Original Project Research Articles

SOCIEDAD MINERA JÉREZ-LANTEIRA, GRANADA. ORIGEN E HISTORIA DE LA PLANTA HIDRÁULICA PARA LA EXPLOTACIÓN DEL MINERAL DE COBRE EN EL SIGLO XIX

In this article we will get to know an old hydraulic plant of a mining industry, very unique, which transformed hydraulic energy into pneumatics to supply compressed air to a copper mine and its smelter. It was located in the Granada region of the Marquesado del Zenete, and built in 1889 by the colonial European mining industry. To do this, we delve into its historical origin, and analyze this original technological project that allowed a new energy transformation system. Directed and executed by a series of engineers, metallurgists, businessmen and peasants, who through their work and will were participants in the industrialization process in Spain with the development of machinery and socialized work that will change a way of life. These remains today make up an industrial heritage at risk of disappearing. Living memory of what our mining industry was with the development of engineering and its social, identity and cultural values. KEYWORDS: Water, Air, Industrial Colony, Compression, Foundry

Science and the Good: The Tragic Quest for the Foundations of Morality

Science and the Good: The Tragic Quest for the Foundations of Morality

VIRTUAL RECREATION OF REYNALDO DIERBERGER LANDSCAPE PROJECTS FOR UFRRJ CAMPUS

Abstract. This paper presents some current results of the research, which proposes a virtual recreation of Reynaldo Dierberger original project for the Seropédica campus of UFRRJ, located in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The gardens, as well as the original architectural ensemble, in neocolonial style, have been legally protected in 2001. The group of researchers faced a triple challenge to make the virtual recreation. The first one concerns the identification of what was designed and not built, based on original hand-made drawings filed in the Document Conservation Laboratory of UFRRJ (LabDOC) and other university departments. The second challenge concerns the interpretation of the elements from English Garden design principles that emerged in the 19th century and were developed in Brazil by European landscapers such as Glaziou (1828–1906). The third one concerns making design drawings digital to elaborate 3d models considering a group of digital graphic tools available and also the application of Sevilla Principles (2011). It is important to mention that some of the research activities were impaired by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Insights gained from early modelling of COVID-19 to inform the management of outbreaks in UK prisons

PurposeIn this work, the authors present some of the key results found during early efforts to model the COVID-19 outbreak inside a UK prison. In particular, this study describes outputs from an idealised disease model that simulates the dynamics of a COVID-19 outbreak in a prison setting when varying levels of social interventions are in place, and a Monte Carlo-based model that assesses the reduction in risk of case importation, resulting from a process that requires incoming prisoners to undergo a period of self-isolation prior to admission into the general prison population.Design/methodology/approachPrisons, typically containing large populations confined in a small space with high degrees of mixing, have long been known to be especially susceptible to disease outbreaks. In an attempt to meet rising pressures from the emerging COVID-19 situation in early 2020, modellers for Public Health England’s Joint Modelling Cell were asked to produce some rapid response work that sought to inform the approaches that Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) might take to reduce the risk of case importation and sustained transmission in prison environments.FindingsKey results show that deploying social interventions has the potential to considerably reduce the total number of infections, while such actions could also reduce the probability that an initial infection will propagate into a prison-wide outbreak. For example, modelling showed that a 50% reduction in the risk of transmission (compared to an unmitigated outbreak) could deliver a 98% decrease in total number of cases, while this reduction could also result in 86.8% of outbreaks subsiding before more than five persons have become infected. Furthermore, this study also found that requiring new arrivals to self-isolate for 10 and 14 days prior to admission could detect up to 98% and 99% of incoming infections, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsIn this paper we have presented models which allow for the studying of COVID-19 in a prison scenario, while also allowing for the assessment of proposed social interventions. By publishing these works, the authors hope these methods might aid in the management of prisoners across additional scenarios and even during subsequent disease outbreaks. Such methods as described may also be readily applied use in other closed community settings.Originality/valueThese works went towards informing HMPPS on the impacts that the described strategies might have during COVID-19 outbreaks inside UK prisons. The works described herein are readily amendable to the study of a range of addition outbreak scenarios. There is also room for these methods to be further developed and built upon which the timeliness of the original project did not permit.

