Original Study Research Articles

Global research trends related to coronavirus disease 2019 and the aged: a bibliometric analysis.

A bibliometric analysis covering only the production of original studies or considering world production until 2022 has yet to be conducted. The creation and advancement of vaccines have also influenced research priorities, demonstrating the need for a new approach to this subject. To analyze worldwide scientific production related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the aged and to describe what has already been produced. Bibliometric analysis with a quantitative approach. The search terms "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "Aged," and "Elderly" were used to retrieve articles from the Web of Science database. A total of 684 articles were included in the analysis. Data were imported into RStudio Desktop Software and linked to R Software. The Bibliometrix R package and VOSviewer software were used for analysis. Most articles were published in 2020. These were produced by 4,937 authors and published in 379 journals. The keyword most used by the authors was "COVID-19." Publications from 77 countries were obtained. China had the highest article production ranking, and Spain collaborated the most. The articles addressed the implications of the pandemic on the aged, the relationship between vaccination in the aged, and the implications for the disease itself. Further research should be conducted, mainly concerning vaccines and vaccination of the aged, owing to the need for and importance of immunization in this risk group, including assessing the long-term effects of vaccines.

Pd-L1 Evaluation in Serum and Tumoral Circulating Extracellular Vescicles in Locally Advanced Nsclc After Concomitant Chemoradiation: A Surrogate of Tumor Microenviroment Change from Cold Tumor to Hot Tumor

Background: Pacific trial has revolutioned the outcome and the approach in locally advanced (LA) unresectable Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). In 2018 the European Medicine Agency (EMA) approved the use of Durvalumab only in adults whose tumours on biopsy specimen expresses PD-L1 on ≥ 1% of tumour cells despite this cut-off was not provided by the original randomised study. In vitro and in vivo studies have recorded the up regulation of PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenviroment (TME) after chemoradiation regrdless the expression on biopsy. Liquid biopsy could be helpful in detection of circulating PD-L1 in this set. Aim of this observational multicentre prospective study is to assess on liquid biopsy the up-regulation of PD-L1on serum and tumoral circulating extracellular vescicles (cEVS) from patients with LA NSCLC not expressing the PD-L1 on biopsy and treated with concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT). Methods: Locally advanced NSCLC PD-L1 < 1 % biopsy proven will be enrolled in this study. A blood sample will be taken the day before (T0), 14 days after CCRT (T1) and 1 months later (T2). Patients will be treated with CCRT with platinum-based doublet and 60-66 Gy total radiation dose. Soluble PD-L1 will be analysed by ELISA. PD-L1on cEVs will be isolated from serum and phenotyped by nanoparticle tracking analysis, microscopy and flow cytometry. The statistical significant improvement in PD-L1 expression in serum and cEVs at T0 -T1-T2 will be assessed by t-test for p= 0.05; for multiple test p-value will be corrected with FDR.

樂浪郡 호구 목독의 사료적 성격과 郡의 주민구성

The purpose of this paper is to review the original text and related studies of the “the Household Register of Lelang Commandery,” which was a wooden tablet recording the number of households of the Lelang Commandery. It specifically focused on the issues about the ethnic composition of the population of Lelang Commandery, since the ethnic composition was closely related to the commandery’s governance over the residents. The discussions about the ethnic composition was closely related to the debate over classification criteria for the households listed under Kiho(其戶) in the Register. Accordingly, the paper suggested that the criteria of the households listed under Kiho were an ethnic distinction between Han Chinese and Old Chosŏn’s population.
 This ethnic distinction in the register reflected active process of Sinicization to the residents of the commandery from the Han Empire, which influenced the number of resident per household. Although there was assuredly intensity difference, Sinicization was applied to the ‘Seven Counties in Yŏngdong,’ which were believed to be the most unstable region for the Han Empire’s governance. As a result, the system of the commandery’s governance remained in this region for a long time, and only those from different ethnicity replaced the original members of this system after the counties transferred into marquisates.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of anemic patients with coronary artery disease after percutaneous coronary intervention (systematic review)

