Original Subscales Research Articles

The development of the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (English version)

ObjectivesThe purpose of this research was to develop the Sport Commitment Questionnaire-2 (SCQ-2) and establish its psychometric properties. The SCQ-2 measures the updated Sport Commitment Model (SCM: Scanlan, Russell, Scanlan, Klunchoo, & Chow, 2013) and replaces the outdated Sport Commitment Questionnaire (SCQ) that assessed the original SCM (Scanlan, Simons, Carpenter, Schmidt, & Keeler, 1993). DesignBased on prior commitment research, items were generated to refine and expand the original SCQ subscales and to measure new candidate constructs to the SCM. A multiphase study was then conducted. MethodsPhase 1 participants were 753 male/female adolescent athletes (ages 13–19 years) from six sports representing varying levels of task interdependence. Using similar methodology as Phase 1, Phase 2 assessed 982 male/female adolescent athletes. ResultsExploratory factor analysis of Phase 1 data revealed 13 factors: two types of commitment (Enthusiastic and Constrained) and 11 sources. Confirmatory factor analysis of Phase 2 data supported a 58-item, 12-factor structure. In addition, all subscales were internally consistent. Structural equation modeling revealed that the sources explained 81.8% of the variance in Enthusiastic Commitment and 63.9% in Constrained Commitment. ConclusionsThe SCQ-2 assesses the sources and types of commitment in the updated SCM. Based on several indices of fit and the composite reliabilities, psychometric support for the SCQ-2 was established.

Revisiting a measure of child postoperative recovery: development of the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery

The Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ) was designed for assessing children's posthospitalization and postoperative new-onset behavioral changes. However, the psychometric properties of the scale have not been re-evaluated in the past five decades despite substantial changes in the practice of surgery and anesthesia. In this investigation, we examined the psychometric properties of the PHBQ to potentially increase the efficacy and relevance of the instrument in current perioperative settings. This study used principal components analysis, a panel of experts, Cronbach's alpha, and correlations to examine the current subscale structure of the PHBQ and eliminate items to create the Post Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire for Ambulatory Surgery (PHBQ-AS). Data from previous investigations (N=1064, Mage =5.88) which utilized the PHBQ were combined for the purposes of this paper. A principal components analysis revealed that the original subscale structure of the PHBQ could not be replicated. Subsequently, a battery reduction, which utilized principal components analysis and a panel of experts, was used to eliminate the subscale structure of the scale and reduce the number of items from 27 to 11, creating the PHBQ-AS. The PHBQ-AS demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity with another measure of children's psychosocial and physical functioning. Revising the former subscale structure and reducing the number of items in the PHBQ to create the PHBQ-AS may provide a means for reducing the burden of postoperative behavioral assessment through decreasing time of administration and eliminating redundancy of items and allow for more accurate measurement of child postoperative behavioral changes.

The eating disorder examination: reliability and validity of the Italian version.

To examine the psychometric characteristics of the Italian language version of the latest edition of the eating disorder examination (EDE). An Italian version of the EDE (17th edition) was designed and administered to 185 in- and outpatients with eating disorders and 60 age-matched controls. Its internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, short-term (7-23days) test-retest reliability and criterion validity were evaluated. Internal consistency was high for all four original EDE subscales. Inter-rater reliability was excellent for global EDE scores and original subscales (≥0.93), and for eating disorder behaviours (≥0.89). Test-retest reliability was good for global EDE scores and original subscales (0.57-0.80), objective bulimic episodes and days, vomiting episodes, laxative and diuretic misuse episodes, and excessive exercising (≥0.82), but unsatisfactory for subjective bulimic episodes and days. Patients with eating disorders displayed significantly higher EDE scores than age-matched controls, demonstrating the good criterion validity of the instrument. The Italian version of the EDE 17.0D has adequate psychometric properties and can therefore be recommended for examining Italian patients with eating disorders in clinical and research settings.

