality of life. All path coefficients were significant, and the absolute values of path coefficients ranged from 0.23 to 0.72. The Chinese version of the Family Questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement of expressed emotion in the Chinese context.

Validating the Children's Depression Inventory-2: Results from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study.

Childhood-onset depression has adverse consequences that are sustained into adulthood, which increases the significance of detection in early childhood. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) is used globally in evaluating depressive symptom severity in adolescents, and its second version, the CDI-2, was developed by taking into account advances in childhood depression research. Prior research has reported inconsistencies in its factor structure across populations. In addition, the CDI-2 has not yet been empirically validated with Southeast Asian populations. This study sought to empirically validate the CDI-2's psychometric properties and evaluate its factorial structure with a Singaporean community sample of non-clinical respondents. A total sample of 730 Singaporean children aged between 8.5 and 10.5 years was used. Psychometric properties of the CDI-2, including internal consistency as well as convergent and discriminant validity, were assessed. Factor analyses were conducted to assess the developers' original two-factor structure for a Southeast Asian population. This two-factor structure was not supported in our sample. Instead, the data provided the best fit for a hierarchical two-factor structure with factors namely, socio-emotional problems and cognitive-behavioural problems. This finding suggests that socio-cultural and demographic elements influence interpretation of depressive symptoms and therefore the emerging factor structure of the construct under scrutiny. This study highlights the need to further examine the CDI-2 and ensure that its interpretation is culture-specific. More qualitative work could also bring to light the idiosyncratic understanding of depressive symptomatology, which would then guide culture-specific validation of the CDI-2.

“Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale-revised”: Structural invariance and clinical utility of a brief version in schizophrenia

ObjectivePersecutory ideas are highly frequent in psychotic disorders and particularly in schizophrenia. Although several measures exist to assess persecutory ideas in both clinical and non-clinical samples, there is a need for brief and psychometrically sound measures to capture the multidimensional aspects of paranoia in people diagnosed with schizophrenia. Our aim was to validate a brief version of the revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS) in schizophrenia in order to minimize time-consuming assessment. Methods100 individuals with schizophrenia and 72 non-clinical controls were recruited. We used the GPTS-8, a brief 8-item version of the R-GPTS recently developed and validated in the French general population. Psychometric properties of the scale were investigated including its factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent/divergent validities. ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure (social reference and persecution subscales) of the GPTS-8. The GPTS-8 was positively and moderately correlated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) suspiciousness item indicating good internal consistency. Concerning divergent validity, no correlations were found between the GPTS-8 and the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). Importantly patients with schizophrenia reported higher scores on the GTPS-8 than controls demonstrating its clinical validity. ConclusionsThe French GPTS 8-item brief scale-8 retains the psychometric strengths of the R-GPTS in schizophrenia with relevant clinical validity. The GPTS-8 can consequently be used as a short and quick measure of paranoid ideations in individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Risk factors and protective factors of acute postoperative pain: an observational study at a German university hospital with cross-sectional and longitudinal inpatient data

ObjectivesSurgical fear is one of the most important psychological risk factors for postoperative pain, but less is known about the contribution of protective factors. This study investigated somatic and psychological...

The Risk-Taking and Self-Harm Inventory for Adolescents: Validation of the Italian Version (RTSHIA-I)

The aim of the present paper is to establish the factorial validity and reliability of the Risk-Taking and Self-Harm Inventory for Adolescents (RTSHIA), proposed by Vrouva and colleagues in 2010, in an Italian sample. The RTSHIA measures both Risk-Taking and Self-Harm behavior in adolescents. We administered the scale to a total of 1292 Italian adolescents from 9th to 12th grade; to verify the validity of the scale, we also assessed emotion regulation and psychopathological traits. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (N = 638) and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (N = 660) confirmed the original two-factor structure of the RTSHIA (Risk-Taking and Self-Harm). The only differences in the Italian version of the RTSHIA (RTSHIA-I) were that one item was moved from the original Risk-Taking factor to the Italian Self-Harm factor, and another item that was not included in the original RTSHIA is now part of the Risk-Taking factor in the Italian version. The reliability of the RTSHIA-I is also confirmed, and both factors correlate with emotion regulation and externalizing/internalizing traits. Our results suggest that the RTSHIA-I is a useful tool for assessing Risk-Taking and Self-Harm behaviors in Italian adolescents, and the correlational patterns indicate that these behaviors may be related to difficulties in mentalization skills.