Non-Invasive Core Temperature Monitoring System: Providing Consistent, Reliable Temperature Measurement in the Perianesthesia Patient

<h3>Background Information</h3> Maintaining normothermia (core body temperature 96.8°F to 100.4°F) is imperative in the perianesthesia patient. Anesthesia and environmental factors affect the patient's ability to regulate body temperature. An average adult's core body temperature may drop approximately 2.7°F (1.5°C) with general anesthesia. Undetected hypothermia in the perianesthesia setting can increase the incidence of surgical site infection, cardiac arrythmias, blood loss, altered medication metabolism, pain perception, and increase length of recovery time and length of hospital stay. One hospital in South Central Pennsylvania identified inconsistent temperature measurement practices throughout each phase of surgical care. Various forms of temperature measurements were used on the same patient (oral, rectal, temporal-artery, esophageal, pulmonary artery temperatures). Each of these techniques has varying reliability, which created variability and inconsistency in hypothermia treatment. <h3>Objectives of Project</h3> Develop a consistent technique for temperature measurement throughout the perioperative setting. Non-invasive core temperature monitoring is evidenced as a valid and reliable tool for perianesthesia patients. <h3>Process of Implementation</h3> Implemented a non-invasive core temperature monitoring system and educated all nursing and anesthesia staff members in the perianesthesia and perioperative settings. <h3>Statement of Successful Practice</h3> Non-invasive core temperature monitoring was utilized throughout all phases of surgical patient care. Initial data shows undetected hypothermia as a significant problem previously undetected with less reliable, inconsistently used measures. Heightened awareness among staff has increased active warming measures in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit prior to discharge. <h3>Implications for Advancing the Practice of Perianesthesia Nursing</h3> Early identification and intervention for hypothermia is imperative for improved outcomes with the surgical patient. The literature lacks recommendations for a standard length of time for temperature monitoring after normothermia returns and active warming has ceased. This project has stimulated an interest in a multidisciplinary original research project regarding thermoregulation after anesthesia and the reoccurrence of hypothermia after active warming measures have ceased.

¿Cómo surgen las ideas? Algunas sugerencias para estimular la generación de proyectos originales en ecología

Researchers in ecology try to develop projects based on novel ideas, but, as good human beings we are, we have a limited capacity for creativity. Therefore, it is usual for us, during our academic life, to generate only few really original ideas. Knowing how original ideas arise becomes vital. If we are at the beginning of our academic life, it will facilitate the development of our first independent projects; and if we are at the end of our career, it may lengthen the creative stage of our professional life. In this essay, I will first describe some suggestions to stimulate the generation of original projects in ecology, detailing the context where they were conceived. Finally, I will propose an integrative conceptual framework whose use may favor the occurrence of original ideas. Based on detailed personal experiences in the text, I identify three key aspects that may stimulate the generation of creativity: nonconformity with dominant ideas, the existence of setbacks and attention to the atypical. Extreme levels of these aspects are counterproductive. Minimal dosages of nonconformity, setbacks, or attention to the outliers undermine creativity because they stimulate conformity, comfort, and focus only on the rule. But too high levels also limit the generation of original ideas because it limits an integrative vision, causes exasperation and prevents us from seeing the phenomenon context. Consequently, I consider that the generation of original ideas is maximized with intermediate levels of nonconformity, setbacks and attention to the atypical. To stimulate ecology projects based on original ideas, I suggest having some level of nonconformity about the dominant ideas, considering small setbacks as opportunities and paying attention to the atypical without neglecting the context where they come from.

Transcendentality and the Gift: On Gunton, Milbank, and Trinitarian Metaphysics

AbstractThis article considers the compatibility between the doctrine of the Trinity and the theory of the transcendental properties by offering an account of the notion of the ‘gift’ as a transcendental term. In particular, this article presents a re‐reading of John Milbank’s influential theology of the gift through Colin Gunton’s project of developing ‘trinitarian transcendentals’. Showing how Milbank’s notion of the gift could be systematically understood in terms of what Gunton calls a ‘trinitarianly developed transcendental’ which nonetheless avoids many of the problems found in Gunton’s original project, this article argues that understanding ‘gift’ as a transcendental term not only provides new ways of conceiving the relationship between the philosophy of transcendental properties and various traditional doctrines, it can moreover demonstrate how the traditional and biblical names of the Holy Spirit as ‘the Gift’ and the Son as ‘the Word’ can offer new ways of developing distinctively trinitarian accounts of metaphysics.

Technology in the didactic process as a tool for developing children’s and youth’s interest in classical music. Implications for Music Education

The article presents the difficulties and challenges in music education. The author tries to show the causes and answer the question if this branch of science is needed. For this purpose, the results of research in the field of musical education, cognitive neuroscience, psychology, as well as theoretical concepts, which are confronted with the original educational project “Symphony for Violin and DJ”, are analysed in order to show practical possibilities and solutions. The main problem of the article concerns the relevance of teaching methods to the digital world in which students live. It is presented from various perspectives and its implications are indicated.

Quality Improvement Education in the Era of COVID-19: A Pivot Toward Virtual Education.

Quality Improvement Education in the Era of COVID-19: A Pivot Toward Virtual Education.

Disagreement and Agonistic Chance in Peer Review

The purpose of grant peer review is to identify the most excellent and promising research projects. However, sociologists of science and STS scholars have shown that peer review tends to promote solid low-risk projects at the expense of more original and innovative projects that often come with higher risk. It has also been shown that the review process is affected by significant measures of chance. Against this background, the aim of this study is to theorize the notions of academic judgment and agonistic chance, and to present and analyze situations in which expert reviewers are faced with the challenge of trying to decide which grant proposals to select when there is strong disagreement. The empirical analysis is based on ethnographic observations of ten panel groups at the Swedish Research Council in the areas of natural and engineering sciences. By focusing on disagreement, the study provides a more in-depth understanding of how agonistic chance creeps into the peer review process and becomes part of the consensus that is created.

Research into ultrasoic and hydrodinamic cavitation phenomena in a hydraulic system

The article describes the course of the ultrasonic cavitation in a hydraulic tank and the hydrodynamic cavitation in a gear pump. The course of those phenomena was confirmed in experimental tests carried out with the use of a tank and a pump made of transparent plastics. It has been proved that the oscillator-cavitation system made according to the original project is useful to induce the phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation. It has also been shown that the PIV visualization method, consisting in a special system of illuminating transparent objects and recording the flow through those objects with a fast camera, is useful for the studying of the cavitation phenomena. A visible interaction between the ultrasonic and the hydrodynamic cavitation was observed. The induction of ultrasonic cavitation in the tank causes degassing of the oil, and the degassed oil supplying the pump reduces the hydrodynamic cavitation in its internal channels and clearances. This is an example of beneficial effects of the ultrasonic cavitation on the operation of a pump and a hydraulic system. The presented work is an example of effective co-operation between the communities of Wroclaw University of Science and Technology and Igor Sikorsky Kiyv Politechnic Institute, National Technical University of Ukraine.

Epic Hand Washing

Epic Hand Washing

Experimental practices and objectivity in the social sciences: re-embedding construct validity in the internal\u2013external validity distinction

The experimental revolution in the social sciences is one of the most significant methodological shifts undergone by the field since the ‘quantitative revolution’ in the nineteenth century. One of the often valued features of social science experimentation is precisely the fact that there are (alleged) clear methodological rules regarding hypothesis testing that come from the methods of the natural sciences and from the methodology of RCTs in the biomedical sciences, and that allow for the adjudication among contentious causal claims. We examine critically this claim and argue that some current understandings of the practices that surround social science experimentation overestimate the degree to which experiments can actually fulfil this role as “objective” adjudicators, by neglecting the importance of shared background knowledge or assumptions and of consensus regarding the validity of the constructs involved in an experiment. We take issue with the way the distinction between internal and external validity is often used to comment on the inferential import of experiments, used both among practitioners and among philosophers of science. We describe the ways in which the more common (dichotomous) use of the internal/external distinction differs from Cook and Campbell’s original methodological project, in which construct validity and the four-fold validity typology were all important in assessing the inferential import of experiments. We argue that the current uses of the labels internal and external, as applied to experimental validity, help to encroach a simplistic view on the inferential import of experiments that, in turn, misrepresents their capacity to provide objective knowledge about the causal relations between variables.

