Original Monograph Research Articles

A Monograph of the Mollusca from the Great Oolite. Volume 1: Chiefly from Minchinhampton and the Coast of Yorkshire by J. Morris and John Lycett. No. of pages: 148. Price: UK£28.99. ISBN 978‐1‐108‐08089‐7 (paperback). Volume 2 – Supplement: Mollusca from the Stonesfield Slate, Great Oolite, Forest Marble, and Cornbrash by John Lycett. No. of pages: 129. Price: UK£18.99. ISBN 978‐1‐108‐08090‐3

Morris and Lycett's monograph is one of the classic earlier Palaeontographical Society monographs. A local doctor, John Lycett, built up a large collection of fossils from the complex of quarries then being worked around Minchinhampton Common, south-east of Stroud, Gloucestershire, and in this monograph described them with the help of geologist John Morris. The so-called Minchinhampton Beds are found at the top of the Middle Bathonian Taynton Limestone Formation of the Great Oolite Group, a complex of oolite shoals that was clearly sufficiently stabilized at times to allow a rich fauna of bivalves and gastropods to become established. There are few exposures in the vicinity now and new material is difficult to find, so this monograph provides an important window on the varied molluscan faunas. Volume 1 consists of three parts. The first, dated 1850, covers cephalopods and gastropods (and a few serpulids) and has 15 plates. Part 2 (1853) is the first of two parts concerned with bivalves and has eight plates (confusingly, it starts again with page 1 and the plates are numbered 1–8), whilst the third part (1854) continues with the bivalves and has seven plates; both pagination and plate numbers run on from Part 2. Volume 2 describes and figures mainly bivalves, together with some gastropods and two ammonite species. By then, too, Lycett had realized that many of the Yorkshire species that he had figured in Volume 1 were from the equivalents of the Inferior Oolite Group farther south and this was corrected. The reprint is faithful to the original, and the text and plates have been reproduced to the exact sizes of the originals. Whilst it does not matter that print from the next page of text can be seen through the pages (indeed the same is true, but to a lesser extent, in the original), it does matter in the case of the plates. Why could not the plates and plate descriptions have been printed on one side only of the paper (as in the original)? The text on the reverse and figures of the succeeding plate visible through each plate form a disturbing background. The extra few pages would have added little to the cost, but greatly improved the result. I also have reservations about the quality of reproduction of the plates. They all have a light grey background which means that some originally light figures have almost totally disappeared in the reproduction. This greyness has darkened all the tones, so that dark greys become almost black and detail is sometimes hard to discern. Readers are also referred to Cox and Arkell (1948–1950). Not only does this work list all the figures in the original monograph and update the nomenclature, but it cites details of the specimen numbers, repository and locality details lacking in the original description. It also corrects the original stratigraphical assignments. In sum, although the reprinting of these early volumes is to be welcomed, I hope the quality issues, alluded to above, can be addressed.

Motyw pieczeniarza w klasycznej literaturze arabskiej

Tufayli was a sponger, an uninvited guest who used to break into private parties, usually weddings, and eat the food which was intended for those who were invited. He is also a hero of the anecdotes of adab literature and this character creates the popular motif in adab works. Al-Jahiz was the first adib who wrote Kitab at-tufayliyyin , the work exclusively devoted to tufaylis , but it has not survived. Up to XI century the anecdotes about tufaylis had been included into many adab anthologies and encyclopedias. In XI century Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi composed his Kitab at-tatfil wa-hikayat at-tufayliyyin wa-akhbaruhum wa-nawadir kalamihim wa-ash’aruhum , the only survived original monograph on uninvited guests. From that time the work had been the main source of stories of tufaylis . Four centuries later Al-Aqfahsi used all the material from Al-Baghdadi’s book and incorporated the anecdotes into his Al-Qawl an-nabil bi-dhikr at-tatfil . But even earlier Ibn al-Jawzi included material from Kitab at-tatfil in chapter on tufaylis – “Fatana al-mutataffalin” – in his Kitab al-adhkiya . The paper shows Ibn al-Jawzi’s method of incorporating the anecdotes in the chapter, analyzes its structure and role in the whole work. It also underlines the influences of al-Baghdadi’s work on Kitab al-adhiya .

Hyperkalemia

54-year-old man with childhood-onset type I diabetes mellitus who had preserved renal function but blindness secondary to his diabetes mellitus presented with a 5-day his-tory of malaise and diarrhea.On admission, he was dehydrated, hypotensive, and hypo-thermic (96.1oF/35.6oC). Initial laboratory values showed a potassium level of 9.2 (N, 3.6–5.0) mmol/L, and a sodium level of 122 (N, 137–145) mmol/L. The potassium level was confirmed on arterial samples.The initial ECG showed a regular idioventricular rhythm with bizarre, broad QRS complexes, and a frequency of 32 beats per minute (Figure A). Over a 5-hour period, on correc-tion of the hyperkalemia, he converted to sinus rhythm (Figure B and C) initially with a first-degree atrioventricular block (Figure B). Furthermore, the characteristic peaking of the T waves related to the hyperkalemia normalized (Figure C).On follow-up, an increased level of adrenocorticotropic hormone, the absence of response to synthetic adrenocorti-cotropic hormone, and strongly positive adrenal antibodies revealed that the patient had developed autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease).Thomas Addison recognized the potential effects of adrenal insufficiency on the heart, and he described one of the marked features of the condition as “a remarkable feebleness of the hearts action” in his original monograph from 1855.

The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492-1700

Although it is still a comparatively new branch of history, food history has joined the canon of scholarly endeavors. Likewise more and more historians have started to study the body. Rebecca Earle joins these two currents together in a superb and highly original monograph. While many scholars have examined the things people ate or how they thought about their bodies, Earle’s monograph explores how people thought about the connection between their bodies and the food they consumed. Perhaps because of its topic, the book covers a wide swath of territory and a long period of time. Earle does not restrict herself to one colony but rather conceives of her focus as “the Indies” and takes in both the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.Earle’s book centers on a rethinking of the ways that humoral theory influenced how the Spanish dealt with the new experiences that were part of their colonial ventures. She takes humoral theory out of the history of medicine and shows its relevance for other areas of investigation. When confronted with people who were different from themselves, the Spanish used humoral theory to explain these dissimilarities. They argued that the appearance of Amerindians was due to the fact that they ate mostly root vegetables and fish, “cold” foods, as opposed to wine and wheaten bread. Even though they were not framed as such, these arguments were essentially early conceptualizations of racial difference. The Spanish men who were on the front lines of colonization wanted to understand why these people they encountered, although they shared with the Spanish common ancestors in Adam and Noah (an accepted truth derived from religious teachings), looked so different. The explanation derived from humoral theory — that their physical difference was related to diet and climate — was actually quite disturbing for these settlers. They asked themselves whether they too would come to look like the Arawaks, for example, if they ate manioc and lived in the Caribbean. Historians have assumed that colonizers insisted on eating foods familiar to them even though very often this diet was hard to replicate in the colonial climates because these fares were not only customary but also conferred a certain amount of prestige to the consumer. What Earle’s book opens up is the notion that European insistence on a familiar diet also had other rationales. The Spaniards that she documents were terrified that consuming indigenous foods would make them into something other than Europeans. They asked themselves: Would their skin color change? Would the men lose their wonderful beards? Would the nature of their character alter?The components of the Spanish diet also had important religious connotations. Obviously, wheat and grapes were central ingredients in bread and wine, which were also vital parts of the sacrament of Communion. In addition, priests consecrated olive oil for sacraments such as baptism. Planting the seeds for these products was not only a matter of consumption and survival but also a cultural and religious undertaking. In fact, sowing wheat was often referred to in the literature as an allegory for the process of catechizing. Clearly, as has been amply documented elsewhere, the Spanish colonists wanted to remake the natives in their image in terms of not only diet but also work, gender, sexuality, and religion. But Earle adds to this conversation the idea that this attitude was not necessarily a type of chauvinistic automatic response to difference but was part of the religious mission. These attempts to reform and modify native ways were rooted in a mindset that was much more complicated than previously understood.Earle ends her study with a discussion of the ways in which humoral theory and all these notions of diet and identity contributed to the early modern conceptualization of race. This last chapter connects the book to larger themes, ones that are fundamental to understanding the social hierarchies inherent in the colonial world. Earle steps out of her period of study to connect her insights to the caste paintings of eighteenth-century Mexico, which attempted to explain in visual form how racial identities changed and transmuted with the various combinations of parents and children. As she moves away from the core of her subject matter in the chapter on race, her argument seems adrift and certainly not as cogent as in the rest of the book.This book is a highly original study that uses a new and very fruitful methodological approach. Earle’s research is superb and far-ranging. This is certainly a study that specialists of the colonial world, food history, and race should read. It is, however, a book aimed mostly at specialists, and it has an unfortunate stiltedness in its writing. Nevertheless, Earle’s book is an important study and a great contribution to colonial history.

Cinema of Takeshi Kitano: Flowering blood

The Cinema of Takeshi Kitano: Flowering Blood is a detailed aesthetic, Deleuzian, and phenomenological exploration of Japan’s finest currently-working film director, performer, and celebrity. The volume uniquely explores Kitano’s oeuvre through the tropes of stillness and movement, becoming animal, melancholy and loss, intensity, schizophrenia, and radical alterity; and through the aesthetic temperatures of color, light, camera movement, performance and urban and oceanic space. In this highly original monograph, all of Kitano’s films are given due consideration, including A Scene at the Sea (1991), Sonatine (1993), Dolls (2002), and Outrage (2010).

Confronting Vulnerability: The Body and the Divine in Rabbinic Ethics (review)

Reviewed by: Confronting Vulnerability: The Body and the Divine in Rabbinic Ethics Michael L. Satlow Confronting Vulnerability: The Body and the Divine in Rabbinic Ethics, by Jonathan Wyn Schofer. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010. 218 pp. $40.00. Confronting Vulnerability is an important and original monograph. Like Schofer's first book, The Making of a Sage: A Study in Rabbinic Ethics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005), this book deals with ancient rabbinic "virtue ethics," to use a modern term. Unlike the earlier book, however, this one focuses exclusively on rabbinic discussions of "vulnerability," usually physical (e.g., sickness and old age) but also more widely construed to include environmental dangers (e.g., drought). Schofer essentially sets out to address three issues in this book: How do the ancient rabbis (ca. 70-1000 CE) understand human frailty and vulnerability? How do these rabbis rhetorically deploy these discussions in their larger project of character formation? And how can these ancient texts contribute to the modern study of virtue ethics? The book has five substantive chapters: Aging and Death; Elimination; Early Death; Drought; and Life Cycles. The titles of three of the chapters are self-explanatory. "Elimination" deals with bodily excretion (a notable difference, according to the rabbis, between humans and angels) and "Life Cycles" with how the rabbis categorize the stages of life. The structure of each of these chapters is similar. After briefly contextualizing the problem, Schofer cites and analyzes a few relevant rabbinic texts. These rabbinic texts date from Late Antiquity through the early Middle Ages (with some being impossible to date with much precision), and Schofer is properly careful to claim that these texts are not necessarily exemplary of some general view of the rabbis. Schofer's book is notably original in two respects. First is the subject matter itself. It is the only study known to me that makes vulnerability in these texts visible; after reading Confronting Vulnerability I will never read these ancient texts and those like them in the same way. Schofer's application to these texts of questions drawn from the field of modern ethics succeeds in making fresh insights. Schofer's second original contribution is his approach. The study of "rabbinic ethics" is notoriously difficult; he has a very good discussion of these problems in his introduction. How might one apply a category that is largely foreign to the rabbis—ethics—to this set of ancient texts? The additional challenge for scholars is to avoid claiming grand theories of what the rabbis "think" from short, isolated rabbinic statements. Schofer is well aware of both problems and avoids them by focusing on local analyses of individual texts that cumulatively build into a larger argument. While that larger argument sometimes gets buried under the extensive text analyses (which at times does not contribute directly to the argument), [End Page 170] it is relatively straightforward: In these texts the rabbis directly confronted vulnerability and human frailty rather than making it invisible. One of the primary ways that they did this was by using images of vulnerability pedagogically to instill moral values. Explicit and graphic depictions of old age and decrepitude, for example, help the rabbinic sage to focus on proper conduct and ultimate goals. It is this approach to vulnerability (rather than the particular moral values themselves) that can contribute to modern ethical study. The rabbis in these passages "push their audience to confront weakness, and they appeal to authoritative figures of rabbinic culture . . . to uphold distinct actions and character states. Their goal is to form individuals and communities that can act effectively in a dangerous world" (p. 3). The most successful chapter is the first, on "Aging and Death." Here Schofer discusses a series of texts that instruct students to always stay aware of their own human vulnerability. "The pedagogical aim of the material is to juxtapose corporeal vulnerability with the powers of divine action in order to inspire behavior in accord with rabbinic ideals" (p. 43). As in his first book, Schofer here successfully emphasizes the ways in which rabbinic texts are rhetorically shaped in order to further the character formation of their audiences. The emphasis here and throughout the book...