Measurement invariance of the 10-item resilience scale specific to cancer in Americans and Chinese: A propensity score–based multidimensional item response theory analysis

ObjectiveLittle is known about the measurement invariance (MI) of resilience instruments in cancer care. This study was designed to examine MI of 10-Item Resilience Scale (RS-SC-10) in Americans and Chinese with cancer using propensity score–based multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) analysis. MethodsA sample of 924 patients were enrolled in the Be Resilient to Cancer trial involving 1 hospital in America and 3 hospitals in China. Data were collected from the RS-SC-10 and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Propensity score matching and MIRT were performed to evaluate Differential Item Function. Integrated Discrimination Improvement and Net Reclassification Improvement were used to indirectly estimate the MI through incremental prediction ability of MIRT-based score over total score. ResultsRS-SC-10 retained 10 items with monotonous thresholds and its original two-factor structure. Nonuniform Differential Item Function was recognized in Item 4 (P ​= ​0.0011, Δ%β1 ​= ​4.15%) and Item 8 (P ​= ​0.0017, Δ%β1 ​= ​5.99%). Net Reclassification Improvement ranged from 9.04% to 35.01%, and Integrated Discrimination Improvement ranged from 8.82% to 20.60%. ConclusionsAlthough partial MI has been identified between Americans and Chinese, RS-SC-10 remains a critical indicator to emotional distress in cancer care.

Linguistic and Psychometric Validation of the Ukrainian Translation of the Inventory of Personality Organization-Revised (IPO-R-UKR)

The cultural adaptation of the psychodiagnostic questionnaire involves the implementation of a “double-blind” translation with subsequent linguistic validation considering both linguistic differences and the symbolism of the authors’ statements. Then, based on the survey data of respondents, various psychometric indicators of the questionnaire are checked. The development of Ukrainian-language questionnaires in the psychodynamic paradigm is crucial for creating an appropriate scientific evidence base of therapeutic methods and for psychotherapeutic practice to equip specialists with reliable diagnostic tools. The research objective is to carry out a professional translation of The Inventory of Personality Organization-Revised (IPO-R) into Ukrainian, followed by checking for linguistic validity and psychometric properties. The questionnaire showed high psychometric performance in the long (IPO; Lenzenweger et al., 2001) and short (IPO-R; Smits et al., 2009) versions and foreign language adaptations. It is widely used in psychological research, the theoretical and methodological basis of which is the psychoanalytic concept, in particular, the theory of O. Kernberg (Kernberg, 1986) on different levels of structural organization of personality, which underlies the psychoanalyst's choice of a strategy for working with a client. The created test version of the IPO-R-UKR questionnaire passed the stages of two-sided "double-blind" translation and was agreed upon by a team of philologists and psychologists. Based on the results of 1152 people participating in the empirical research, we have proven IPO-R-UKR to have a similar to the original two-factor structure, good internal consistency of the scales, construct convergent, and criterion validity. Thus, IPO-R-UKR can be used in practical psychological activities and scientific research to identify criteria for the structural organization of personality, such as reality testing, identity diffusion, and mechanisms of psychological defenses, as well as for screening diagnostics of the structural level of personality organization by Kernberg (1986).

Translation and Validation of the French Version of the Revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS) in Two Samples: Non-Clinical and Clinical Adults.

Paranoia consists of unfounded beliefs that harm will be caused with intent to hurt the subject. Paranoid thoughts exist on a continuum of severity from severe forms in several psychological pathologies to milder forms in a significant minority of individuals of the general population (Freeman, 2007). It can be measured using several types of questionnaires. One recent questionnaire that measures paranoia in both clinical and non-clinical populations is the revised Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (R-GPTS) (Freeman et al., 2019). This questionnaire is an improved version of the Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale (GPTS) (Green et al., 2008) and has excellent psychometric properties. In the present study, the R-GPTS was translated into French and the psychometric properties of the new French version were evaluated in a sample of the general population (N = 600) and in a clinical sample (N = 22). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure (social reference and persecution subscales) of the R-GPTS. Evidence of excellent internal consistency of the R-GPTS was found. Furthermore, good convergent and discriminant validity was also found. Test-retest reliability showed significant positive correlations over a 1-month period. The findings discussed above were found in the non-clinical sample. Lastly, the R-GPTS revealed good preliminary criterion validity established from the comparison between the clinical and the non-clinical groups. In conclusion, the French version of the R-GPTS is a valid and reliable tool to measure paranoia in the general population. Due to the small sample size of the clinical sample, further studies are needed in order to confirm good psychometric properties in clinical populations, even though our preliminary findings are promising.