Re-Validation of the Van Rie HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma Scale for Use with People Living with HIV in the United States

There is little consensus about which of the many validated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stigma scales should be regularly used, with few being re-validated in different contexts or evaluated for how they compare to other, existing HIV stigma scales. The purpose of this exploratory study was to re-validate the Van Rie HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma Scale, originally validated in Thailand and using a third-person wording structure, for use with people living with HIV in the United States. Adult HIV clinic patients completed a survey including the Berger and Van Rie scales, and measures of social support and depression. Eighty-five of 211 (40%) eligible participants provided data for both stigma scales. Exploratory factor analyses identified three factors to the Van Rie scale: Loss of Social Relationships (new subscale), Managing HIV Concealment (new subscale), and Perceived Community Stigma (original subscale). These subscales were moderately inter-related (r = 0.51 to 0.58) with acceptable to excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.69 to 0.90). The Van Rie subscales were also moderately inter-correlated with the Berger subscales (r = 0.44 to 0.76), had similar construct validity, and tended to have higher mean stigma scores when compared with Berger subscales that were conceptually most similar. The revised Van Rie HIV-related Stigma Scale demonstrates good validity and internal consistency, offering a valid measure of HIV stigma with a three-factor structure. The third-person wording may be particularly suitable for measuring stigmatizing attitudes during an individual’s transition from at-risk and undergoing HIV testing to newly diagnosed, a time when experiences of discrimination and processing issues of disclosure have not yet occurred. The stigma mechanisms for individuals making this transition have not been well explored. These scenarios, combined with the observed non-response to the Berger Enacted Stigma subscale items (a surprise finding), highlight gaps in our understanding of HIV stigma and how best to measure it.

Evaluation of Psychometric Properties in the Argentine-Adapted Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire in Heart Failure Patients

Background: The Dietary Sodium Restriction Questionnaire (DSRQ) is based on the theory of planned behavior. Originallydeveloped in English, this instrument, consisting of three subscales (divided in 16 items evaluating the parameters associatedwith attitude relative to behavior, the subjective norm and the perceived behavioral control), identifies the factors affectingadherence to low-sodium diet in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).Objectives: The purpose of this study was to perform the DSRQ transcultural adaptation into Spanish to be used in Argentinaand assess its psychometric properties (validity and reliability).Methods: The transcultural adaptation was done with the recommended methodology (translation, synthesis, revision and backtranslation). Its validity was explored by principal component structure and factor analysis with factor extraction and Varimaxrotation. Reliability was analyzed by internal consistency calculation (Cronbach’s alpha) and the item-total scale correlation.Results: Headlines were adjusted and one question only had relevant semantic changes in the transcultural adaptation. Atotal of 230 CHF patients were included for the psychometric analysis. The proportion of missing data was very low (0.20%).Three factors were extracted from the main component analysis. After Varimax rotation, the items were grouped with theselected factors, matching the three original subscales. In the item-total analysis, no correlation showed a value < 0.30. GlobalCronbach’s alpha was 0.86 (0.89, 0.71 and 0.89 for the three subscales, of attitude relative to behavior, subjective norm andperceived behavioral control, respectively).Conclusions: We performed for the first time the DSRQ transcultural adaptation into Spanish for its use in Argentina. Thisversion of the instrument showed adequate validity and reliability.

Resistance to Mate Guarding Scale in Women: Psychometric Properties

One individual's actions may affect the evolutionary fitness of another individual. Sexually antagonistic coevolution occurs when one partner's behavior decreases the fitness of the other partner (Rice, 1996). This conflict pressures the other partner to counter these disadvantageous actions. Mate guarding is a mate retention tactic aimed at keeping a partner from cheating. Mate guarding may reduce mate choice, especially for extra pair mates. Therefore, some individuals may resist their partner's mate guarding tactics. We developed a scale to measure resistance to mate guarding and tested it in women (N = 1069). Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), six theoretically sound factors emerged and explained 69% of the variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed strong support for the six original subscales as well as for the overall scale. The subscales had high reliability. The validity of the Resistance to Mate Guarding Scale was also excellent. Women who stated they used more resistance to mate guarding strategies also indicated that they had partners who mate guarded more, were less invested in their relationships, felt their partners were more controlling, had a more avoidant attachment style, and had a more unrestricted sociosexual orientation.