Objective: to explore clinical characteristics and the influence of anemic syndrome on long-term outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Review writing methodology. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA methodology using PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, CyberLeninka databases. Search depth —from 2000 to 2022. The review included 16 original studies. Conclusion. It was shown that the patients with PCI and anemia were older, predominantly male sex as compared with patients without anemic syndrome. The risk of adverse short- and long-term outcomes (myocardial infarction, stroke, major bleeding, cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death) was significantly increased in anemic patients even with a slight decrease in hemoglobin according to WHO criteria (less than 130 g/lfor men and less than 120 g/l for women). But majority of patients were not fit with the criteria of light grade of anemia according federal clinical guidelines (hemoglobin 90-110 g/l). The influence of anemia on outcomes becomes the most significant 12 months after PCI.

Highlights of 2023-Print Issue

The 2023 highlights issue of Patient Safety is available to read online and download at no charge. This issue revives previously published articles—original studies, data analyses, interviews, safety alerts, and more—as well as Patient Safety Authority content you may have missed. Among this curated selection are a look at safety issues with medical equipment, supplies, and devices (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73988); takeaways from high-risk industries that can improve the design and use of visual displays (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/77769) and alarm technology (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/73905); and a timely discussion on the role artificial intelligence can play in healthcare (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/77632). Additional features include • A safety alert about clozapine (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/90674), a last-line therapy for schizophrenia that may cause serious, life-threatening side effects if it is not dosed appropriately • Data analyses from the largest event reporting database of its kind in the United States, including patient safety trends in serious events and incidents (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/74752), and healthcare-associated infections in nursing homes (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/74494) • An interview with pediatrician Dr. Kathleen Walsh about the risk of medication errors at home (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/88516) that can harm kids, families, or even their pets • Important notices about wrong-site surgery (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/91634), drug-eluting stents (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/91635), diabetes and obesity medications (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/91636), and healthcare disparities (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/91637) • A glimpse into the future of healthcare (https://patientsafetyj.com/article/88053) with a modern Nostradamus, Dr. Eyal Zimlichman Patient Safety is fully open access (no fees for authors or readers) and published on a rolling basis throughout the year. We welcome manuscripts from all over the world. If your work can help advance patient safety, please submit it to us for consideration (https://patientsafetyj.com/for-authors), and kindly share our journal with friends, family, colleagues, and caregivers. Subscribe to our journal email list (https://lp.constantcontactpages.com/sl/otqI5QB/journalupdates) to be updated on new articles as they are published online.

Bottom’s up for listening

Abstract This report explains the teaching decisions made in Kissling (2018). The original study measured the effect of explicit pronunciation instruction (PI) on the listening comprehension of beginning L2 Spanish learners (n = 116), as measured via accuracy on a dictation task (intelligibility) and ratings of perceived difficulty (comprehension). Learners either received PI that focused on segmentals or PI that focused on suprasegmentals, followed by practice either producing or perceiving those same sounds. The original article reported that all groups, including a control group, improved over time, but the suprasegmental PI followed by perception-focused practice had the largest effect on intelligibility, whereas the segmental PI followed by production-focused practice had the largest effect on comprehensibility, suggesting that all instructional approaches have value. The current report explains in greater detail the teaching decisions made in Kissling (2018), including the classes recruited, materials development, and PI presentation.

From the Ghetto to Auschwitz and Back – Transgenerational Trauma

A city in present-day Romania with a multicultural, multiethnic and multiconfessional history, Oradea (Nagyvarad, Grosswardein, Varadino, Magnum Varadinum) has had from its very foundation an entirely distinct geopolitical reality, its century-long existence being marked by a wide variety and continuous differentiation, which penetrate deeply into every aspect of everyday community life. The Jewish community, actively present since the 18th century, carved out a place for itself and represented a hub of Jewish emancipation in the episcopal city, which was often a battleground for the hegemonic local forces, the reformed Transylvanian ones, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. After a long and relatively peaceful period of Romanian rule (1918–1940), following the Second World War the population of Oradea was shaken by racial laws issued first by the Romanian authority and afterwards by the Horthyst occupying forces (1940–1944) in Northern Transylvania, which concentrated Jews for deportation in the second biggest ghetto in Eastern Europe after Budapest. The demography of Oradea showed the loss of one third of its residents. Out of nearly 30,000 inhabitants, barely 2000 survivors returned, and the transgenerational trauma sent its echoes through time to the fourth generation, that of today’s teenagers. Their grandparents and great-grandparents, returned from deportation, had to go through another trauma and persecution, with the communists’ coming to power in 1948 and soon afterwards, that of the ‚red antisemitism’. The ways this trauma passed down across generations and deepened during communist totalitarianism, its masks during the postcommunit period, as well as the means of limiting and combating it are the ramifications of the topic which was examined not only theoretically, but by concrete examples of original case studies based on face-to-face interviews and microhistorical accounts received from the descendants of concentration camp suvivors. To these we shall add several examples from post Shoah memoirs of Oradea survivors and their descendants.

Pre‐service teacher knowledge of children's literature and attitudes to Reading for Pleasure: an international comparative study

AbstractReading for Pleasure (RfP) acknowledges the importance of reader engagement and the role of the teacher as a reader of children's literature. The foundational work of the Teachers as Readers (TARs) programme successfully illustrated the impact of RfP activities on student learning. Previous studies of teachers' reader identities have shown a strong need for professional learning to boost teachers' confidence with children's literature. However, less emphasis has been placed on the adoption of RfP pedagogy within initial teacher education (ITE) to develop pre‐service teachers' (PST) knowledge of children's literature, as well as their understanding of teachers as reading role models for future students. This paper analyses data from research into RfP undertaken in two ITE programmes for primary teachers informed by contrasting policies in Scotland and Australia. Though both countries aim to improve school student literacy success, the curriculum mandates differ, shaping the potential pathways available in ITE courses. It is within this context that we report on 3 years of data on PST reader knowledge collected from 300 students using survey tools adopted from the original TARs study. Emerging findings provide evidence that teacher educators need to act as circuit breakers to alter PST attitudes to reading.

Irreversible electroporation as a focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: A systematic review.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a new and promising focal therapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. In this systematic review, we summarize the literature on IRE for prostate cancer published over the last decade. PubMed and EMBASE were searched with the end date of May 2023 to find relevant publications on prostate cancer ablation using IRE. Original studies with focal IRE as the primary curative treatment which reported on functional or oncological outcomes were included. The bibliography of relevant studies was also scanned to identify suitable articles. A total of 14 studies reporting on 899 patients treated with IRE for localized prostate cancer were included. Of all the studies reviewed, 77% reported on recurrence within the zone of ablation, and it ranged from 0% to 38.9% for in-field and 3.6% to 28% for out-of-field recurrence. Although, a standardised follow-up protocol was not followed, all the studies employed serial prostate-specific antigen monitoring, a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, and a biopsy (6-12 months post-treatment). Across all the studies, 58% reported that the urinary continence returned to the pretreatment levels and 25% reported a minor decrease in the continence from the baseline at 12-months of follow-up. Erections sufficient for intercourse varied from 44% to 75% at the baseline to 55% to 100% at 12-months of follow-up across all the studies. IRE, as a focal therapy, shows promising results with minimal complications and reasonably effective oncological control, but the data comparing it to the standard of care is still lacking. Future research should focus on randomized definitive comparisons between IRE, radical prostatectomy, and radiation therapy.

Effects of the Individual and Pair Housing of Calves on Long-Term Heifer Production on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm.

Pair housing of pre-weaning dairy calves has previously demonstrated positive impacts on their growth, health and behaviour, but longer-term effects on production are still relatively unknown. This study followed a cohort of 431 Holstein heifers, recruited from a single UK commercial dairy farm, from weaning until either culling or the end of their first lactation. All animals were allocated to either individual or pair housing as a pre-weaning calf. Following weaning, all heifers were similarly managed through group housing, feeding with total mixed rations, the use of automatic heat detection for artificial insemination and weighing every two months until conception. Farm staff identified disease occurrences, which were treated following standard operating procedures. First-lactation monthly milk recording was used to measure milk yields and somatic cell counts. Overall mortality (voluntary and involuntary) was 26.6%, with a decreased hazard of exiting the herd if the heifer was pair housed as a calf (HR 0.70; p = 0.067). The voluntary cull rate was highest in the post-insemination period (13.0%) due to poor fertility. Heifers that were pair housed as calves had significantly increased odds of developing udder health issues as a primiparous cow (OR = 1.93, p = 0.022). Despite this, the 305-day milk yields were not associated with the housing group. However, the total milk produced per calf recruited into the original study was greater for pair-housed compared with individually housed calves (8088 kg vs. 7115 kg; p = 0.071), which is likely due to the significantly higher hazard of individually housed calves exiting the herd prematurely.

Жанровые особенности антиутопического научно-фантастического романа Пьера Буля «Планета обезьян»: коммуникативный аспект

The enduring popularity of 20th century science fiction authors among readers of all age categories has been noted in numerous works of literary scholars. An extremely important aspect is the fact that the author and the reader must have a common language in order for communication to be effective. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the problem of interpreting the genre of science fiction works. The aim of this study is to try to trace the synthesis of genre forms from the point of view of communicativism and the theories of C. Darwin and T. de Chardin in the novel "Planet of the Apes" by the famous French fiction writer Pierre Boulle. Darwin and T. de Chardin in the novel "Planet of the Apes" by the famous French fiction writer Pierre BoulleIn the course of the study, the methods of contextual literary analysis, cognitive-discourse analysis, as well as stylistic and genre analysis were applied. As a result of the study, the conclusions were obtained that the novel "Planet of the Apes" by P. Boulle combines elements of the genre of science fiction novel, philosophical parable, utopia and dystopia. The novel is a satirical work, touching upon the themes of scientific progress, communication, evolution and human society, which are topical at present. The author, when creating a work, follows literary conventions or deliberately goes against them, creating something innovative. The genre of science fiction has been and remains a synthetic genre, incorporating elements of various genres, which intricately intertwined, enter into communication with the reader, helping him to create fictional worlds. Scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time in Russia the study of genre originality of P. Boulle's work in the aspect of communication with the reader is undertaken. The article may be useful for literary scholars, postgraduates, students and all those interested in the problems of genre synthesis in modern science fiction.

Dilemmas Faced by Polish Migrants in the UK Concerning Brexit and Return Migration

This paper presents the results of an original quantitative sociological study conducted in Autumn 2019 on a sample of 620 Polish migrants living in London, Oxford, and Swindon. The study was conducted using a group-administered questionnaire. It was primarily to address the question of whether they intend to return to Poland and when. We identify some significant factors influencing their choices. Those are the length of stay in England, their financial situation, their knowledge of English, their ability to assimilate culturally, their relations to the families in Poland, homesickness, and better religious education of children. Religious issues, although mentioned, are less critical; however, a deeper statistical analysis allows to understand the religious background more broadly, to provide a clearer image of the respondents’ deep motivations.

Turkish adaptation of the maternal cognition about infant sleep questionnaire

BackgroundExploring early childhood sleep problems requires a detailed understanding of parental beliefs and cognitions related to infant sleep. There is a need for validated measures to investigate the cognitions of Turkish mothers about infant sleep however no scale measuring parental perceptions related to infant sleep behaviors in Turkish is available. We aimed to culturally adapt the Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire (MCISQ) in Turkish. MethodsSubjects were recruited from an internet sample through social media. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha, and test-retest reliability was determined by Pearson's correlation test and paired t-test. For factorial validity, the principal component factor analysis was performed for the components of MCISQ. ResultsA total of 417 mothers, most aged between 25 and 29 years (47.8 %), participated in the study. Infants' age ranged between 6 and 18 months, with a mean of 10.5 ± 3.9 months. Factor analysis revealed four factors after removal of item 11: Anger, doubt, safety, limit setting. Cronbach's alpha was 0.85. A subgroup of 32 mothers completed MCISQ three weeks after the initial administration. Total mean scores showed a significantly strong correlation (p:<0.01, r:0.82). Higher scores were noted in both total and subscale scores in infants with maternally reported sleep problems (p:<0.01). ConclusionFindings suggest a four-factor solution for MCISQ in Turkish mothers with infants aged 6–18 months. The adapted Turkish version is composed of 19 items with good reliability. Factor structure and items included in the subscales differed from the original study, highlighting the cultural factors related to maternal perceptions about infant sleep.

Application of the IDEAL framework in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery: a review of the literature.

To evaluate every stage of surgical innovation and generate high-quality research evidence, the IDEAL (Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term study) framework was developed. This study aimed to explore the application of the IDEAL framework in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery and identify factors limiting its dissemination. We conducted a citation search of 8 core IDEAL framework articles in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2009 to 2022. Two independent reviewers screened and selected articles related to hepatopancreatobiliary surgery. A total of 1621 articles were identified through citation search. Following screening, 132 articles were finally retained, including 75 original studies (57%) and 57 secondary studies (43%). Of the original studies, only 10 articles (13%) accurately applied the IDEAL framework in methodology, distributed as follows: 1 in pre-IDEAL stage (0), 2 in Idea stage (1), 7 in Development stage (2a), 1 in Exploration stage (2b), and no articles in Assessment and Long-term study stages (3, 4). In the secondary studies, 36 articles (63%) mentioned and discussed the IDEAL framework, and all supported its application. The application of the IDEAL framework in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery is increasingly widespread, as evidenced by its substantial citation in numerous articles. However, the utilization of the IDEAL framework remains predominantly confined to the early stages of innovation in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery, coupled with instances of misapplication stemming from insufficient comprehension of the framework. Further efforts are necessary to extend the impact of the IDEAL framework and provide surgeons with comprehensive guidance for its judicious implementation.

Crossroads between Skin and Endocrine Glands: The Interplay of Lichen Planus with Thyroid Anomalies.