Spanish Validation of The Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures Questionnaire for Pre-adolescents

This study aimed to validate the Spanish version of the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR–RS; Fraley et al., 2011). This instrument measures the two-dimensional structure of attachment (anxiety and avoidance) in different relational domains (mother, father, and friends). The sample was composed of 795 pre-adolescents (49.1% girls), aged 9–14 (M=12.86; SD=1.28), who were randomly selected from seven Biscayan schools. The participants completed the measures of attachment, prosocial behavior, emotional and behavioral problems, and difficulties in emotional regulation. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Spanish adaptation of the ECR–RS supported the original two-factor structure and was invariant across genders. Both attachment dimensions were positively associated with emotional and behavioral problems, and difficulties in emotional regulation, and were negatively correlated with prosocial behavior. Gender differences were found in friends, mother, and global measures, in which boys scored higher than girls in anxiety and girls higher than boys in avoidance. This study demonstrated that the Spanish adaptation of the ECR–RS for pre-adolescents is a reliable and valid instrument to measure anxiety and avoidance attachment in different relational domains

Sibling Bullying in Turkish Adolescents: Translation and Cross-Cultural Validation of the Sibling Bullying Questionnaire

The primary aim of this study was to translate the Sibling Bullying Questionnaire (SBQ) into Turkish and validate it. A secondary aim was to estimate the prevalence of sibling bullying in Turkish adolescents. The SBQ was translated by a team of English-Turkish bilinguals. Self-report data were collected from Turkish adolescents (N = 301) aged 10 to 18 years old (mean age = 14.25 years, SD = 2.46). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the factor structure of the newly translated Turkish SBQ (T-SBQ). Descriptive analyses were then conducted to report the characteristics of the sample and the prevalence of sibling bullying. CFA confirmed the original two-factor structure of the T-SBQ indicating that a first-order correlated two-factor model shows the best fit: x2=160.33 (p < 0.001), df = 61, RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.95 and TLI = 0.93. The T-SBQ showed satisfactory levels of internal consistency in victimisation (α = 0.84) and perpetration (α = 0.83) subscales, excellent reliability in the overall test scale (α = 0.90), and a high level of convergent validity when compared with the Revised Sibling Bullying Questionnaire (α = 0.79). In terms of sibling bullying prevalence, approximately half of the adolescents (51%) reported having been involved in some form of sibling bullying in the preceding six months, either as pure-victim (18%), pure-bully (3%) or bully-victim (30%). This result aligns with the findings from other countries such as the United States (41%), Israel (51%), and the United Kingdom (49%). The T-SBQ is valid and reliable in measuring sibling bullying in Turkish adolescents and sibling bullying is prevalent in the lives of Turkish adolescents.

Measurement invariance of caregiver support following sexual abuse across age, relationship, and English-Spanish language

BackgroundThe Maternal Self-report Support Questionnaire (MSSQ) is among the most rigorously evaluated measures of caregiver support following child sexual abuse, but there is a paucity of data on the factor structure and variance of the MSSQ across diverse groups of caregivers and their children. ObjectiveThe present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the MSSQ across 386 non-offending caregivers following a disclosure of child sexual abuse. Participants and settingData were collected from non-offending caregivers at two Child Advocacy Centers (n = 277; n = 109) in the United States. MethodsCaregivers completed the MSSQ and assessments of child age, caregiver-child relationship, and caregiver preferred language. ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses replicated the original two-factor structure, with the emotional support and blame/doubt subscales emerging as distinct factors. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses showed measurement invariance across child age and caregiver-child relationship (mother vs. another caregiver). Evidence of partial invariance was found for caregiver preferred language. Comparisons of scores indicated caregiver support varied by child age and caregiver preferred language. ConclusionsOverall, findings suggest the MSSQ can be used to measure caregiver support across caregivers with children of different ages and both mothers and non-mothers, but caution should be practiced in interpreting mean-level differences between English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers.