Original Items Research Articles

Content validation of the HeartRunner questionnaire to volunteer responders dispatched to out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: A qualitative study

AimTo increase survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in Denmark, volunteer responders are activated through a smartphone application (HeartRunner app) to quickly locate an automated external defibrillator (AED) and assist with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). All dispatched volunteer responders who have been activated by the app receive a follow-up questionnaire to evaluate their participation in the programme. The content of the questionnaire has never been thoroughly evaluated. We therefore aimed to validate the content of the questionnaire. MethodsContent validity was evaluated qualitatively. It was based on individual interviews with three experts, along with three focus group interviews and five individual interviews using cognitive interview technique, with a total of 19 volunteer responders. The interviews were also used to inform refinements of the questionnaire to reach improvements in content validity. ResultsThe initial questionnaire consisted of 23 items. After the content validation process, the questionnaire consisted of 32 items; with the addition of 9 new items. Specifically, some original items were merged into one item or divided into separate items. Moreover, we revised the order of items, some sentences were rephrased or reworded, an introduction and headlines to different sections were added, and skip logic were incorporated to hide non-relevant items. ConclusionOur findings support the importance of validating questionnaires to ensure accuracy of survey instruments. Validation led to modifications of the questionnaire, and we propose a new version of the HeartRunner questionnaire. Our findings support the content validity of the final HeartRunner questionnaire. The questionnaire may allow the collection of quality data to evaluate and improve volunteer responder programmes.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of "PROMIS GI - Disrupted Swallowing" Scale for the Portuguese Language.

Dysphagia is a prevalent condition (20%), and occurs more frequently in women and in older people. It negatively impacts innumerous aspects of patient's personal and professional lives. Patient-reported outcomes allow patients to directly quantify their experience regarding dysphagia and evaluate its true impact on quality of life. Among the scales available, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Gastrointestinal (PROMIS GI) Disrupted Swallowing stands out because it is a robust instrument that can be applied regardless of the type and etiology of dysphagia. The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate PROMIS GI Disrupted Swallowing scale for the Portuguese-speaking population. Firstly, the seven items of the scale were translated and transculturally reviewed following the systematic method proposed by the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT). Afterwards, the pre-test version of the questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample (n = 6) for semantic evaluation, with the aim of detection and subsequent correction of possible problems in the translation. The final translated and certified version of the scale was administered to 200 voluntary adult participants (n = 123 healthy; n = 77 dysphagia) in Portugal, for evaluation of reliability and validity. The Portuguese version of PROMIS GI Disrupted Swallowing presented acceptable internal consistency (coefficient of Cronbach's α of 0.919) and adequate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.941). The translated version of the scale revealed a strong correlation with both Eckardt score (p < 0.001; ρ = 0.782) and the quality-of-life questionnaire EuroQol-5D (p < 0.001; ρ = -0.551), demonstrating evidence of convergent validity. The Portuguese version of PROMIS GI Disrupted Swallowing scale presented conceptual, semantic, cultural and measurement equivalence relatively to the original items. The results attained demonstrated that the translation of this scale to Portuguese is reliable and valid for use both in clinical practice and for research purposes.

Information Entropy as a Quality Control Tool in Survey Research

This manuscript assesses whether information entropy can be used to test for flaws within survey research. Under the study’s null hypothesis, a set of well-designed survey items should not exhibit systematic differences in the quantity of information – as measured by information entropy - provided by specific groups of respondents. The study was conducted within the context of a major amateur sporting event in 2018. Customer satisfaction was assessed using a survey whose core questions have been assessed repeatedly over time, and which contains two previously validated constructs. One construct (the List of Values) is unchanged from its original form. Another construct (the Basic Empathy Scale) contains two original survey items, with six additional survey items added to that construct (using the same response scale). Regression analysis indicates that the well-designed set of survey items exhibit no statistically significant differences in information entropy. The poorly designed survey items exhibit statistically significant differences in information entropy, suggesting that information entropy can be a useful quality control tool in survey design and assessment.