In this narrative review, we aimed to overview the interplay between lichen planus (LP) and thyroid conditions (TCs) from a dual perspective (dermatologic and endocrine), since a current gap in understanding LP-TC connections is found so far and the topic is still a matter of debate. We searched PubMed from Inception to October 2023 by using the key terms "lichen planus" and "thyroid", (alternatively, "endocrine" or "hormone"). We included original clinical studies in humans according to three sections: LP and TC in terms of dysfunction, autoimmunity, and neoplasia. Six studies confirmed an association between the thyroid dysfunction (exclusively hypothyroidism) and LP/OL (oral LP); of note, only one study addressed cutaneous LP. The sample size of LP/OLP groups varied from 12-14 to 1500 individuals. Hypothyroidism prevalence in OLP was of 30-50%. A higher rate of levothyroxine replacement was identified among OLP patients, at 10% versus 2.5% in controls. The highest OR (odd ratio) of treated hypothyroidism amid OLP was of 2.99 (p < 0.005). Hypothyroidism was confirmed to be associated with a milder OLP phenotype in two studies. A single cohort revealed a similar prevalence of hypothyroidism in LP versus non-LP. Non-confirmatory studies (only on OLP, not cutaneous LP) included five cohorts: a similar prevalence of hypothyroidism among OLP versus controls, and a single cohort showed that the subjects with OLP actually had a lower prevalence of hypothyroidism versus controls (1% versus 4%). Positive autoimmunity in LP/OLP was confirmed in eight studies; the size of the cohorts varied, for instance, with 619 persons with LP and with 76, 92, 105, 108, 192, 247, and 585 patients (a total of 1405) with OLP, respectively; notably, the largest control group was of 10,441 individuals. Four clusters of approaches with respect to the autoimmunity in LP/OLP were found: an analysis of HT/ATD (Hashimoto's thyroiditis/autoimmune thyroid diseases) prevalence; considerations over the specific antibody levels; sex-related features since females are more prone to autoimmunity; and associations (if any) with the clinical aspects of LP/OLP. HT prevalence in OLP versus controls was statistically significantly higher, as follows: 19% versus 5%; 12% versus 6%; and 20% versus 9.8%. A single study addressing LP found a 12% rate of ATDs. One study did not confirm a correlation between OLP-associated clinical elements (and OLP severity) and antibody values against the thyroid, and another showed that positive TPOAb (anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies) was more often found in erosive than non-erosive OLP (68% versus 33%). Just the reverse, one cohort found that OLP subjects had a statistically significantly lower rate of positive TPOAb versus controls (9% versus 15%). Five case-control studies addressed the issue of levothyroxine replacement for prior hypothyroidism in patients that were diagnosed with OLP (no study on LP was identified); three of them confirmed a higher rate of this treatment in OLP (at 8.9%, 9.7%, and 10.6%) versus controls. In conclusion, with regard to LP/OLP-TC, we note several main aspects as practical points for multidisciplinary practitioners: OLP rather than LP requires thyroid awareness; when it comes to the type of thyroid dysfunction, mostly, hypothyroidism should be expected; female patients are more prone to be associated with ATDs; a potential higher ratio of OLP subjects taking levothyroxine was found, thus a good collaboration with an endocrinology team is mandatory; and so far, OLP individuals have not been confirmed to be associated with a higher risk of thyroid nodules/cancer.

Lessons learned from screening literature on person-centred care: Exploration of text-mining functions for semi-automatization of study identification.

Short introduction: To develop evidence-based person-centred care practice, informed by synthesised international knowledge, there is a need to comprehensively identify relevant citations from systematic data-base searches. However, systematic searches on ‘thick’ concepts with diffuse conceptual boundaries like person-centred care will generate to many citations possible to screen and assess manually. &#x0D; Background and purpose: The implementation of person-centred care is hindered by the fact that research results are not easily accessible. Searches of databases for original studies generate at least 90,000 unique citations. In addition to this large number of publications, there is also a diversity in terminology and conceptualisations used. When decision-makers, practitioners and researchers are unable to review all existing knowledge, the obvious risk is confusion in implementation.&#x0D; As part of an ongoing project, which aims to map available international literature of centredness in healthcare, our specific purpose with this presentation is to share some lessons learned from literature screening supported by text-mining functions. This was performed by a team of researchers specialised in interprofessional person-centred care who in the larger team includes patient partners, students and project assistants. Our experience is of importance not only for researchers, but also for policy-makers, decision-makers and healthcare professionals. &#x0D; Method: The use of text-mining functions to semi-automate the process of citation screening is a way to tackle the great amount of research citations available today. Database searches for literature on person-centred care resulted in the retrieval of 94 236 unique citations. A random sample of 5455 records was screened manually by two reviewers independently against inclusion- and exclusion criteria. Results from that screening was used to build two project tailored text-mining classifier models, one built manually by a language technologist based on word frequencies, and one machine learning classifier constructed in the software EPPI-reviewer using the sci-kit-learn library. The 1000 highest-ranking records were retrieved and manually screened for both models. &#x0D; Result: In the exploration, manual screening of the first random sample of 5455 citations resulted in 3,7% of the sample to be included in the specific mapping study. When screening the 1000 highest ranked citations using the manually built classifier model 23,5% of the sample was included. . The EPPI reviewer classifier model resulted in 83,4% to be included, while applying the same criteria for inclusion. &#x0D; Discussion: For our purposes the classifier model built in EPPI-reviewer showed promise in identifying relevant citations earlier in the process as compared to a manually built classifier. Both models performed better than random manual screening. Making use of classifying model software is merited to facilitate processes of screening and sifting citations in knowledge fields that are hard to conceptually delimit in larger data bases, such as the field of person-centred care research. &#x0D;

