The article presents an analysis of the history of the theology of the sacrament of Anointing, an interpretation of its mystagogy using the theory of liturgical evolution liturgie comparée, according to A. Baumstark. We conduct research using the adaptation of the modern method of comparative liturgy, liturgie comparée A. Baumstark. The original theological meaning and purpose of Anointing is reinterpreted - the return of the sick to the sacramental liturgical life of the Church, which is a condition for their holistic recovery. A similar theological understanding formed the basis of the entire further development of the lex orandi of the sacrament of Anointing. The initial simple forms became enriched by monastic and cathedral influences in connection with the daily liturgical life of the Church. With the beginning of the era of book printing and the Renaissance (XV-XVI centuries), the so-called synthetic ranks of the modern model appeared. The liturgy will continue to undergo changes, as evidenced by the spread of the abbreviated rite and the fashion for the general Assembly. In the article, we classified and researched the complex liturgical and theological background of the sacrament of St. Elias in a new way.