Original Piece Of Research Research Articles

The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field

struggles for space, recognition, and power in management, it would also have been interesting to get the viewpoints of executives and functions with which marketing is competing. Unfortunately, only marketing people were interviewed. Despite this critique, this is an interesting, well-written, and original piece of research. Chalmers notes that there is not much research on how marketing is being defined and practiced at the firm level, how this may be an element as well as an outcome of competition for senior management positions, and how gender is involved. I agree and think that her book is a valuable addition to our understanding of gender and management. As such, it is of relevance not only for people with an interest in gender but also for those interested in identity constructions, organizational and professional politics, and the constructions of management.

The New economic sociology: developments in an emerging field

struggles for space, recognition, and power in management, it would also have been interesting to get the viewpoints of executives and functions with which marketing is competing. Unfortunately, only marketing people were interviewed. Despite this critique, this is an interesting, well-written, and original piece of research. Chalmers notes that there is not much research on how marketing is being defined and practiced at the firm level, how this may be an element as well as an outcome of competition for senior management positions, and how gender is involved. I agree and think that her book is a valuable addition to our understanding of gender and management. As such, it is of relevance not only for people with an interest in gender but also for those interested in identity constructions, organizational and professional politics, and the constructions of management.

The Invention Of Hunter-Gatherers in Seventeenth Century Europe? A Comment on Mark Pluciennik

Mark Pluciennik has presented us with an excellent and original piece of research. His conclusion that the current categorisation of pre-industrial societies into hunter-gatherers and farmers is, effectively, a modern invention represents a continuation of his earlier investigations into this subject (1998; 2001). He supports this conclusion with very convincing arguments, and offers a historically contingent explanation in terms of the coalescence of several ideological and economic ‘currents’ which, in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, led to the establishment of a categorical distinction between ‘savage hunter-gatherers’ and ‘civilised farmers’. In my comment, I would like to focus on two issues, broadly following the structure of his paper: (1) in general terms, are we really dealing with yet another ‘invented tradition’, spawned by the need for an ideological justification for the supremacy of western capitalist ideology and economic order? (2) How do we categorise early farming, fishing, hunting and gathering communities in the past, if at all?

Total research productivity in a pathology discipline.

To investigate the research productivity of all staff in chemical pathology. Chemical pathologists or biochemical scientists were identified from publicly available sources. All journals, their impact factors (IFs), and individual publications over the period of 1995 to 1999 were identified from electronic databases. Each publication was subclassified with respect to type of publication, number and position of author, and subspecialty to which the article referred. Research output over the period comprised 6162 articles, originating from 1399 individuals, 264 of whom were medically qualified. Specialty initiated research accounted for 26% of the total publications and 80% of the research was performed in teaching hospitals. Research output was highly skewed because 49% of individuals published a letter or more, 20% published one original piece of research over five years, but only 4% were research active, as defined by one publication each year. International standard research, defined as one paper each year in journals with IF > 4, was achieved by 1% of the profession, mostly aged > 55 years. Skewed distributions of publication rates were found in all age deciles. The possession of higher research degrees correlated with higher output in all age deciles. Those working in chemical pathology are active in initiating and conducting research, although at a low level. Because longterm activity in research correlates with the possession of higher research degrees and the opportunity to carry out research from early in career pathways, priority should be given to encouraging research in training, given the small and ageing profile of international quality research in the profession in the UK.

Alvin M. Liberman and the development of Midwestern speech scientists

In the summer of 1968, Alvin Liberman came to the University of Minnesota to teach a special seminar in speech perception for the Center for Research in Human Learning. His efforts with the gifted students of the Center not only produced a piece of original research on the perception of speech, but also initiated a productive relationship between the University and Haskins Laboratories. Faculty and students from three different academic departments trekked back to New Haven to make stimuli and profit from the intensely interacting pattern of collaborative work at Haskins Laboratories. This largess was possible because of the special relationship between Haskins and NICHD that supported our use of the Haskins facilities. This relationship was typical of Al’s outreach to interested scientists everywhere. At the University of Minnesota alone, over the next decade the relationship produced numerous masters theses and doctoral dissertations. More importantly, it facilitated the training and development of almost a dozen speech scientists who are continuing to advance the field of research to which Al devoted his professional life.

Mostly True Confessions: Joint Meaning-Making about the Thesis Journey

The thesis supervisory role is perhaps the most prominent, yet least understood, of a faculty member's teaching responsibilities. We retrospectively explore the doctoral supervisory experiences of a doctoral student and her thesis supervisor through the process of co-constructing a personal narrative of the journey. Our story addresses several assumptions of the thesis process: the dissertation is an original piece of research by the student; the supervisors in an arms-length relationship because the thesis is the intellectual property of the student; the supervisor and committee are experts while the student is a novice being introduced into the culture; the thesis process is the same regardless of the program and the goals of student and supervisor. We invite others to join our conversation by sharing stories of their experiences. By accumulating knowledge in an under-researched area, it is possible that higher education can improve its record of successfully completed doctoral dissertations.