Creative drama: Can it be used to nursing education

This study was conducted in order to assess the impact of drama education, which is supposed to improve creativity skills, on nursing students. In this study, which was designed as an experimental one, third year students studying at Nursing Department of Duzce University School of Health were given drama education for one hour a week for eight weeks in total. In order to measure the creativity levels of the students in drama education in the study, Torrance Test of Creative Thinking Figural and Verbal Forms were applied as pre- and post-tests. According to the findings of the study, there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test in only originality subscale in the verbal form and in fluency, originality and elaboration subscales in the figural form and creativity levels in these areas increased following the drama education. Including a drama course and active learning methods is considered to be significant for coming up with solutions for the existing problems in nursing education.

Adapting the academic motivation scale for use in pre-tertiary mathematics classrooms

The Academic Motivation Scale (ams) is a comprehensive and widely used instrument for assessing motivation based on the self-determination theory. Currently, no such comprehensive instrument exists to assess the different domains of motivation (stipulated by the self-determination theory) in mathematics education at the pre-tertiary level (grades 11 and 12) in Asia. This study adapted the ams for this use and assessed the properties of the adapted instrument with 1610 students from Singapore. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a five-factor structure for the modified instrument (the three original ams intrinsic subscales collapsed into a single factor). Additionally, the modified instrument exhibited good internal consistency (mean α = .88), and satisfactory test-retest reliability over a 1-month interval (mean r xx = .73). The validity of the modified ams was further demonstrated through correlational analyses among scores on its subscales, and with scores on other instruments measuring mathematics attitudes, anxiety and achievement.

Context-Specific Dimensions of Trust in Manager, Subordinate and Co-Worker in Organizations

The purpose of this study is to determine the dimensions of trust relationship among managers, subordinates and the co-workers in organizations. Using an original trust questionnaire data has been collected from 550 middle-level managers from organizations operating in different regions of Turkey. Results from both qualitative and quantitative research methods indicate that the dimensions of trust vary in organizational relationships between managers and subordinates and between co-workers and furthermore, that a culture-specific meaning is attributed to its content. This study contributes to trust literature developing three original sub-scales and also it indicates that the meaning of trust in organizational relationships is influenced by cultural context.

Measurement Properties of the Late Life Disability Index Among Individuals Who Use Power Wheelchairs as Their Primary Means of Mobility

ObjectiveTo examine the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Late Life Disability Instrument (LLDI) in individuals who use power wheelchairs as their primary means of mobility. DesignA 4-week, test-retest study design. SettingFive Canadian cities. ParticipantsThe validity sample included 115 new and experienced power mobility users, and the reliability sample included 85 experienced users (N=115). These volunteer samples included individuals who were aged ≥50 years and independently used power mobility as their primary means of mobility. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasureThe LLDI measures participation in 2 dimensions of 16 life activities: frequency and perceived limitations. Validity measures included the Wheelchair Skills Test–power version, the Assistive Technology Outcomes Profile for Mobility, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Power Mobility Wheelchair Confidence Measure, and the Life Space Assessment. ResultsFor the reliability sample, raw intraclass correlational coefficients for limitation and frequency dimension scores ranged from .855 (95% confidence interval .781–.905) to .883 (95% confidence interval, .822–.924), respectively. For the validity sample, scores on the LLDI were correlated as hypothesized with scores on validity measures. The factor structure that was identified with the original sample was not replicated among power wheelchair users. For LLDI frequency, exploratory factor analysis indicated that 5 of the original 16 items did not perform similarly among power wheelchair users. For LLDI limitations, a 1-factor, rather than a 2-factor, solution was identified. ConclusionsThe study provides evidence in support of the reliability and validity of the measure but suggests that the original subscale scores may not be applicable to power wheelchair users.

