Original Settlement Research Articles

Boundary Poetics

This essay approaches Adania Shibli’s 2016 novella Minor Detail through what I term boundary poetics, a way of reading state-sanctioned boundary formations like excessive checkpoints, erection of concrete walls, and new maps erasing original settlements from its key, as a useful methodological approach for reckoning with how the history of violence and occupation are manipulated and controlled by the state. How then does Shibli’s novella reckon with movement in contemporary Palestine dictated by one’s willingness or ability to cross borders, checkpoints, military training zones, and museums and archives?

Ecologies of Resilience

Abstract The history of Rapa Nui has often been told as a cautionary tale meant to reflect on the destructive tendencies of our own civilization, but it looks quite different when told from a Rapanui perspective. This interdisciplinary study uses new source materials to explore an extraordinary story of Native resilience: seldom-used oral histories from Rapanui elders from the 1910s, a Rapanui-language account of its original settlement, and a newly reconstructed Rapanui Chronology of Years, as well as the latest physical data of environmental change on the island, reconstructions of the ancient night sky, and an innovative model of the historical productivity of traditional crops. They reveal the exact stars and winds the ancient Rapanui followed to locate this island originally; their embrace of new crop varieties, animals, and cultivation methods to ensure their subsistence; and their vulnerability to severe droughts and climate change. Rapanui resilience experienced its greatest test during the 1860s and 1870s when interethnic conflict, a punishing La Niña drought, introduced diseases, plantation enslavement, Catholic missionization, and colonization by outsiders struck the island in waves. But Rapanui elders remembered these events as much for their tenacious resistance and resilience to these challenges as for their tragic loss.

Identification, computation, and mapping of anthropogenic landforms in urban areas: Case studies in the historical centre of Genoa, Italy (UNESCO World Heritage)

Urban geomorphology is a recent discipline that has gained a great deal of interest amongst the scientific community also for its clear connection with the concept of Anthropocene. The identification of anthropogenic landforms in an urban area requires a multidisciplinary approach, mostly using multi-temporal map comparisons, direct and indirect geognostic surveys, and detailed study of the urban landscape. Mediterranean cities have a particularly complex history: their original settlement usually dates back to the medieval period, but often to more ancient, occasionally even prehistoric, times. The result is an urban landscape characterised by modified natural landforms, but above all by anthropogenic landforms linked to the stratification of various urban phases. Reconstructing the landforms before major anthropogenic impacts of the last centuries is a particularly complex operation, and scientific research appears in its early stages. In this research, we introduce examples of the reconstruction of natural landforms in the historic centre of Genoa, a port city that experienced a peak of expansion in the Middle Ages and the Modern Age. The results obtained on four pilot areas highlight significant and previously unknown anthropic modifications and the associated landforms in the urban landscape. Large excavations, fills supported by ramparts, and sea embankments have been identified and quantitatively evaluated using a mixed approach between different disciplines: historical geography, geomatics, physical geography and geomorphology, and engineering geology. This methodology may be applied to other Mediterranean and extra-European urban contexts and may contribute, on the one hand, to the identification of potential geomorphological risks in urban areas and, on the other hand, to the use of urban landscape forms for geological heritage and geodiversity development activities.

The right of re-measurement of settlements in the Middle Ages in the light of the legal practice of Bohemia and Silesia in the 13th and 14th centuries

Summary During the High Middle Ages, hereditary land tenure prevailed throughout East-Central Europe, often in a formalised manner based upon the ius emphyteuticum, whereby peasants were guaranteed a stable amount of land rents to be paid to landlords. There was, however, a legal institution that enabled the landlords to practically renegotiate original settlement contracts without openly violating them, in order to increase their income: the law of re-measurement of settlements (ius mensurationis). On examples from Silesia and Bohemia we have demonstrated that the landlords used this means plentifully, either directly through its actual implementation, or indirectly by renouncing their claims for payment. We have also hypothesized on the rationale and origin of the ius mensurationis, analyzed who could raise claims based upon it, and commented on the formulas related to this legal institution, which may be found there in Silesian and Bohemian charters.