A growing concern for meaning: Exploring the links between ego development and eudaimonia.

Eudaimonia, in contrast to hedonia, is theorized to be a more complex type of positive functioning that involves personal growth and is guided by the pursuit of meaning. However, the existing evidence linking eudaimonia to personality development is rather scarce. To fill this gap, we aimed to explore whether ego development is related to eudaimonic well-being and eudaimonic orientations, most notably, the concern for meaning: we explored both the quantitative differences in the presence of meaning and the search for it, as well as qualitative differences in lay theories of meaning. Russian-speaking volunteers recruited online (N = 364, aged 18 to 85, 63% female) completed measures of ego development (Washington University Sentence Completion Test), meaning in life (Meaning in Life Questionnaire), lay theories of meaning (and original 20-item measure), hedonic and eudaimonic motives for activities (HEMA), and well-being (Mental Health Continuum-Short Form). Ego development emerged as a weak, but significant positive predictor of well-being and this effect was fully mediated by the presence of meaning and eudaimonic motives. Latent profile analysis of the items tapping into lay theories of meaning revealed four distinct individual approaches to meaning that mainly differed in the subjective importance and salience of meaning. Participants with stronger concern for meaning revealed higher scores on ego development, both presence and search for meaning, eudaimonic motives, and well-being. The results add to the evidence concerning the links between ego development and well-being and are in line with the theoretical view of eudaimonia as a process of growth guided by personal concern for meaning. The findings suggest that eudaimonia might be more easily attained by individuals at higher stages of personal development.

The many foibles of Likert scales challenge claims that self-report measures of self-control are better than performance-based measures.

Self-control and executive functioning are often treated as highly related psychological constructs. However, measures of each rarely correlate with one another. This reflects some combination of true separability between the constructs and measurement differences. Traditionally, executive functioning is objectively measured as performance on computer-controlled tasks in the laboratory, whereas self-control is subjectively measured with self-report scales of predispositions and behaviors in everyday life. Self-report measures tend to better predict outcomes that should be affected by individual differences in control. Our two studies show that the original version of Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone's brief self-control scale (consisting of four positive and nine negative items) strongly correlates with self-esteem, mental health, fluid intelligence, but only weakly with satisfaction with life and happiness. Four variants of the original scale were created by reverse-wording the 13 original items and recombining them to form, for example, versions with all positive or all negative items. As the proportion of items with positive valence increased: (1) the outcomes with strong correlations in the original scale weakened and the weak correlations strengthened and (2) the mean overall scores increased. Both studies replicated a common finding that the original scale yields two factors in an exploratory factor analysis. However, the second factor is generated by method differences, namely, having items with both positive and negative valence. The second factor is induced by the common practice of reverse-coding the items with negative valence and the faulty assumption that Likert scales are equal-interval scales with a neutral-point at midscale.

Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale-Version 2: A Stepwise Validation with Three Cross-Sectional Data Collections.

The nursing professional self-efficacy scale (NPSES) is one of the most used self-reporting tools for assessing nursing self-efficacy. Its psychometric structure was described differently in several national contexts. This study aimed to develop and validate version 2 of the NPSES (NPSES2), which is a brief version of the original scale selecting items that contribute to stably detecting attributes of care delivery and professionalism as descriptors of salient aspects of the nursing profession. Three different and subsequent cross-sectional data collections were employed to reduce the number of items to generate the NPSES2 and validate its new emerging dimensionality. The first (June 2019-January 2020) involved 550 nurses and was used to reduce the number of the original scale items by using a Mokken scale analysis (MSA) to ensure the selection of items consistently with the invariant item ordering properties. The subsequent data collection was performed to conduct an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) involving 309 nurses (September 2020-January 2021), and the last data collection (n = 249) was performed to cross-validate with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the most plausible dimensionality derived from the EFA (June 2021-February 2022). The MSA led to the removal of twelve items and retention of seven items (Hs = 0.407, standard error = 0.023), which showed adequate reliability (rho reliability = 0.817). The EFA showed a two-factor solution as the most plausible structure (factors loading ranged from 0.673 to 0.903; explained variance = 38.2%), which was cross-validated by the CFA that showed adequate fit indices: χ2 (13, N = 249) = 44.521, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.946; TLI = 0.912; RMSEA = 0.069 (90% CI = 0.048-0.084); SRMR = 0.041. The factors were labeled as care delivery (four items) and professionalism (three items). NPSES2 is recommended to allow researchers and educators to assess nursing self-efficacy and inform interventions and policies.