The MSc project in orthodontics – an evidence-based opportunity?

In the UK, all students undergoing postgraduate training in orthodontics carry out an MSc project. Individual prospective clinical studies involving active therapy can rarely be completed in the short time available. The time allowed for an MSc project would, however, be ample to carry out a systematic review. This kind of project would also fulfil university regulations, which require the production of a piece of original research.

‘Welcome to the rape camp’: Sexual exploitation and the internet in cambodia

Summary: This article reports a piece of original research into the links between the trafficking in women and children across the globe and how such trafficking practices have been facilitated by developments in technology and telecommunications. The connections between prostitution in the Mekong Sub-Region, pornography on the Internet, and sex tourism have also been researched, based on the experiences of women and children and the men who exploit them.

Delivering Educational Psychology

At a time of great interest into the role of educational psychologists (EPs) and how their time is allocated to key activities (DfEE, 1997a), and the onset of LEA inspections, a review of research literature has shown that, historically, there have been few published studies into how educational psychology services (EPSs) plan the deployment of the time of EPs. Furthermore, little information is available about how EPSs allocate time to schools or how they convey information to service‐users about their service delivery. The aim of the present study was to conduct a substantive and original piece of research into the differing structures that support the service delivery of EPs. A variety of practice was found across services, and recommendations are made in relation to greater consistency of practice across the profession.

Beyond Left and Right: Insurgency and the Establishment

Beyond Left and Right is a sweeping overview of political insurgency in the United States from the 1880s to the present. It is at once a stunning synthesis, drawing on a large number of scholarly works, and an ambitious and original piece of research. The book ranges over diverse individuals and groups that have attacked the established order, from the left and the right, from the Populists of the 1890s to Ross Perot and the religious right of our times, dealing along the way with non-interventionists, Klans, monetary radicals, McCarthyites, Birchers, and Reaganites, among many others.

The research option: educators' attitudes

An understanding of research methodology and design including the appropriate use of statistics is considered by the Royal College of Psychiatrists to be an essential part of the education of psychiatrists. The report of the working party for the review of the MRCPsych examination emphasises this by mentioning statistics and research methods as one of the major areas that will be examined as part of the sciences basic to psychiatry (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1985). They point out that over recent years there has been an increase in the number of questions devoted to this subject, and state that this trend should continue. Pre-membership psychiatric trainees are often encouraged to undertake or participate in research (Sims, 1988), but many commence projects which never come to fruition (Hollyman & Abou-Saleh, 1985); lack of adequate supervision seems to be the cause (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1991). The Royal College of Psychiatrists is unique among the Royal Colleges in that it enables candidates for the membership examination to be exempted from the essay paper by submitting a dissertation in advance based on a piece of original research. This is known as the research option.

"My Very Act and Deed": Some Reflections on the Role of Textual Records in the Conduct of Affairs

How important to the archivist is an increased understanding of communications technology and its impact on society as it applies to the media of record? There is a growing awareness of the need to "read" the often obscure meanings in nontextual media. In addition, there is a need to understand how various technologies impinge on communication in such a way as to change bureaucratic process and the meaning of the act or decision entered in the record, which may look the same but ceases to have the same authority, especially as the age of the computer is already evincing certain characteristics analogous to preliterate society. The relationship of physical or oral acts to their record is discussed and, thereafter, the impact of writing and print on bureaucratic and administrative textual material. There is good evidence that not only is a knowledge of form and phraseology important in the study of modern diplomatics, but also the technology which has its own cultural impact on the user, including the archivist. The archivist has to assess this as part of the appraisal process and in order to assist the user in the interpretation of meaning over and above that of content and context. The article's approach is discursive in an attempt to put a general light on the subject and is not intended to be a piece of original research.

Application of holographic interferometry to the vibrational analysis of the harpsichord

This paper presents an original piece of research using holographic interferometry as a quantitative optical diagnostic. The object under investigation was the soundboard of a harpsichord. The results obtained show that it is possible to measure the spatial vibrational behaviour of the whole soundboard with an accuracy of better than 170 nm. Several features which characterize the vibration behaviour of the soundboard have been visualized including a discontinuity created by a crack which has resulted in a phase change of the interferometric fringes. Finally, the theoretical model response of the harpsichord soundboard is determined and compared to our holographic measurement.