THE THEORY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY AT AGE 40

Review of: Losos, J. B. and R. E. Ricklefs (eds.). 2010. Theory of Island Revisited. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. 476 Pages. ISBN: 978-1-4008-3192-0. $99.50 hb; $49.50 pb. Despite representing only about 3% or the earth s surface, islands have had an inordinately important impact on ecological and evolutionary thinking, beginning with the insights of Darwin and Wallace. Islands and their biotas have long fascinated biologists because of their discrete boundaries and isolation, their limited and disharmonie species richness (compared with mainland biotas), and their spectacular examples of adaptive radiation. Sewall Wright (1940) used islands as metaphors in the early days of population genetics, and island-based books written by Carlquist, Lack, and Mayr strongly influenced ecological and evolutionary in the mid-20th century. But, the seminal event that seemingly revolutionized our about evolution on and the biogeography of islands was the 1967 publication of The Theory of Island Biogeography (TTIB) by Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson, who were both in their late 30s at the time. This 200-page monograph became an instant classic and has inspired several generations of ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and conservation biologists to add thinking to their conceptual toolkits and research and management programs. current volume is based on a 40-year retrospective on the impact of TTIB on ecology and evolution. Authors of the book's 16 chapters span several academic generations and include one of the original authors, Ed Wilson; first-generation intellectual offspring of MacArthur and Wilson (Holt, Hubbell, Ricklefs, Schoener, Simberloff, Terborgh); other older island aficionados (the Grants, Whittaker); as well as younger island researchers (Clegg, Gillespie, Hanski, Lomolino, Losos, Velland). Although TTIB had a strong impact on conservation in the 1970s and 1980s, chapters with an explicit emphasis on conservation are missing from this book (conservation has no entry in the index), whose primary focus, as in the original monograph, is on ecology and evolution. This is unfortunate because some of the world's most pressing current conservation concerns come from islands where many plants and animals have suffered accelerated extinction rates via the hand of man.

An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and Other Writings , and: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (review)

Reviewed by: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and Other Writings, and: An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding David Fate Norton, Macdonald Professor of Moral Philosophy EmeritusAdjunct Professor of Philosophy David Hume . An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding and Other Writings. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy, ed. Stephen Buckle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xlii + 232. ISBN 0-521-84340-9, cloth, $55. ISBN 0-521-60403-1, Paper, $23.99. ISBN, Adobe eBook, 0-511-27122-9, $19.00. David Hume . An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Oxford World's Classics, ed. Peter Millican. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. lxv + 238. ISBN 0-199-21158-2. Reissued 2008. ISBN 0-199-54990-7. Paper, $16.95. Of these two new editions of Hume's An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding [Enquiry or EHU], Stephen Buckle's was published in early 2007, Peter Millican's a few months later. Buckle follows the usual prelims (Acknowledgments, Contents), with a 12,500-word "Introduction"; a "Chronology" (1711–1779) of Hume's life and publications; a helpful presentation of "Further reading"; and a "Note on the text." Then, following a lightly annotated text of the Enquiry (with Hume's endnotes converted to footnotes), he adds these other items from the Hume corpus: A Letter from a Gentleman; three essays, "The Sceptic," "Of Suicide," and "Of the Immortality of the Soul"; eight "Selections from Hume's letters"; and My Own Life. A nine-page index of names and topics completes the volume. Those familiar with Buckle's highly original monograph, Hume's Enlightenment Tract: The Unity and Purpose of An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding [HET] (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) will find little to surprise them in his Introduction to the Enquiry. After brief accounts of Hume's early life and the lack of success of what is characterized as his "decidedly Sceptical" Treatise, a work that describes humans as guided in thought and action by custom and habit rather than by reason, and of his failure in 1745 to win appointment as Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (ix–xvi), Buckle turns to the Enquiry. Unlike the Treatise, which he describes as presenting "itself as contributing to a new spirit of philosophy already abroad among English philosophers," the Enquiry, he argues, "presents itself as a defence of serious thinking against shallowness, obscurity and superstition." It is with this aim in mind that the Enquiry is said to begin with a defence of serious philosophy joined to an attack on the shallowness of the Christian Stoicism of Shaftesbury and Hutcheson and a further attack on "superstition," Hume's code word, in his 1741 essay, "Of Superstition and Enthusiasm" [E-SE], for Roman Catholicism. This attack on superstition and Hume's focus on Catholic miracles in EHU 10 (from his opening attack on the recurring miracle of the real presence in the Eucharist to his objections to the well-attested miracles at the tomb of the Abbé Paris), coupled with the inclusion of "school metaphysics" [End Page 293] among the books said to be deserving of the flames at the close of EHU 12, lead Buckle to suggest that the "official target" of the Enquiry is Catholicism. But while Catholicism may have been the official target of the work, Buckle goes on to say that the anti-Catholicism of the Enquiry was only "a defensive smokescreen," some modest misdirection that Hume could hope would, in the late 1740s, play positively in a Britain at war with Catholic France and Spain and still recovering from the panic produced by the 'Forty-Five' (a pro-Stuart attack on Hanoverian Britain). The Enquiry, Buckle concludes, has as its primary purpose a critique of religion in general (xvi–xx). (Buckle does not mention that in his Natural History of Religion [NHR] Hume routinely treats a wide variety of religions as "superstition." NHR was first published in 1757, nine years after the first edition of EHU, but beginning with the 1758 edition of Hume's collected works, Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects [ETSS], was published coincidentally with EHU and E-SE.) Buckle next argues that the account of the relation of the Enquiry to the Treatise...