The DREEM, part 2: psychometric properties in an osteopathic student population

BackgroundThe Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) is widely used to assess the educational environment in health professional education programs. A number of authors have identified issues with the psychometric properties of the DREEM. Part 1 of this series of papers presented the quantitative data obtained from the DREEM in the context of an Australian osteopathy program. The present study used both classical test theory and item response theory to investigate the DREEM psychometric properties in an osteopathy student population.MethodsStudents in the osteopathy program at Victoria University (Melbourne, Australia) were invited to complete the DREEM and a demographic questionnaire at the end of the 2013 teaching year (October 2013). Data were analysed using both classical test theory (confirmatory factor analysis) and item response theory (Rasch analysis).ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis did not demonstrate model fit for the original 5-factor DREEM subscale structure. Rasch analysis failed to identify a unidimensional model fit for the 50-item scale, however model fit was achieved for each of the 5 subscales independently. A 12-item version of the DREEM was developed that demonstrated good fit to the Rasch model, however, there may be an issue with the targeting of this scale given the mean item-person location being greater than 1.ConclusionsGiven that the full 50-item scale is not unidimensional; those using the DREEM should avoid calculating a total score for the scale. The 12-item ‘short-form’ of the DREEM warrants further investigation as does the subscale structure. To confirm the reliability of the DREEM, as a measure to evaluate the appropriateness of the educational environment of health professionals, further work is required to establish the psychometric properties of the DREEM, with a range of student populations.

Evaluation of health research capacity strengthening trainings on individual level: validation of a questionnaire.

In the field of global health, research capacity strengthening is becoming a common concept for defining and improving research competencies on individual, organizational, national and supranational level. However, HRCS activities often lack evaluation procedures to measure their impact and to ensure their quality. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a short questionnaire to evaluate trainings in the field of health research capacity strengthening (HRCS). The questionnaire was developed by an interdisciplinary research team and tested in four different training settings at the Mbeya Medical Research Center and Mbeya Referral Hospital, Tanzania. Construct validity of the questionnaire was tested based on 97 responses of the participants of four trainings. Iterative checking of Cronbach's alpha of the subscales and exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor solution that differed from the original structure and subscales of the questionnaire. The instrument was adapted accordingly and consists now of four subscales with 19 items, three global impression items, and open questions for participants' comments and recommendations. The result of the study is a short, validated questionnaire for the evaluation of HRCS trainings on the individual level. The tool can be applied both to measure the short-term effects of international health research capacity trainings and to ensure their quality. In the future, after collecting larger sample sizes, a confirmatory factor analysis should be done to further support the four factors.

Assessment of Callous-Unemotional Traits in 6 to 12 Year-Old Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder by Parent Ratings

The factorial structure of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU; Frick 2004) has been inconsistent across previous studies using different rater versions (self-report, parent, teacher) and versions in different languages applied to both clinical and nonreferred samples predominantly of adolescents. The present study examined the factorial structure of the parent-report version of the ICU in a clinical sample of boys aged 6–12 years with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder (n = 131) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results from the CFA supported previous findings, but even the preferred model with three independent factors (Callousness, Uncaring, and Unemotional) showed inadequate model fit. Subsequent EFA revealed a three-factor model consisting of two new subscales (Callousness/Lack of Guilt or Remorse, Unconcerned about Performance) and the original subscale Unemotional. Internal consistencies of the three subscales and total score were satisfactory, and intercorrelations of the subscales were weak, except for a moderate correlation between the subscales Callousness/Lack of Guilt or Remorse and Unconcerned about Performance. The corresponding subscales of the original and new versions were highly correlated. As expected, the ICU subscale Callousness/Lack of Guilt or Remorse showed associations with other measures of aggressive and oppositional behavior. The other two ICU subscales were not associated with aggression or oppositional/antisocial behavior, but Unconcerned about Performance correlated with a measure of attention problems and Unemotional correlated with the internalizing problem withdrawn. The implications of these findings are discussed, especially as a callous unemotional specifier for the diagnosis of Conduct Disorder is included in DSM-5.