Radiation-induced ophthalmic risks of long duration spaceflight: Current investigations and interventions.

As the average duration of space missions increases, astronauts will experience longer periods of exposure to risks of long duration space flight including microgravity and radiation. The risks from long-term exposure to space radiation remains ill-defined. We review the current literature on the possible and known risks of radiation on the eye (including radiation retinopathy) after long duration spaceflight. A PubMed and Google Scholar search of the English language ophthalmic literature was performed from inception to July 11, 2022. The following search terms were utilized independently or in conjunction to build this manuscript: "Radiation Retinopathy", "Spaceflight", "Space Radiation", "Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome", "Microgravity", "Hypercapnia", "Radiation Shield", "Cataract", and "SANS". A concise and selective approach of references was conducted in including relevant original studies and reviews. A total of 65 papers were reviewed and 47 papers were included in our review. We discuss the potential and developing countermeasures to mitigate these radiation risks in preparation for future space exploration. Given the complex nature of space radiation, no single approach will fully reduce the risks of developing radiation maculopathy in long-duration spaceflight. Understanding and appropriately overcoming the risks of space radiation is key to becoming a multi-planetary species.

Robustness of Longitudinal Safety and Efficacy After Paclitaxel-Based Endovascular Therapy for Treatment of Femoro-Popliteal Artery Occlusive Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The aims of this study were: i) to assess fragility indices (FIs) of individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared paclitaxel-based drug-coated balloons (DCBs) or drug-eluting stents (DESs) versus standard endovascular devices, and ii) to meta-analyze mid-term and long-term safety and efficacy outcomes from available RCT data while also estimating the FI of pooled results. This systematic review has been registered in the PROSPERO public database (CRD42022304326 http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO). A query of PubMed (Medline), EMBASE (Excerpta Medical Database), Scopus, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases was performed to identify eligible RCTs. Rates of primary patency (PP) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were assessed as efficacy outcomes, while lower limb amputation (LLA) consisting of major amputation that is. below or above the knee and all-cause mortality were estimated as safety outcomes. All outcomes were pooled with a random effects model to account for any clinical and study design heterogeneity. The analyses were performed by dividing the RCTs according to their maximal follow-up length (mid-term was defined as results up to 2-3years, while long-term was defined as results up to 4-5years). For each individual outcome, the FI and reverse fragility index (RFI) were calculated according to whether the outcome results were statistically significant or not, respectively. The fragility quotient (FQ) and reverse fragility quotient (RFQ), which are the FI or RFI divided by the sample size, were also calculated. A total of 2,337 patients were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. There were 2 RCTs examining DES devices and 14 RCTs evaluating different DCBs. For efficacy outcomes, there was evidence that paclitaxel-based endovascular therapy increased the PP rate and reduced the TLR rate at mid-term, with a calculated pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.66 for patency (95% CI, 1.55-1.86; P<0.001), with a corresponding number needed-to-treat (NNT) of 3 patients (95% CI, 2.9-3.8) and RR of 0.44 for TLR (95% CI, 0.35-0.54; P=0.027), respectively. Similarly, there was evidence that paclitaxel-based endovascular therapy both increased PP and decreased TLR rates at long-term, with calculated pooled RR values of 1.73 (95% CI, 1.12-2.61; P=0.004) and 0.53 (95% CI, 0.45-0.62; P=0.82), respectively. For safety outcomes, there was evidence that paclitaxel-based endovascular therapy increased all-cause mortality at mid-term, with a calculated pooled RR of 2.05 (95% CI, 1.21-3.24). However, there was no difference between treatment arms in LLA at mid-term (95% CI, 0.1-2.7; P=0.68). Similarly, neither all-cause mortality nor LLA at long-term differed between treatment arms, with a calculated pooled RR of 0.66, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.31-3.42) and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.30-5.21; P=0.22), respectively. The pooled estimates of PP at mid-term were robust (FI=28 and FQ=1.9%) as were pooled rates of TLR (FI=18 and FQ=0.9%). However, when safety outcomes were analyzed, the robustness of the meta-analysis decreased significantly. In fact, the relationship between the use of paclitaxel-coated devices and all-cause mortality at mid-term showed very low robustness (FI=4 and FQ=0.2%). At 5years, only the benefit of paclitaxel-based devices to reduce TLR remained robust, with an FI of 32 and an FQ of 3.1%. The data supporting clinical efficacy endpoints of RCTs that examined paclitaxel-based devices in the treatment of femoral-popliteal arterial occlusive disease were robust; however, the pooled safety endpoints were highly fragile and prone to bias due to loss of patient follow-up in the original studies. These findings should be considered in the ongoing debate concerning the safety of paclitaxel-based devices.