Anti-Poverty Programs and Delinquency

The author is Director of the Social Science Department of National Analysts Inc., having joined the professional staff of this research organization in 1965 as a Study Director. He holds a B.A. in psychology from Temple University and a Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. While pursuing graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania, Dr. Robin was an instructor in sociology, and he was awarded the Finnegan Prize for the best piece of original research in the area of deviant behavior. Dr. Robin has served as a Research Assistant in the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Pennsylvania in connection with a study of indices of depression among psychotic patients, and as Research Assistant with the Center for Criminological Research, and Senior Research Assistant at the same university's School of Social Research Center. The author served as consultant to the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, and his study Member Delinquency in Philadelphia appeared as the lead article in the recently published Juvenile Gangs in Context. This Journal has published the following of his works: Gang Member Delinquency: Its Extent, Sequence and Typology, Vol. 55, at 59; Pioneers in Criminology: William Douglas Morrison, Vol. 55, at 48; and Justil5;sble Homicide by Police OffiRcers, Vol. 54, at 225. The effect of anti-poverty efforts on delinquency is explored in the present paper within the context of the in-school Neighborhood Youth Corps, one of the largest, best known, and most favorably received Federal programs of its kind. A control group of eligible applicants who were not admitted to the program was randomly and specifically established for research purposes, thus eliminating the self-selection factor. An extensive analysis of the police contact histories of the control and NYC enrollees disclosed no evidence that working in the program reduced their encounters with the police.

Scout Troops as a Field Work Laboratory

British social and American cultural anthropology have both long been based on field work, and it can be argued that no student can become a fullfledged anthropologist without an extended sojourn as a participant observer among a people whose culture differs from his own. Such a requirement may set the standards of apprenticeship a bit too high. Nevertheless, participant observation results in an outlook that makes anthropologists anthropologists and distinguishes them in some important respects from most sociologists, political scientists, economists, and psychologists. The outlook is hard to gain except through personal, firsthand experience. It would appear therefore that, if undergraduate anthropology students and graduates minoring in anthropology are to appreciate this special feature, they are as much in need of field experience as graduate majors in anthropology. The student who plans to become a professional anthropologist must of course ultimately carry out a piece of original research, but there is no reason why his early training need differ radically from that of other anthropology students who have no such professional plans. For this initial training, a field work laboratory that is easily accessible to all students seems desirable for the reasons outlined in the following paragraphs.

The Rutherford Lecture, 1964 Rutherford in nineteenth-century Cambridge

Rutherford came to Cambridge in October 1895. He already had a degree at Canterbury College, Christchurch, and two papers in the Trans. N. Z. Institute to his credit. He had just been appointed to an 1851 scholarship which made his coming financially possible. At that time J. J. Thomson was Cavendish professor of experimental physics. The chair and the laboratory were called after a great eighteenth-century physicist and eccentric, whose name would have been among the foremost in the history of electricity if he had published his discoveries. The laboratory had been built 25 years before with money provided by one of Caven­dish’s kinsmen, the Duke of Devonshire. Incidentally Rutherford created an administrative precedent in the University by being the first to take advantage of a new regulation which allowed someone with a degree from another university to take a degree after two instead of the usual three years and instead of passing examinations to submit a thesis which must be judged by a Committee to be ‘of distinction as a piece of original research’. He was only just the first for J. S. E. Townsend, afterwards the professor of physics at Oxford, registered later in the same day.

Needed Research in the Field of Measurement in Secondary Education

In a review of the principles and practices of measurement in secondary education,1 a number of problems were uncovered whose solutions are important and pressing. These problems invite re search, for they constitute the promising next steps in the develop ment of tests and measurements in the high School admin istrators are anxiously awaiting the solution of some of these prob lems, while some of the others, though more theoretical, are just as important. Research falls into ruts and becomes stereotyped, for there is a tendency to do what others are doing in research as well as in wear ing fashionable clothes and going to Europe. Probably hundreds of correlations between the scores on intelligence tests and marks on examinations have been computed by high-school teachers since the war, yet a graduate student frequently will say to me : The first thing I want to do on my job next year is to find the correla tion between intelligence tests and school subjects in my school. This will undoubtedly be a piece of original and valuable research for this particular teacher, but we already know the general answer to this problem. Likewise, hundreds have used intelligence tests as predictors of academic success in college, yet I venture that this year scores of colleges will try them out for the first time and will go through the labor of convincing themselves of the value of the tests rather than to accept the now almost conclusive story that repeated research has yielded. This repetitive research is valuable. All educational research needs to be verified, and it is extremely helpful to have the same problem attacked at several centers. Any one doing research, however, should first ascertain whether the problem has been attacked by others, and if so, he should consider his problem one of verification rather than original work. For one who wishes to do an original piece of research there are so many