Home and Spread of Indo-European Tribes in the Light of Name Research

Today, large parts of Europe are populated by speakers of Indo-European languages. People have long wondered where they came from, where their original home was. Archeology has long been trusted to provide a solution to the problem. This has now been abandoned. Today there is a great deal of trust in the results of genetic research, which can certainly contribute to important findings. However, one should not forget an important aspect: when one looks for the speakers of Indo-European languages, one is not looking for specific material finds (devices, weapons, etc.) or for the carriers of certain genetic peculiarities, but for the speakers of languages. Their homeland and distribution can only be determined using linguistic methods. The languages alone are crucial. And at this point a scientific discipline that is based on languages comes into view: it is place name research. Place and river names are firmly anchored in the original region. They often pass on their names to changing populations and are therefore undoubtedly the most important witnesses to the history of peoples and languages. And another scientific discipline must be included: agricultural science, because early settlements were based on good and productive soils that enabled continuous settlement. With the help of geographical names and the distribution of Europe's good soils, the study determines the original settlements of the Slavs on the northern slope of the Carpathians, the Germanic tribes north of the Harz and those of the Celts on the western edge of the Carpathians. River names that can be assigned to Old European, i.e. Indo-European, hydronymy also show that old ones come from almost all settlement areas. There is evidence of connections to the Baltics and the Baltic languages. The Baltics are therefore the center of Indo-European names and there is no reason not to consider them as the starting area and home of Indo-European expansions. A homeland outside of Old European hydronymy, be it in southern Russia or in Asia Minor or in the Caucasus, as is often assumed today, especially on the basis of genetic studies, is excluded.

A failure or success?: A qualitative analysis of post-disaster relocation among survivors of 2010 floods in Pakistan

In Pakistan, the enormous 2010 floods inflicted unprecedented destruction to 0.5 million houses in South Punjab. This study was conducted in Muzaffargarh, a district of the Punjab province of Pakistan, one of the worst affected areas during the 2010 floods. As an adaptation and disaster risk reduction measure, an International NGO in collaboration with the Government of the Punjab province constructed 1274 houses for flood-affected communities. The houses were allocated through a lottery method. Initially, the allottees moved to the new settlements for the sake of possession. However, over time, it was observed that many flood-affected individuals sold out or rented their houses and returned to their villages/settlements. This qualitative study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the flood survivors’ decision to return to their original villages/settlements after a certain time. The specific objective of the study was to identify the factors that pushed and pulled the flood survivors into their original settlements. The current study interviewed 20 respondents through the snowball sampling technique by using an interview guide. The findings highlighted the loss of social capital, place attachment, unavailability of grazing places, non-transfer of house, and increase in the cost of living were the major factors that pushed the flood survivors to return to their native villages. The current study highlighted social and psychological costs (such as nostalgia, homesickness, loss of social networks, etc.) for the relocation of disaster survivors. This study contains important policy implications regarding relocation decisions taken by the government and policymakers. Findings indicate relocation decisions as the failure to address the local needs, priorities, and contexts.

Social capital and its transition that enabled long-distance collective relocation after disasters -the case of 1889 flood reconstruction and domestic migration in Japan-

The 1889 flood disaster in Totsukawa Village, Nara Prefecture, damaged a large part of the village due to the formation and breaking of a dammed lake, and many of the residents decided to relocate to Hokkaido, more than 1500 km away. The purpose of this study is to examine long-distance collective relocation, which is currently often avoided, from a long-term perspective, the implementation of collective relocation and the gradual change in the cohesion of the residents after relocation, and to discuss the possibility of presenting long-distance collective relocation as an option in the event of future disasters. Based on a literature review and interviews, the study clarified the factors that led to the long-distance group relocation, which is shunned today, and the policy background of the time. It also clarified the administrative considerations that were implemented to ensure the continuation of life at the long-distance group relocation site and the cohesiveness of the residents, which changed over time. As a result, it was found that the relocation was carried out in a way that combined the Hokkaido development policy, which was recommended to secure farmland and residential land and to defend the northern areas, with the securing of residential areas for disaster recovery purposes and livelihood support, and that relatively good conditions were selected, such as the development of railroads close to the relocation site. At the same time, the government tried to distribute housing in the same way as it does today, so that as many of the original settlements as possible would be the same at the new location. The way in which the residents are united has also changed, and the unity of the hometowns has also shown flexibility in tolerating cultural and lifestyle diversity as they eventually mix with other communities through rice cultivation. Despite the distance of 1500 km between the source and destination districts, administrative staff and residents continue to interact with each other, and the social capital that can be identified between the source and destination districts continues to change its form as they repeatedly adapt to their society and environment over time and distance.

पोखराको बिस्केट जात्राः विगत र वर्तमान {Bisket Jatra of Pokhara: Past and Present}

The present article is based on the title "Biscuit Jatra of Pokhara: Past and Present". The Newar community, established in Kathmandu Valley as the original settlement, has been making its Karmabhoomi (land of action) in various places outside Kathmandu. Some Newar communities have come and settled in Pokhara Valley. During this migration, the Newar community brought various cultural fairs and festivals with them. The Bisket Jatra (festival) at Pokhara is one of them. What are the changes that have occurred in the past and present of Bisket Jatra in Pokhara? How do you celebrate Biscuit Jatra in Pokhara? The major focus of this research rests on these two questions.in this article. The main purpose of this article is to investigate these two main questions. To fulfill the objective, the researcher has used qualitative research method. The analysis of this research has shown that while celebrating Bisket Jatran here at Pokhara, people stay at home to celebrate the Bhoj associated with the festival, but, besides that, there is no significant participation in the Jatra in comparison to the past.

Collaborative Optimal Allocation of Urban Land Guide by Land Ecological Suitability: A Case Study of Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area

Urban land optimization in urban agglomerations plays an important role in promoting territorial spatial planning to achieve high-quality development, land ecological suitability (LES) is one of the important variables influencing its urbanization and needs to be considered in urban growth simulation and modeling. This research proposed a multi-objective urban land optimization (MULO) model based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) which integrates the LES assessment. MULO starts with LES analysis based on a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. Then, two-step linear regression is used to optimize the quantity structure of built-up land. Finally, suitability and compactness are assigned to NSGA-II as objectives to obtain optimal spatial patterns. Taking the example of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, we found that all the newly added built-up land in 2030 is distributed in peri-urban areas around the original settlements, with approximate clustering in the northern part of Guangzhou and the southern part of Foshan under a balanced development scenario. This study highlights the importance of LES in urban growth modeling, and MULO can provide effective support for the spatial planning of urban agglomerations.

The Influence of Foreign Cultural Discourse on the Uma Settlement in Mentawai, Indonesia

The entry of foreign cultures into the Mentawai people made the settlements change. The Mentawai people no longer make Uma a social and economic community. This change was due to the existence of housing and the form of houses built by different Governments. This study aimed to look at outside culture's influence on Uma settlements in Mentawai. This qualitative research method uses ethnographic, sociological, and anthropological approaches using observational data collection techniques, documentation studies, and interviews. Data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion or verification. The results of this study show that outside culture has a major influence on the Uma settlement in the Mentawai. Nevertheless, the Siberut archipelago is the only archipelago that has survived despite changes in the housing environment and the shape of houses built by the Government with a description of socio-cultural and economic characteristics, which still survive. This condition still applies today. However, in Sikakap, Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai all the uma settlements no longer exist. This is caused by the influence of an outside culture that enters Mentawai society. These external cultural influences are as follows: the entry of foreign cultures into the Mentawai islands, the open nature of the Mentawai people, and the modernization of the form of permanent houses to eliminate uma as the original settlement of the Mentawai people.

Putting a Human Face on It: Gender and Photographic Meaning in a Canadian Women's Coal Mine Campaign

AbstractIn January 1999, the Canadian government announced their withdrawal from the Cape Breton mining industry with a settlement package for redundant miners, which was considered inadequate by miners and their families. In response, a group of women organized a community-based campaign, United Families (UF), led by two women who traveled to Ottawa to meet national politicians presenting themselves explicitly as “miners’ wives.” While the UF located their campaign within the context of family and community, as expected of miners’ wives, their principal focus was the men disadvantaged by the settlement. Here they strayed onto the terrain of the men's union.To support their case the women took photographs of miners leaving the pit at the end of a shift and organized them into an album. This became a catalyst for the disjuncture between the gendered expectations associated with female roles, and the women's efforts to represent the interests of the men. Intended as objective evidence in support of their position, the photographs carried a range of complex emotions relating to the women's campaign: They expressed the subjective meanings of the women's relationship with mining and the men photographed, as well as providing material evidence of the condition of the miners. This subjectivity was overlaid onto gendered subtexts inscribed within the history of photography in the public and domestic spheres.In campaign negotiations the women struggled to control the meaning of the photographic images and their endeavors resulted in only very minor amendments to the original settlement. The UF women's creative use of photography ultimately undermined the legitimacy of the women's negotiations. However, the photographs remain a testament to the history of mining in Cape Breton and to the emotional commitment of women to a partnership with men forged through the sexual division of labor in coal mining.This article draws upon a range of evidence and theories of gender, activism, and photographic practice to analyze the ways in which the women were disadvantaged in their campaign.

Activities of Hemavend Tribe in Eyalet of the Archipelago (Eyālet-i Cezāyir-i Baḥr-i Sefīd in Ottoman Turkish) (1889 -1905)

The Hemavend, a Kurdish tribe, were exiled from their original settlements of Kirkuk, Aleppo and Mosul to the Eyalet of the Archipelago, especially Chios, Kos and Rhodes Island. This Kurdish population, whose total number was close to 200, did not see this province, which was a place of exile, as a place to stay due to insecurity and disorder, especially the weather. The people of Hemavend, who made their situation worse by escaping from this province, lived separately from their families, which made their lives worse. The financial burden given to the state by these people, who stayed in various parts of the province's sanjaks such as Rhodes, Lemnos, Chios, was tried to be met from various sources of the province. The main demands of the tribe from the state were to allow them to go to provinces such as Mosul, Damascus, Aleppo, Adana, which they see more suitable for their living conditions. There are a lot of documents in the archive that the households in the tribe demanded to come together because they were broken up in this way. The state preferred to increase their daily wages rather than sending these households to other provinces. In order for these people to make a living, the state paid a certain number of daily wages, and the members of the tribe, who stated that they could not get along, constantly demanded an increase in their daily wages. The places where the tribal members stayed were generally the households that were crowded and far from sanitary conditions. Unfortunately, although it was accepted that the state expelled the Hemavend tribes from their homeland for just cause, these people could not escape from falling into a miserable situation. The forgiveness of some of the exiles was a good example of the state's conscientiousness. Our article, which benefited from the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archive documents, aims to illuminate the conditions and numbers of the Hemavend tribe in the Eyalet of the Archipelago with the documents reflected in the archive; it is tried to give a cross-section of the social and economic history of the Ottoman Empire. In the article, the economic distress and security problems that occurred with the settlement of the Hemavend Tribe in the Eyalet of the Archipelago from the end of the 19th century were also determined.

Otolith microchemistry to investigate nursery site fidelity and connectivity of juvenile European sea bass in Ireland

Knowledge of the role that nurseries play in the growth and survival of juvenile European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax is essential to provide information for sustainable stock management. To examine D. labrax nursery fidelity, multi-annual geochemical tags from the otoliths of 385 juveniles (0-group, 1-group and 2-group) were collected in 4 estuaries along the south coast of Ireland, close to the northern limit of its range. This study identified high between-estuary discrimination of 0-group otolith geochemical tags over multiple years. It also confirmed that over 91% of captured 1-group D. labrax remain close to their original settlement sites irrespective of sampling year. Although the capture in individual estuaries of 2-group D. labrax was less common, otolith geochemical tags indicated >95% fidelity to their original settlement sites. Where migration between estuaries was inferred, it was restricted to an adjacent estuary (<50 km coastal distance). The consistency of the multi-annual geochemical tag signatures observed will enable assignment of nursery origin to adult D. labrax which disperse around the coast of Ireland and ultimately allow the identification of estuary nursery sites that contribute most to the adult stock.

Efficiency investigation of mitigation effect of isolation piles on tunneling-induced ground settlements

In order to study the control efficiency of isolation pile on the settlement of the surface and deep soil, we analyze the implementation method of simulated isolation pile in Plaxis^2d, and establish the finite element model of the tunnel and isolation pile interaction to study the effects of the pile length, pile diameter, buried depth of pile top, pile horizontal position and tunnel buried depth on the control effectiveness. The results show that the control effectiveness of the isolation pile on the ground surface and deep soil strata subsidence is different. Under the uniform radial contraction mode of the tunnel, the pile length has the most obvious impact on the ground surface. In practical projects, it should be at least one radiu at the bottom of the deep tunnel to ensure the control effect on surface subsidence. The closer the isolation pile is set to the tunnel, the better the control efficiency is, especially to the settlement of deep soil. Within 0.6 ~ 1.4 m pile diameter changes on the isolation is of little influence on the pile settlement control effectiveness. The control efficiency of buried isolation pile on ground settlement is not much different from that of non-buried one, but the control efficiency of deep soil settlement in the ground is obviously better than that of the non-buried isolation pile. For the same isolation pile, the deeper the tunnel is buried, the lower the control efficiency of the isolation pile on surface settlement. In this study, the control efficiency of isolation piles on the settlement of deep soil mass is basically negative, indicating that the placement of isolation piles increases the original settlement of deep soil mass, instead, resulting in negative effects. The research can provide a reference for the design and construction of isolation pile.

Readings in Times of Crisis: New Interpretations of Stories about the Settlement of Iceland

Readings in Times of Crisis: New Interpretations of Stories about the Settlement of Iceland

The Bukovynian lipovans: Emergence on the territory of the region and the meaning of the ethnonym in the oral tradition

In this article, the author analyzes the content of oral evidence available among the Bukovynian Lipovans about the time and circumstances of the resettlement of their ancestors to the territory of the region, as well as the etymology of the ethno-confession name «Lipovans». As the researchers note, among modern Old Believers there are still oral stories that record the process of settling in the possessions of the Habsburgs. Usually, representatives of the older generation act as carriers of the oral tradition, who, in turn, heard stories from their parents. They pass on information to the next generation. Almost all Lipovans, despite their age, demonstrate their awareness in this matter. Note that their level of awareness depends on their personal interest in their own past and on the amount of accumulated facts. Usually such legends exist in the form of a tribal tradition.In the folk environment, several variants of legends about the appearance of the ethnonym «Lipovans» have developed. They are based on: a) characteristics of the terrain; b) the names of the original settlements; c) the names of the leaders. The most popular opinion is that the first settlers settled in linden forests, that is, the term «lipovan» comes from the name of the linden tree.Bukovynian Lipovans called themselves that, not seeing anything sane in it. As the informants themselves explained, this was done so that the Russians would not find out about them. Researchers consider this explanation logical, given the previous persecution after the reform of Patriarch Nikon.In everyday life, a certain distinction was formed in the use of terms, each of which occupied its own sphere: in everyday use and in publications on everyday topics – «Lipovans»; in publications that cover the life of the community – «Russian-Lipovanі»; in church life – «Old Believers». Such a division of spheres of application also determines the further coexistence of the ethnonym «Lipovans» and the accompanying designations of the Bukovynian Old Believers diaspora.