Validation of the Korean Version of Student Self-Assessment Practice Scale for College Students

학생 자기평가는 학습으로서의 평가(assessment as learning)를 위한 대표적인 전략으로써 학습자 스스로 학습의 질을 성찰하고 판단하여 자신의 학습을 적절히 수정해 나가는 형성적 평가의 과정으로 정의내릴 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 학생의 자기평가 수행 행동을 측정하기 위해 개발된 SaPS(Self-assessment Practice Scale for Students) (Yan, 2018a)를 한국 대학생을 대상으로 타당화하는 것이다. 이를 위해 대학생 317명의 데이터를 분석에 활용하였고, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 평정척도모형(Andrich, 1978)에 기반한 Rasch 분석과 탐색적 요인분석을 상호보완적으로 적용하여 척도 문항을 구성하였다. 그 결과, 한국판 SaPS는 원척도와 동일하게 4개의 구성요소(모니터링 또는 질문 방법에 의한 외적 피드백 추구, 내적 피드백 추구, 자기성찰)가 탐색되었고, 전체 20개의 문항 중 신뢰도 및 타당도가 낮은 8개의 문항이 제외되어 총 12개 문항으로 구성되었다. 둘째, 학생 자기평가의 구성요소 간 위계성과 독립성을 고려하여 총 4개의 요인모형을 비교한 결과, 4요인 1차 모형이 자료에 가장 부합하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 한국판 SaPS의 외적 타당도 점검을 위해 성취목표, 인지 및 주도적 참여와의 상관관계를 알아본 결과, 자기평가 수행은 숙달 및 수행접근, 학업참여와 정적인 상관을 나타내었다. 마지막으로 한국판 SaPs 척도는 학생 자기평가 수행의 내적 과정에 대한 이해를 확장시키고, 학생들의 자기평가 역량을 높이기 위한 교육적 개입 방안 마련에 활용될 수 있다는 면에서 의의를 갖는다.This study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Student self-assessment Practice Scale (K-SaPS), which is designed to assess the behaviors students engage in during the self-assessment process (Yan, 2018a). Data of a 317 Korean college students sampled from urban districts were analyzed. Factor analysis and Rasch analysis were applied in a complementary way to examine the psychometric properties of the K-SaPS. The results showed that the factor structure of the original scale held in the K-SaPS, and only 12 items of 20 original items were selected by examining their validity and reliability. Also the 4-factor confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) model fitted best compared to other alternative factor models. In addition, the external validity test indicated that students’ mastery or performance achievement goal and academic engagement were positively related to their self-assessment practice. Finally the applicability of K-SaPS as an assessment-as-learning(AAL) strategy and importance of students’ self-assessment practice in the learning context were discussed.