An Analysis of Post COVID-19 Scenario using Data Science in Digital Marketing

The Purpose of the study is to analyze the uses of data science in digital marketing in post COVID-19 scenario. General design of the study includes survey of relevant research literature, primary data collection, structural modeling and critical analysis. The study uses Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) for structural modeling and Matriced' Impacts Croise's Multiplication Appliquée a UN Classement (MICMAC) for analysis. Introducing new products, personalizing customers’ online experience and improve user experience occupy top (Level I) and tracking social media commentary/interactions occupies bottom (Level IX) of ISM model. Analyzing user generated content, tracking social media commentary/interactions, analysis of online sales data, analyzing social media trends, analyzing product recommendations and reviews and analyze real-time big data are categorized as independent uses. Optimize customers’ preferences, optimize stock levels in e-commerce businesses, introducing new products, improve user experience and identify fake news &amp; false content are categorized as dependent uses but others are categorized as linkage uses and no one is categorized in autonomous. It is an original study because it uses real time market survey data the findings of which are useful for folks of its stakeholders. It is particularly useful for marketers. It has serious implications for businesses since nowadays there is influx of data generation that has become a type of a noise for businesses. Use of data science not only converts this data noise into useful information but also an opportunity. This study provides lot of information about uses of data science particularly for marketing.

Ship Classification Based on AIS Data and Machine Learning Methods

AIS ship-type code categorizes ships into broad classes, such as fishing, passenger, and cargo, yet struggles with finer distinctions among cargo ships, such as bulk carriers and containers. Different ship types significantly impact acceleration, steering performance, and stopping distance, thus making precise identification of unfamiliar ship types crucial for maritime monitoring. This study introduces an original classification study based on AIS data for cargo ships, presenting a classifier tailored for bulk carriers, containers, general cargo, and vehicle carriers. The model’s efficacy was tested within the Changhua Wind Farm Channel using eight classification algorithms across tree-structure-based, proximity-based, and regression-based categories and employing standard metrics (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score) to assess the performance. The results show that tree-structure-based algorithms, particularly XGBoost and Random Forest, demonstrated superior performance. This study also implemented a feature selection strategy with five methods, revealing that a model trained with only four features (three ship-geometric features and one trajectory behavior feature) can achieve high accuracy. Conclusively, the classifier effectively overcame the challenges of limited AIS data labels, achieving a classification accuracy of 97% for ships in the Changhua Wind Farm Channel. These results are pivotal in identifying abnormal ship behavior, highlighting the classifier’s potential for maritime monitoring applications.