Psychometric Properties of the Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised in English and Lugandan.

Brief and age-appropriate measures of trauma-related symptoms are useful for identifying children in need of clinical services. The current study examines the psychometric properties of the 23-item Child's Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale-Revised (CRTES-R). The CRTES-R includes subscales assessing hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusion. To date, no studies have examined the psychometric properties of this revised measure or cross-cultural differences in its factor structure. Two samples of (a) children (ages 6-21) who had experienced a hurricane in the USA or Grenada (N = 135), and (b) Ugandan children (ages 8-17) who had experienced a variety of traumatic events (N = 339) completed the CRTES-R in English or Lugandan. Confirmatory factor analysis supported an empirically adjusted model with three modified latent factors in both the English (χ2/df = 1.34, CFI = .90, RMSEA = .05) and Lugandan samples (χ2/df = 1.45, CFI = .93, RMSEA = .04). Although the analysis supported separate hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusion subscales, the items that loaded on each factor differed from the original CRTES-R subscales. The English version of the CRTES-R showed good concurrent validity with the Kauai Recovery Index measure of trauma symptoms. Those using the CRTES-R to assess children's experiences of the different symptom types should consider using the empirically-derived subscales described in this paper; however, those who wish to capture a broad spectrum of PTSD symptoms should consider using all the original CRTES-R items and calculating a total score.

Measuring the nursing work environment: translation and psychometric evaluation of the Essentials of Magnetism

Translate the Essentials of Magnetism II© (EOMII; Dutch Nurses' Association, Utrecht, The Netherlands) and assess its psychometric properties in a culture different from its origin. The EOMII, developed in the USA, measures the extent to which organizations/units provide healthy, productive and satisfying work environments. As many healthcare organizations are facing difficulties in attracting and retaining staff nurses, the EOMII provides the opportunity to assess the health and effectiveness of work environments. A three-phased (respectively N = 13, N = 74 and N = 2542) combined descriptive and correlational design was undertaken for translation and evaluation validity and psychometric qualities of the EOMII for Dutch hospitals (December 2009-January 2010). We performed forward-backward translation, face and content validation via cross-sectional survey research, and semi-structured interviews on relevance, clarity, and recognizability of instruments' items. Psychometric testing included principal component analysis using varimax rotation, item-total statistics, and reliability in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach's α) for the total scale and its subscales. Face validity was confirmed. Items were recognizable, relevant and clear. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that five of eight subscales formed clear factors. Three original subscales contained two factors. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.43 to 0.83. One item correlated weakly (0.24) with its subscale. Cronbach's α for the entire scale was 0.92 and ranged from 0.58 to 0.92 for eight subscales. Dutch-translated EOMII (D-EOMII) demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity for assessing hospital staff nurses' work environment. The D-EOMII can be useful and effective in identifying areas in which change is needed for a hospital to pursue an excellent work environment that attracts and retains well-qualified nurses.

Factor structure and normative data of the Sinhalese version of self reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for adolescents

To describe the normative data, factor structure and the internal consistency of the Sinhalese, self reported version of SDQ for adolescents. The present study was carried out in eight provinces in Sri Lanka. A sample of school going adolescents aged 12-16 years were selected from Sinhalese medium schools using a multi stage cluster sampling technique with probability proportionate to size. The component structure of the SDQ was examined using principal component analysis. Normative banding and the cut off values were determined, based on the distribution of raw data in this non-clinical sample. The study sample consisted of 535 (45.3%) boys and 645 (54.5%) girls. Mean total difficulty score for girls (10.66±5.440) was significantly (p=0.014) higher than that for boys (9.93±4.671). Mean scores for emotional (2.97±2.009), conduct (2.11±1.755) and peer (2.24±1.760) subscales were also significantly higher among girls than that of boys (2.7±1.915, 1.78±1.406 and 2.04±1.383 respectively). In the factor analysis, only factor that was loaded with all five items in the original subscale was "emotional" and the loading values were more than .445 for all five items. None of the other extracted factors contained more than 3 items from one subscale. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for total difficulties was satisfactory in the total sample as well as in boys and girls separately (>.71). However, in all five subscales, Chrobach's alpha was less than six, showing a low homogeneity. Factor structure and internal consistency of the current Sinhalese version of the self reported SDQ is not satisfactory. Revalidation of this version of SDQ is recommended to capture the intended objectives of the SDQ.