Development of a self-management support practice framework for addressing cancer-related fatigue: a modified Delphi study

PurposeManaging cancer-related fatigue requires individuals to adopt a range of self-management behaviours. However, clinicians report the lack of clear guidance on self-management support practices hinders their provision of supportive care. To develop consensus on a framework of core practices required by health professionals to deliver effective self-management support to cancer patients and survivors experiencing cancer-related fatigue.MethodsA preliminary framework of 47 practice items (14 Key Practices, 33 Practice Components) was derived from a systematic review, and a self-management support capability outline for primary care professionals. This preliminary framework was presented for consensus rating and comment in a two-round modified Delphi study conducted with a panel of health professionals, research academics, and cancer consumers.ResultsFifty-two panel participants comprising consumers (n = 25), health professionals (n = 19), and researchers (n = 16) were included in Round 1 of the modified Delphi study. Feedback from the panel produced consensus on retaining 27 of 47 original practice items without change. Seventeen items (including 12 modified, and 5 newly created practice items) were sent to the panel for rating in Round 2. Thirty-six experts produced consensus on retaining all 17 practice items in Round 2. The final framework comprised 44 items (13 Key Practices, 31 Practice Components).ConclusionsThe practice framework offers an evidence- and consensus-based model of best practice for health professionals providing self-management support for cancer-related fatigue.Implications for Cancer SurvivorsThis framework is the first to focus on quality provision of self-management support in managing cancer-related fatigue, one of the most prevalent symptoms experienced by cancer patients and survivors.

Neutrosophic CRITIC MCDM Methodology for Ranking Factors and Needs of Customers in Product's Target Demographic in Virtual Reality Metaverse

&#x0D; Affective design has come to place a premium on customer-centric creativity, which ultimately results in the creation of a product tailored to the requirements of a certain demographic. Designing a fresh and original item that appeals to clients remains challenging, despite the abundance of literature on customer-centric creativity and impact product design. This is so because optimizing technological and aesthetical design aspects and variables for a group of consumers is highly complicated, and for the same reasons that it is hard to know a customer's choice, enable the product's functioning, etc. One of the most important parts of creating cutting-edge technological items is the technical product requirement. In reality, we can generally glean insights about a product's design by looking at the hidden desires of a comparable set of potential buyers. In this study, we provide a unique combined structure for evaluating the factors and needs of customers in product design in virtual reality (VR) metaverse by merging the CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) approach with single-valued neutrosophic sets (SVNSs). The characteristic weights in this approach are calculated using the CRITIC technique. The CRITIC method computes the rank of needs. The neutrosophic set is used to overcome the uncertain data. The application of this study shows thermal dissipation, airtight construction, weight, and control mechanisms are among the most crucial considerations.&#x0D;

Validation of the Korean Version of Culturally Responsive Experiences in Close Relationships–Short Form

The authors developed and validated the Korean version of the Experiences in Close Relationships—Short Form (K-ECRR-SF) with the goal of developing a culturally responsive scale. In study 1, a Rasch analysis was conducted on the 36 original items in the ECR-Revised (ECR-R) to select items that best represent anxiety and avoidance subscales by considering cultural equivalence. In study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted for the selected 12 items with a different sample. The factor structures of the ECR-R and K-ECRR-SF through CFA were then compared through CFA. In addition, the K-ECRR-SF items were tested for related constructs (i.e., reassurance and support seeking, loneliness, dyadic satisfaction, depression, anxiety, and fear of intimacy) to its criterion evidence. The newly developed K-ECRR-SF is confirmed to be valid and culturally responsive scale in measuring attachment in Korea.

Developing the Resident Measure of Safety in Care Homes (RMOS): A Delphi and Think Aloud Study.