Editors’ Message: the Hydrogeologist Time Capsule — archival video recordings of influential hydrogeologists

If we look back through history, we can all recall scientists and engineers who have made a material difference to the society in which we live. Hydrogeology is no exception. From Henry Darcy to Charles Vernon Theis, from William Smith to Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, from Jacob Bear to Jozsef Toth, the many achievements of our hydrogeologic ancestors form the very basis for the work we do today as groundwater scientists, engineers, and professionals. But how well do we really know these people and their achievements? It is probably true that we usually know the technical details of the work of these individuals. However, rarely have we gained insights into them as people—to better understand their personal motivations, aspirations, and living philosophies. It is interesting to ponder, even momentarily, upon questions like: What were they like as people? What motivated them? What lead them to make their discoveries? What thoughts did they have about the state of science in their time? What visions did they have for the future of hydrogeology? Science is after all more than just a collection of theories, equations, experiments and journal papers, it is also vitally about people—the scientist who makes a discovery, the hydrogeologist who has a vision or an idea, the inspirational leader who makes a tangible difference to a community, the student who works with a professor in a vibrant research team where science and discovery are infectious. How do we get answers to these often non-technical and perhaps seemingly personal questions? Sometimes, if we are lucky enough, we might find an occasional answer in an original monograph or paper. However, this is usually very unlikely because journal papers and archival records are most often technical documents that do not reveal answers to these fundamental questions. In some cases, we may be able to find either biographical, or even better, autobiographical information—but there are few of these that are widely available. One compelling example can be used to illustrate why searching for our historical roots and getting to know the scientists behind hydrogeologic science is important. Every hydrogeologist, geoscientist and engineer knows Darcy’s Law. For many of us, Darcy’s Law brings to mind his frequently used equation, a column filled with sand, a bundle of manometer tubes, and some flow-rate calculations in aquifers. Discovered in 1856, Darcy’s Law is now hydrogeologic mantra. However, until very recently, we did not know very much about Darcy’s life and the process of his discovery. One often wondered: Did he stumble onto his law? Did he know he had discovered something deeply profound about nature? Did he die not knowing? We did not even know what he looked like, or why his name was spelt Henry Darcy and not Henri d’Arcy. Recently, we have begun to exhibit curiosity about Darcy’s life and science (Freeze 1994; Sharp and Simmons 2005; Simmons 2007). These and other accounts reveal that Darcy was a selfless citizen who was deeply inspired to make a change in this world by building the impressive water distribution system for his native town of Dijon in France. His work transformed a city rid with filth and squalor to one whose water supply was second best only to Rome in Europe by 1840. He waived all fees, which would have amounted to near US $1.5M in today’s currency. Darcy’s life and science has been brought to life through the discovery of old portraits, letters and archival records. Critically, we also learn of the important details of the process of his scientific discovery. We now know with certainty that Darcy suspected his law before he did his now famous column experiments in the unnamed hospital courtyard in Dijon in 1856 (Simmons 2007). He knew his discovery was significant, but he was not surprised by it. Imagine if we could have asked Darcy about his life as an engineer, why research was important to him, and how it was that he came to make a number of major scientific and engineering contributions (outlined in Simmons 2007). Imagine if we could have asked Darcy about the day he plotted his experimental data from his column experiments to find that his experimental data fell Received: 19 November 2007 /Accepted: 22 November 2007 Published online: 19 January 2008

The Hotel As Setting in Early Twentieth-Century German and Austrian Literature: Checking in to Tell a Story