Application of Option Models in Evaluation of Innovative Projects of the Aviation Industry

The implementation of investment projects with a high-risk component, as well as innovative projects, is necessary for enterprises, despite the low values of the performance criteria. The theory of managerial options (real options valuation) is a tool that allows one to identify and evaluate additional opportunities (options) inherent in the project, which increase the efficiency of the original project and make it more attractive to potential investors. The mechanism considered in the study, in which the option to increase production volumes is used, allows an initially unprofitable project to be brought to a qualitatively new level.

Development and Validation of the Win-Win Scale.

Accumulating evidence has shown that win-win is necessary for both individuals and the society. This research, including two studies, aimed to develop and validate a measurement of the win-win scale. In the first study, we screened the items by item analysis and extracted common factors using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), thus determining a total of 25 items in the initial scale consisted of five dimensions including integrity, advancement, altruism, harmoniousness, and coordination. In the second study, we used first- and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the scale’s construct validity. The results indicated a good fit between the five-factor model and the data. Based on our results, we have formed a win-win scale by keeping 16 items from the original project pool.

The Naturalizing Program of Perceptions Defended

Abstract The author defends the naturalizing program of the notion of representation against the primitivist view according to which the notion of representation as belonging to psychology as a mature science is irreducible. First, the author concedes that the original teleological project trivializes the concept of representation by applying it to bacteria, protozoa, amoeba, when the best available explanation is the assumption that primitive organisms and artifacts are merely indicating proximal stimulation rather than representing the distal causes of stimulation. Yet, the author does not believe that this presents an unsurmountable obstacle for the naturalizing program when what is in question is genuine sensory representation, namely perception. In the author’s view, what matters for the naturalizing program are not cases in which the concept of representation is misemployed, but rather cases in which the focus is genuine sensory representation, that is, genuine perceptions; or so he shall argue.

A Novel Case Study Approach to Undergraduate Research in Post‐COVID Times ‐ Mayhem in May

The COVID‐19 pandemic shut down laboratories across the nation for many months. Scientists at all academic levels had to think creatively and design, if possible, engaging remote projects for their students. Based on journal reviews from renowned educators, we decided to perform a systematic literature review of publicly available material to summarize information about SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus responsible for the current pandemic, which has affected 87.5 million people with 1.89 million deaths worldwide (as of Jan 7, 2021).Using the PubMed Central (PMC) advanced search builder, we were able to narrow the initial 93,999 results for COVID‐19 related articles published in the past year (Nov 2019 – Nov 2020) to 543 publications that were related to SARS‐CoV‐2, spike protein structure and its receptor. Relevant articles in peer‐reviewed journals were identified from this list and comprehensive analysis of ~40 research articles were conducted and summarized. This compilation was used in a case‐study model to narrate a story simplifying the complexities of COVID‐19 infection while providing detailed qualitative information, which would otherwise be difficult and sensitive to discuss. This model for summer research enhanced students’ critical thinking skills necessary to ponder questions related to COVID‐19 in preparation to enter the healthcare profession.This directed patient case study was designed by using data from real life situations and applying it to fictitious patients to maintain anonymity. The storyline follows three individuals (85‐year‐old male, 80‐year‐old female, and a 50‐year‐old male) and their families during the 2019–2020 coronavirus outbreak in the United States. The timeline of patients’ infections, testing, interventions, and outcomes are discussed. Additional sections on COVID‐19 gender disparities and atypical symptoms are also provided.Students in upper‐level biology and health science courses, such as physiology and pathophysiology, will research the symptoms, susceptibility, mechanism of action, progression of the infection, opportunistic infections, extrapulmonary complications and treatments. The case concludes with an assignment to discuss the most current information available regarding the progress made in designing novel treatments.This project was presented at the Natural Science Summer Research program and parts of it will be introduced to students in local high schools as part of Benedictine University's (BenU) outreach activity. We are in the process of submitting a detailed version of this case to the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science. Working on the various aspects of the case, including instructor notes, answer key and presentations, honed the critical analysis and communication skills of the research students. Despite various tragedies and challenges, the pandemic offered the unique opportunity to identify novel topics and techniques to circumvent original project goals and traditional undergraduate research methods, as well as provide freedom for innovation that can ultimately benefit the academic community.

Oppnåelse av dybdelæring i et teknologiog design-prosjekt

The present case study examines a group of teacher students performing a Technology and Design project primarily intended for strengthening their competencies in electricity and electronics. The project was based on a traditional schema; a challenging task, design and problem-solving phases, decision making and finally assembling/building a real functioning product. The main purpose of the investigation was focusing on the type of competencies the students gained; transferable competence or rote learning, i.e. whether the project would facilitate deeper learning or not. The project was partly open-ended, where the students might conclude in different ways regarding their final circuit design. The motivating effect of having to alternate between calculations and circuit-testing, searching for faults, discussing with each other and finally succeeding, seemed to have a very positive effect on the overall learning outcome. At the end of the project the students had to solve a complete new circuit-construction challenge, with specifications differing from the ones in the original project, i.e. a new context. The demands for knowledge were similar to-, but higher than the first project, and they had to apply their newly acquired competency in a very different manner. All the student groups managed to solve the task in maximum 45 minutes. This tends to give evidence for deeper learning as an outcome of this particular project.

Interdisciplinary guided dentistry, digital quality control, and the "copy-paste" concepts.

The aim of this report is to present an interdisciplinary approach with novel concepts to virtually plan and achieve esthetics and function. Despite the advancements in the digital workflow applied to restorative dentistry, the final outcomes are commonly not similar to initial planning. To overcome this major limitation, three concepts are proposed: guided dentistry, digital quality control and "copy-paste" dentistry. Guided dentistry consists of simulations in 3D software and also includes the manufacture of guides/appliances to assist dentists in all clinical steps. Digital quality control involves the use of intraoral scanners and 3D software to compare the real outcomes with the pre-operative simulations after every procedure. "Copy-paste" dentistry is a consequence of the previous two concepts. Using the capacity of the software to overlap files, the original project can be maintained and adapted to achieve results more comparable with the initial design. The proposed method associates facially driven treatment planning and periodontal and restorative procedures to perform the patient's dental rehabilitation. Through a guided workflow and digital control of clinical steps, the final outcomes obtained were equivalent and closer to the initial design. In interdisciplinary cases, the treatment plan needs to address individual requirements and to coordinate sequential clinical stages. It is challenging to meet these demands in a conventional process. The proposed concepts engage technological resources to orientate the procedures and to provide assessment in each step. This approach enables the development of a complete and accurate functional-esthetic rehabilitation. Ultimately, the technique presented is reproducible and the results reflect the established plan.

Height Versus Body Surface Area to Normalize Cardiovascular Measurements in Children Using the Pediatric Heart Network Echocardiographic Z-Score Database.

Normalizing cardiovascular measurements for body size allows for comparison among children of different ages and for distinguishing pathologic changes from normal physiologic growth. Because of growing interest to use height for normalization, the aim of this study was to develop height-based normalization models and compare them to body surface area (BSA)-based normalization for aortic and left ventricular (LV) measurements. The study population consisted of healthy, non-obese children between 2 and 18years of age enrolled in the Pediatric Heart Network Echo Z-Score Project. The echocardiographic study parameters included proximal aortic diameters at 3 locations, LV end-diastolic volume, and LV mass. Using the statistical methodology described in the original project, Z-scores based on height and BSA were determined for the study parameters and tested for any clinically significant relationships with age, sex, race, ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI). Normalization models based on height versus BSA were compared among underweight, normal weight, and overweight (but not obese) children in the study population. Z-scores based on height and BSA were calculated for the 5 study parameters and revealed no clinically significant relationships with age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Normalization based on height resulted in lower Z-scores in the underweight group compared to the overweight group, whereas normalization based on BSA resulted in higher Z-scores in the underweight group compared to the overweight group. In other words, increasing BMI had an opposite effect on height-based Z-scores compared to BSA-based Z-scores. Allometric normalization based on height and BSA for aortic and LV sizes is feasible. However, height-based normalization results in higher cardiovascular Z-scores in heavier children, and BSA-based normalization results in higher cardiovascular Z-scores in lighter children. Further studies are needed to assess the performance of these approaches in obese children with or without cardiac disease.