This study aimed to develop a measure of contributory factors to safety incidents in care homes to be completed by residents and/or their unpaid carers. Care home residents are particularly vulnerable to patient safety incidents, due to higher likelihood of frailty, multimorbidity and cognitive decline. However, despite residents and their carers wanting to be involved in safety initiatives, there are few mechanisms for them to contribute and make meaningful safety improvements to practice. We developed 73 evidence-based items from synthesis and existing measures, which we presented to a panel of stakeholders (residents/carers, health/social care professionals and researchers). We used two online rounds of Delphi to generate consensus (80%) on items important to include in the Resident Measure of Safety in Care Homes (RMOS); a consensus meeting was later held. The draft RMOS developed through the Delphi was presented to participants during 'Think Aloud' interviews using cognitive testing techniques. The 29-item RMOS was developed. Forty-three participants completed Delphi round 1, and 27 participants completed round 2, 11 participants attended the consensus meeting and 12 'Think Aloud' interviews were conducted. Of the 73 original items, 42 items that did not meet consensus in Delphi round 1 were presented in round 2. After the consensus meeting, it was agreed that 35 items would comprise the RMOS questionnaire and were presented in the 'Think Aloud' interviews. Participants suggested numerous changes to items mostly to improve comprehension and ability to answer. We have a developed an evidence-based RMOS, with good face validity, to assess contributory factors to safety in care homes from a resident/carer perspective. Future work will involve psychometrically testing the items in a pilot and developing a complementary simplified, dementia-friendly version to promote inclusivity. Four patient and public contributors worked with researchers to develop the online questionnaires. Patients (residents) and carers participated on the consensus panel. One member of the research team is an expert by lived experience and was involved in design and analysis decisions. The item list and instructions for the questionnaires were reviewed for face validity, understanding and acceptability by a patient and public involvement group and modified.

Development of a paediatric airway management checklist for the emergency department: a modified Delphi approach

BackgroundAirway management checklists have improved paediatric patient safety in some clinical settings, but consensus on the appropriate components to include on a checklist for paediatric tracheal intubation in the ED...

How do people understand the causes of poverty and wealth? A revised structural dimensionality of the attributions about poverty and wealth scales

The attributional process, defined as the process of inferring the causes of the events that surround individuals in their daily lives, can potentially shape the understanding of poverty and wealth. For instance, it might influence how people behave, what they expect from poor and wealthy groups in their society, and how they judge them. However, the existing measures that capture these attributional phenomena have several limitations. Some attributional factors lack empirical support, or some implemented items lack relevance in contemporary society. Therefore, the present study is aimed to deepen the understanding of the attributional process by reviewing the factor structure of the poverty (Cozzarelli et al, 2001) and wealth attribution scales (Bullock et al, 2003), as well as adapting and verifying the validity of these scales among the Mexican population. To do so, we revised the factor structure of the poverty and wealth attribution scales to create a unified scale. We back-translated the original items, conducted exploratory and confirmatory analyses, restructured the scale’s factors, and related them with other covariates. Our results indicate that these scales uniquely differentiate between internal and external attributions, demonstrating that the new factor structure is better for measuring attributional processes regarding the perceived causes of poverty and wealth than those used in previous research.

Development and validation of the Montreal cognitive assessment for people with hearing impairment (MoCA-H).

Hearing impairment is common among older adults and affects cognitive assessments for identification of dementia which rely on good hearing function. We developed and validated a version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for people with hearing impairment. We adapted existing MoCA 8.1 items for people with hearing impairment by presenting instructions and stimuli in written rather than spoken format. One Attention domain and two Language domain items required substitution by alternative items. Three and four candidate items respectively were constructed and field-tested along with the items adapted to written form. We used a combination of individual item analysis and item substitution to select the set of alternative items to be included in the final form of the MoCA-H in place of the excluded original items. We then evaluated the performance and reliability of the final tool, including making any required adjustments for demographic factors. One hundred and fifty-nine hearing-impaired participants, including 76 with normal cognition and 83 with dementia, completed the adapted version of the MoCA. A further 97 participants with normal hearing completed the standard MoCA as well as the novel items developed for the MoCA-H to assess score equivalence between the existing and alternative MoCA items and for independence from hearing impairment. Twenty-eight participants were retested between 2-4 weeks after initial testing. After the selection of optimal item set, the final MoCA-H had an area under the curve of 0.973 (95% CI 0.952-0.994). At a cut-point of 24 points or less sensitivity and specificity for dementia was 92.8% and 90.8%, respectively. The intraclass correlation for test-retest reliability was 0.92 (95%CI 0.78-0.97). The MoCA-H is a sensitive and reliable means of identifying dementia among adults with acquired hearing impairment.