Transcultural adaptation and testing psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS)

This study was performed to translate and transculturally adapt the English version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) into a Korean version, and to test psychometric properties of the Korean FAOS in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and dimensionality. Translation and transcultural adaptation of FAOS into a Korean version was performed according to internationally recommended guidelines. Internal consistency (N = 294) and test-retest reliability (N = 21) were evaluated. Convergent validity was analyzed using correlation with pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score. All subscales, except for the quality of life (Q) subscale (Cronbach's alpha, 0.615), showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.7). Cronbach's alpha of function in daily living (ADL) was highest (0.962), which might represent the redundancy of the items. All five subscales showed satisfactory reliability with ADL subscale showing the highest ICC (intraclass correlation coefficient; 0.851) and Q subscale the lowest ICC (0.718). Pain VAS score showed the highest correlation with pain (P) subscale of FAOS (r = 0.675, p < 0.001) and the lowest correlation with Q subscale (r = 0.495, p < 0.001). In the dimensionality test, a factor analysis was performed using the total items to rank their relative significance, which showed seven components solution. Considerable portion of the items showed a similar dimension according to their original subscales, except for ADL items. Translation and transcultural adaptation of FAOS into the Korean language was performed successfully. The items were understandable, and the subscales showed satisfactory test-retest reliability. Some minor revision might be needed to enhance the internal consistency of Q subscale and reduce the redundancy of ADL subscale.

Assessment of Sleep Problems in Preschool Aged Children: An Adaptation of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the factor structure of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) when used with preschool and toddler age children. Mothers of 105 children ages 2–5 completed the CSHQ, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and a sleep diary. Internal consistency for the original subscales on the CSHQ ranged from .55 to .82 and factor analysis resulted in four factors that tap into critical aspects of sleep. The concurrent validity of the revised scales of the CSHQ was adequate. Overall the results from this study suggest a revised factor structure may be more appropriate for use with preschool and toddler age children.

Influence of Item Sequence on Transient Mood Assessment

The present study compared self-reported transient mood assessment using two different presentations of the sequence of mood scale items. A sample of 300 adults completed the standard Brunel Mood Scale and, after a distraction task, completed an experimental version composed of items grouped along the original subscales. A further 292 adults completed the scales in reverse order. After analysis, no significant differences in response patterns were observed. Results suggested that items sequenced non-randomly and according to mood subscales do not affect the accuracy of transient mood assessment. This suggests that for administration to large groups, the experimental version maintains the psychometric validity of the standard version while at the same time being more time-effective to score.

Measurement of disordered eating in Latina college women

The Eating Disorder Risk Composite (EDRC) comprises the Drive for Thinness, Bulimia, and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, Third Edition (EDI-3, Garner, 2004). Past research conducted with Latina college women (LCW) has found older versions of the EDRC subscales to be reliable, but the EDI-3's EDRC factor structure has yet to be studied among LCW. The present study investigated the pattern of responses to and the factor structure of the EDRC in LCW. It was hypothesized that eating pathology would be present and that a factor analysis would find some discrepancies between the original factor structure of the EDRC and the factor structure from LCW. Analyses of data on a 6-point Likert scale indicate that drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction are far more prevalent than is bulimic symptomology in LCW. Principal Axis Factoring with promax rotation was used to extract three factors very similar to the original EDRC. Some discrepancies in the item loadings were observed, most notably that half of the items from the original Body Dissatisfaction subscale did not load together on one factor. Overall, the EDRC appears to be a good measurement of eating- and body-related phenomena among LCW. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.