Reviewed by: The Hotel As Setting in Early Twentieth-Century German and Austrian Literature: Checking in to Tell a Story Felix Tweraser The Hotel As Setting in Early Twentieth-Century German and Austrian Literature: Checking in to Tell a Story. By Bettina Matthias. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2006. x + 226 pages. $75.00. This entertaining and original monograph is part creative non-fiction and part engaging scholarship. Matthias frames her investigation of the hotel as setting in early twentieth-century [End Page 582] prose with a virtual tour of a typical grand hotel of the time, complete with cast of characters and settings, as well as a brief history of the hotel's rise as a function of the increased buying power of the middle class, before constructing a cogent theoretical apparatus to anchor the insightful readings of selected texts in which the hotel functions as setting: Georg Simmel on money, Thorstein Veblen on conspicuous consumption and the leisure class, and Siegfried Kracauer on the function of the hotel lobby in modernity. Matthias justifies such an interdisciplinary approach by arguing that the hotel—as a micro-community within a larger whole—both suspends and reinscribes social distinctions based on class, gender, and status: "In order to understand the appeal that the hotel as a setting may have had for authors around 1900 and afterwards, we need to examine its role in the social life of the time, the trends that contributed to its status as an important social meeting place, and specific combination of time, space, and money in hotels, factors that determine the character of inhabited space in general" (2). After this introductory tour, Matthias gets down to the interpretation of key hotel texts, including Arthur Schnitzler's "Fräulein Else," Franz Werfel's "Die Hoteltreppe," Stefan Zweig's "Untergang eines Herzens," Franz Kafka's Der Verschollene, Joseph Roth's Hotel Savoy, and Thomas Mann's Felix Krull, before devoting one entire chapter to Vicki Baum's Menschen im Hotel. Such a diverse array of writers was drawn to hotels because "they are perfect experimental settings. They offer ample material for those who wish to study the dynamics between the individual and society or a chosen sub-group thereof and the subject's struggle to find the right balance between feelings of estrangement and liberation. As isolated places away from the familiar context of everyday life, hotels represent social laboratories for writers to test the stability of traditional value systems, and they use the spatial limits of their setting to zoom in on a potential struggle that would be harder to detect or isolate in a less formal setting" (5). As a laboratory for narrative experimentation and investigation of social and cultural roles, the hotel was in this way ideal. Matthias thoughtfully groups the texts she analyzes according to markers of gender and class, identifying in her chapter "Women in Hotels" the possibilities of liberation from patriarchal structures that open up for her gallery of female protagonists, possibilities that prove illusory and form the substance of the texts' social criticism. In the chapter "Men in Hotels" Matthias argues that for the male protagonists in the texts under discussion, the hotel represents a complex system of signs and codes that is then mastered in a way that is unavailable to the female protagonists—here one thinks of Felix Krull and Karl Rossmann. The final chapter is a more lengthy exegesis of Vicki Baum's Menschen im Hotel, which Matthias correctly places in the context of Neue Sachlichkeit and the movement's attendant concerns with the individual's engagement with modernity: "the hotel as a stage on which the human drama unfolds, as a symbol that mirrors man's existential predicament, but also as the realm where the mediated and often enforced artificial nature of human relations in modernism is obvious" (191). The volume's bibliographic apparatus is exemplary: the endnotes are invariably informative and fun reading in their own right—the author has a winning and humorous style here and generally, but not at the expense of scholarly rigor—and the bibliography puts together a wide variety of sources in an easy-to-use format. As one has come to...

The primacy of the subjective: foundations for a unified theory of mind and language

In this highly original monograph, Nicholas Georgalis proposes that the concept of minimal content is fundamental both to the philosophy of mind and to the philosophy of language. He argues that to understand mind and language requires minimal content -- a narrow, first-person, non-phenomenal concept that represents the subject of an agent's intentional state as the agent conceives it. Orthodox third-person objective methodology must be supplemented with first-person subjective methodology. Georgalis demonstrates limitations of a strictly third-person methodology in the study of mind and language and argues that these deficiencies can be corrected only by the incorporation of a first-person methodology. Nevertheless, this expanded methodology makes possible an objective understanding of the subjective. Georgalis argues against the conflation of consciousness and subjectivity with phenomenal experience. Consequently, and contrary to common belief, he argues that consciousness without phenomenality is as strongly implicated in intentionality as it is in phenomenal states. He proposes a broader understanding of the hard problem of consciousness, arguing that there is an explanatory gap problem for both phenomenal and intentional states. His theory provides a framework that renders the vexing relations between mental and brain states comprehensible. Georgalis also argues for novel explanations of the phenomenal and of representation -- explanations that follow from the core concept of minimal content. Treating the topics of meaning and reference, he introduces a first-person concept of intended reference derivative from minimal content that resolves various problems in the philosophy of language. Eschewing ontology, Georgalis proposes his theory as a means to make sense of, analyze, and relate issues in the philosophies of mind and language. The concept of minimal content, he argues, plays a necessary, pivotal, unifying, and foundational role in advancing our understanding of these issues.

An original Monograph by the Lithuanian Scientist Published Abroad

An original Monograph by the Lithuanian Scientist Published Abroad

The rational imagination: how people create alternatives to reality

The human imagination remains one of the last uncharted terrains of the mind. This accessible and original monograph explores a central aspect of the imagination, the creation of counterfactual alternatives to reality, and claims that imaginative thoughts are guided by the same principles that underlie rational thoughts. Research has shown that rational thought is more imaginative than cognitive scientists had supposed; in The Rational Imagination, Ruth Byrne argues that imaginative thought is more rational than scientists have imagined. People often create alternatives to reality and imagine how events might have turned out if only something had been different. Byrne explores the fault lines of reality, the aspects of reality that are more readily changed in imaginative thoughts. She finds that our tendencies to imagine alternatives to actions, controllable events, socially unacceptable actions, causal and enabling relations, and events that come last in a temporal sequence provide clues to the cognitive processes upon which the counterfactual imagination depends. The explanation of these processes, Byrne argues, rests on the idea that imaginative thought and rational thought have much in common.