International Dermoscopy Society (IDS) Criteria for Skin Tumors: Validation for Skin of Color Through a Delphi Expert Consensus by the "Imaging in Skin of Color" IDS Task Force.

A structured set of eight basic dermoscopic parameters (lines, clods, dots, circles, pseudopods, structureless, else, and vessels) including a total of 77 variables with corresponding descriptive and metaphoric vocabulary has been released for evaluation of skin tumors by the International Dermoscopy Society (IDS). To validate the aforementioned criteria for the use in darker phototypes (phototypes IV-VI) via an expert consensus. The two-round "Delphi method" was adopted, with an iterative process including two rounds of email questionnaires. Potential panelists were asked to take part in the procedure via email on the basis of their expertise in the dermoscopy of skin tumors in dark phototypes. A total of 17 participants were involved. All the original variables of the eight basic parameters reached agreement during the first round, except for "pink small clods" ("milky red globules") and "structureless pink zone" ("milky red areas"). Moreover, during the first round, panelists proposed a change of three existing items and the introduction of four new items, i.e., "black, small clods" ("black globules"), "follicular plugs", "erosions/ulcerations", and "white color around vessels" ("perivascular white halo"). All such proposals achieved agreement, thus being included in the final list, for a total of 79 items. There was consistency between the descriptive and metaphoric approaches in terms of scoring. Albeit most of the original items were considered applicable even for skin of color, there are some points of differences that physicians need to know. No significant preference was found between descriptive and metaphoric terminology among panelists.

Improving mathematics assessment readability: Do large language models help?

AbstractBackgroundReadability metrics provide us with an objective and efficient way to assess the quality of educational texts. We can use the readability measures for finding assessment items that are difficult to read for a given grade level. Hard‐to‐read math word problems can put some students at a disadvantage if they are behind in their literacy learning. Despite their math abilities, these students can perform poorly on difficult‐to‐read word problems because of their poor reading skills. Less readable math tests can create equity issues for students who are relatively new to the language of assessment. Less readable test items can also affect the assessment's construct validity by partially measuring reading comprehension.ObjectivesThis study shows how large language models help us improve the readability of math assessment items.MethodsWe analysed 250 test items from grades 3 to 5 of EngageNY, an open‐source curriculum. We used the GPT‐3 AI system to simplify the text of these math word problems. We used text prompts and the few‐shot learning method for the simplification task.Results and ConclusionsOn average, GPT‐3 AI produced output passages that showed improvements in readability metrics, but the outputs had a large amount of noise and were often unrelated to the input. We used thresholds over text similarity metrics and changes in readability measures to filter out the noise. We found meaningful simplifications that can be given to item authors as suggestions for improvement.TakeawaysGPT‐3 AI is capable of simplifying hard‐to‐read math word problems. The model generates noisy simplifications using text prompts or few‐shot learning methods. The noise can be filtered using text similarity and readability measures. The meaningful simplifications AI produces are sound but not ready to be used as a direct replacement for the original items. To improve test quality, simplifications can be suggested to item authors at the time of digital question authoring.

Psychometric properties of the ORTO-R in a community-based sample of women and men from Poland

PurposeOver the past two decades, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has been increasingly investigated. Recently, a new revision version of the ORTO-15, namely ORTO-R, was used. The main objective of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of Polish version of the ORTO-R for evaluating ON thoughts and behaviors.MethodIn three studies, a total of 3081 participants was selected by random sampling through several universities and companies. In Study 1, we used original items of ORTO-15, in Study 2 we used both, the ORTO-15 items and the revised items from ORTO-R, and in Study 3 we used only the items from the ORTO-R. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for determining the factorial structure of the Polish version of the ORTO-R. We also assessed internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the ORTO-R.ResultsThe model composed of the revised items (ORTO-R) was characterized of good convergent and criterion validity. Furthermore, ORTO-R appeared to be more internally consistent as compared to ORTO-15.ConclusionThe 6-item ORTO-R is valid and reliable method to assess orthorexic thoughts and behaviors among Polish-speaking population and could be applied in future research. Using revised version of the items is strongly preferred to using the items in their original ORTO-15 form.