Genetic characterization of populations in the Marquesas Archipelago in the context of the Austronesian expansion

Our exploration of the genetic constitution of Nuku Hiva (n = 51), Hiva Oa (n = 28) and Tahuata (n = 8) of the Marquesas Archipelago based on the analyses of genome-wide autosomal markers as well as high-resolution genotyping of paternal and maternal lineages provides us with information on the origins and settlement of these islands at the fringe of the Austronesian expansion. One widespread theme that emerges from this study is the genetic uniformity and relative isolation exhibited by the Marquesas and Society populations. This genetic homogeneity within East Polynesia groups is reflected in their limited average heterozygosity, uniformity of constituents in the Structure analyses, reiteration of complete mtDNA sequences, marked separation from Asian and other Oceanic populations in the PC analyses, limited differentiation in the PCAs and large number of IBD segments in common. Both the f3 and the Outgroup f3 results provide indications of intra-East Polynesian gene flow that may have promoted the observed intra-East Polynesia genetic homogeneity while ALDER analyses indicate that East Polynesia experienced two gene flow episodes, one relatively recent from Europe that coincides roughly with the European incursion into the region and an early one that may represent the original settlement of the islands by Austronesians. Median Network analysis based on high-resolution Y-STR loci under C2a-M208 generates a star-like topology with East Polynesian groups (especially from the Society Archipelago) in central stem positions and individuals from the different populations radiating out one mutational step away while several Samoan and outlier individuals occupy peripheral positions. This arrangement of populations is congruent with dispersals of C2a-M208 Y chromosomes from East Polynesia as a migration hub signaling dispersals in various directions. The equivalent ages of the C2a-M208 lineage of the populations in the Network corroborate an east to west flow of the most abundant Polynesian Y chromosome.

Beer and Feasts in the Gamo Highlands of Southern Ethiopia

Feasting and the drinking of beer by the Gamo Boreda, who live in the highlands of southern Ethiopia, represent status and seniority and have a long tradition of connecting the living with their ancestors. This paper focuses on the archaeological site of Ochollo Mulato (AD 1270–1950), incorporating oral traditions in association with ceramic ethnoarchaeological and archaeological research documenting the importance of beer and feasting to the Gamo Boreda. Elders recount, from their oral tradition, that Ochollo Mulato is the oldest and most senior of the nine original settlements encompassing the Gamo highlands. Oral tradition and archaeological and ethnoarchaeological ceramic analyses suggest that large-scale ritual feasting of beer and other foods were part of the activities that occurred at Ochollo Mulato over the last eight centuries.

Реконструкция тенденций в расположении палеолитических поселений в рамках городской агломерации

With the use of available archival materials, the density and types of Palaeolithic settlements of the chosen urban agglomeration have been reconstructed. Considering the character of this study and availability of archival documents, the city of Brno, presently the second biggest city in the Czech Republic in terms of density of population, was selected. The discovered sites with evidence of Palaeolithic settlement were located using absolute coordinates and visualised using the ArcGis software. The research showed that even the present urban agglomeration holds relevant information on the original settlements and that it is possible to predict other potential locations with Palaeolithic finds.

Počátky univerzitní výuky neklasické archeologie v programových proslovech Jana Kollára a Jana Erazima Vocela (1849–1851)

The first Central European university departments focused specifically on non-classical archaeology were established 170 years ago: Jan Kollár became a professor in Vienna in 1849, Jan Erazim Vocel in Prague in 1850. The content and focus of their teaching in this period is best evidenced by introductory and concluding speeches, preserved in manuscript and printed form; above all, they clearly demonstrate the difference between Kollár’s Romantic approach, which for the most part uncritically sought traces of the supposed original Slavic settlement in Europe (mainly in Italy), and Vocel’s, which already distinguished between “pagan” and “Christian” (prehistoric and medieval) archaeology and with his concept of the field was already heading for Positivism. The article includes the texts of these speeches.