Policy Advice as Crisis: A Political Redefinition of Crisis Management

The ability of governments to discern and solve different types of crisis situations is a topic of long-standing academic interest (see, for example, Pal 1985; Pollit et al. 1990; Dimock 1991; Micklethwait and Wooldridge 1996; Roe 2001). In particular, we have the protracted debates surrounding Graham Allison's (1971) analysis of the Cuban Missile crisis (see also Allison and Zelikow 1999). In conceptual terms, Allison's (1971) original monograph provided theoreticians not only with general typological categories (Models I, II, and III) but also with connections between what had been up until that time disparate ideas. In this contribution to the forum, Allison's schema is instructive in three ways. First, it treats the Missile Crisis as a committee process—a topic well-known to management scholars, academics, and practitioners alike. Second, it provides an excellent starting point for students of comparative government to explore how cabinet governments work—an issue sometimes overlooked or minimized by scholars of Western parliamentary systems (Jarman and Kouzmin 1993). Third, it gives us insights regarding how the various players involved in cabinets and committees interact in crisis situations. The intention here is not to intrude presumptively into the intriguing and long-standing Cuban Missile Crisis debate. The objective is much less ambitious but perhaps more relevant: to study “crisis management” as a multifaceted topic in which crises are acknowledged as critical to a system's survival as well as in which crises are contrived so as to gain strategic or tactical advantage, or both (Korac-Kakabadse, Kouzmin, and Kakabadse 2002). Moreover, we are more interested here in exploring policy advice as political process than with administrative output or social outcomes, and we are more concerned with model building (as contingency theory) than with historic irony, paradox, nuance, or policymaking success at the top echelons of cabinet governments. Of interest …

Dynamics of contained liquids: A personal odyssey

Dynamics of contained liquids: A personal odyssey

Forgotten Fires: Native Americans and the Transient Wilderness

Omer C. Stewart, (edited and with introductions by Henry T. Lewis and M. Kat Anderson), Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002, xi + 364 pages (cloth).Reviewer: Marc PinkoskiUniversity of VictoriaForgotten Fires: Native Americans and the Transient Wilderness, Omer Stewart's posthumously published opus on Indian burning practices, is a curious and fascinating book. Given the rise of uncontrollable brush fires throughout the world, the book contains a breadth of study on a timely topic that is unparalleled in either anthropology or environmental studies. The quite remarkable facts of the book, however, are that the bulk of it was written almost five decades ago, and that Stewart's demonstration of the humanity of Native Americans, through the technology and knowledge of burning practices, is a prescient depiction of Indian agency that many more recent accounts still do not recognize.The book is divided into four sections. The first is a co-authored introduction written jointly by the editors, Henry Lewis and M. Kat Anderson. This introduction details the history of the book, and why it was originally rejected for publication. It also outlines a cogent argument for the continued relevancy of the material, dated though it may be, by presenting the text as a historic document. The primary function of the introduction is to situate the book within the anthropological and ecological literature as a forerunner to challenges of the perception that Native Americans were benign agents in their landscape, and emphasise that they were, and continue to be, makers of and participants in the environment. The editors offer as a final contribution of the book the necessity for management officials to reconsider the role of burning practices in the recent and long-term history of the North American landscape. They argue that Native American agency in controlling, caring for, and managing lands through various forms of traditional ecological knowledge has a deeply rooted history in the ecology of the continent.The next two sections round out the editors' introduction to the text by offering a critique of the original monograph and situating it in a contemporary context of both anthropology and ecology. Lewis, writing the anthropological critique, points out that burning practices did not fall under the normal anthropological ethno-science examinations. He surmises the reason for this omission is due to the perception of hunter-gatherers as having little or no effect on their environments. Lewis also alludes to the fact that Stewart's difficulties in publishing the text may have come from his theoretical and political orientation, one which led him into direct conflict with Julian Steward as an expert witness in Indian land claim cases. Although this is a contentious statement, Lewis does offer reasoned support for it, and there is no doubt that Stewart's description of Native American's relationship to the environment attributed a greater agency than the theory of either Leslie White or Julian Steward--both of whom Lewis points to as representative of the dominant trend in anthropological theory in the 1950s and 60s in studies of ecology. Lewis asserts that Stewart's theoretical orientation, and the conclusions that he drew from it, were out of step with many of his contemporaries. For this reason alone, and given Stewart's success at the Indian Claims Commission hearings at the expense of Julian Steward and his cohort, his work is worthy of greater examination.Anderson's ecological critique puts forward an argument similar to Lewis'. Anderson insists that most ecologists base their formulations on premises that counter to the idea that Indians shaped the ecology of certain plant communities with fire (p. …