Towards attractive texture modified foods with increased fiber content for dysphagia via 3D printing and 3D scanning

As life expectancy increases so do age related problems such as swallowing disorders, dysphagia, which affects 10%–30% of people over 65 years old. For dysphagia patients the texture and rheological properties of the food, and the bolus, is critical to avoid choking and pneumonia. Texture modified foods, timbals, are often served to these patients due to their ease of swallowing. The main concern with these foods is that they do not look visually alike the food they replace, which can decrease the patient’s appetite and lead to reduced food intake and frailty. This study aims to improve both the visual appearance of texturized food as well as the energy density and fiber content of the timbal formulation. 3D scanning and additive manufacturing (3D Printing) were used to produce meals more reminiscent of original food items, increasing their visual appeal. Rheology was used to ensure the original flow profile was maintained as the timbal was reformulated by reducing starch contents and partially replacing with dietary fibers. The amount of starch was reduced from 8.7 wt% in the original formulation to 3.5 wt% and partially replaced with 3 wt% citrus fiber, while maintaining properties suitable for both swallowing and 3D printing. The resulting formulation has improved nutritional properties, while remaining suitable for constructing visually appealing meals, as demonstrated by 3Dprinting a chicken drumstick from a model generated with 3D scanning.

Measurement properties of the Brain Balance® multidomain developmental survey: validated factor structure, internal reliability, and measurement invariance

This study aimed to refine and validate a multidomain developmental survey (MDS) used by the Brain Balance® (BB) program. Data were analyzed on 47,571 participants (68.5% male; 4–18 years) whose parents completed the survey before/after 3 months of in-center BB participation. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied to a training sample (n = 28,254), reducing the original item pool from 98 to 31 items and suggesting a six-factor solution. The six factors were labeled as negative emotionality, reading/writing difficulties, hyperactive-disruptive, academic disengagement, motor/coordination problems, and social communication problems. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to two validation samples (n = 9394 and 9923), and the factor structure demonstrated strong goodness-of-fit. Test–retest reliability coefficients (per Pearson correlations) were high for each of the subscales. Finally, the survey’s factor structure appeared equivalent across four groups stratified by reported gender and adolescent status. Overall, the BB-MDS demonstrated strong measurement properties, including validated factor structure, internal reliability, test–retest reliability, and measurement invariance.

The Desain Simulasi Interface Pistol G2 COMBAT Kal. 9 mm dengan Simulator Pimp My Gun

The development of firearms has been included as an introduction and use at the University of Defense. However, using firearms that are not used freely is a barrier for students to understand the ins and outs of firearms better. Therefore, in this research, firearms are replaced with interface simulation design. One firearm that needs to be designed for interface simulation is the G2 Combat pistol. The reason for using the G2 Combat pistol in making an interface simulation design is because the Indonesian armed forces have widely used it. The interface simulation design uses Pimp My Gun software. The method of designing the G2 Combat pistol interface simulation uses the waterfall method. The waterfall method is considered easy and systematic. After the interface simulation design is carried out, the results are compared with the original item or image, photo, and others. Assessment of the G2 Combat pistol interface simulation design with the original pistol by comparing and finding the level of similarity. The assessment results are 87.61% at imgonline.com and 86.14% at blue2digital.com. With two assessment results close to 100%, the G2 Combat pistol interface simulation design is successful. However, there still needs to be improvements so that the interface simulation design is even better in the future.