Avoiding Nash Inflation: Bayesian and Robust Responses to Model
 Uncertainty

In his 1999 monograph The Conquest of American Inflation Tom Sargent describes how a policymaker, who applies a constant-gain algorithm in estimating the Phillips curve, can fall into the grip of an induction problem: concluding on the basis of reduced-form evidence that the trade-off between inflation and output is more favorable than it actually is. This results in oscillations between periods of disinflation and reflation. The problem arises because the policymaker is naive about possible misspecification, her role in creating that misspecification, and its role in policy design. In particular, while her use of a constant-gain algorithm admits the possibility that her model may be misspecified, she does not take this into consideration when designing policy. In this paper, we relax this assumption. We derive five policy rules which treat possible misspecification in three different ways. First, the linear-quadratic Gaussian (LQG) rule exhibits the familiar pattern of escape dynamics described by Sargent. We show a rule that takes uncertainty seriously, but in a Bayesian fashion, does no better. Finally, we consider three rules that are robust in the sense of Knight. The robust rules do a worse job than the LQG approach, and sometimes a lot worse. This is so even though the induction problem faced by the policymaker provides a prima facie case for being robust. We conclude that there appears to be no obvious tool that can be applied mechanically to alleviate the induction problem. A corollary of this finding is that Sargent's story for the inflation of the 1970s is robust to relaxing a key assumption in the original monograph.

TEXTUAL CERTAINTY IN THE UNITED BIBLE SOCIETIES' GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

' This essay builds upon and further extends the work found in K.D. Clarke, Textual Optimism: An Analysis of the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament and Its Evaluation of Evidence Letter-Ratings (JSNTSup; Sheffield: Academic Press, 1997); and K.D. Clarke and K. Bales, Construction of Biblical Certainty: Textual Optimism and the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, in D.G.K. Taylor (ed.), Studies in the Early Text of the Gospels and Acts (Birmingham: The University of Birmingham Press, 1999) 86-93. For reviews of the original monograph, see P. Ellingworth in NovT 40 (1998) 382-4; J.N. Rhodes in CBQO60 (1998) 759-60; J.K. Elliott in ExpTim 108 (1997) 341-2; and idem in fTS 49 (1998) 293-7. 2 With regard to my own criticisms, it was greatly encouraging to discuss my prepublished work with Dr. Eugene A. Nida, who not only acted as the impetus for the formation of the United Bible Societies, but has also been intimately involved with work on the Greek New Testament (hereafter referred to in its various editions as the UBSGNT', UBSGNJT2, UBSGNT3, UBSGVTcor , and the UBSG.NT4 except when reference is being made to all editions in general where UBSGNT will be used). In conversation with Dr. Nida (18 September, 1995), and in later correspondence (26 January, 1996), he affirmed the primary tenets of my work concluding that, are many things that have occurred to justify this kind of re-evaluation. In the first place, the team in Munster has done a remarkable job in evaluating not just the evidence from critical texts but also from the manuscripts. They have computerized most of the relevant data and are in a position to judge both qualitatively and quantitatively. Furthermore, their study of the Byzantine tradition has shown that there are significant differences within the Byzantine tradition, and this leads therefore to greater confidence in the major early codices. There is probably negative evidence for this shift, because those who have been working with the material published by the UBS have on the whole been quite satisfied with the results. And the text prepared primarily for translators, as well as the so-called Nestle-Aland text (27th edition), have been generally accepted as the more satisfactory texts for textual scholarship of the New Testament.

Diagnostic cytology of the uterine cervix: a major contribution and classic reference in gynecologic cytopathology.

Diagnostic cytology of the uterine cervix: a major contribution and classic reference in gynecologic cytopathology.

Using repertory grids in management

It is now 15 years since the Journal of European Industrial Training published its first monograph on repertory grid technique (Volume 4 Number 2, 1980). Since that time many changes have occurred in both the use and the application of grids. Aims to bring the reader up to date with developments which have taken place in the application and analysis of repertory grid technique. Unlike the initial monograph, places greater emphasis on practicalities of completing a grid and the different types of analysis possible than on the applications of the grid. After encouragement from Roger Bennett, among others, this revised and expanded monograph capitalizes on the collaboration of the original author, Mark Easterby‐Smith, with Richard Thorpe and David Holman. Their combined experience of the theory and use of repertory grid technique updates the original monograph.