Original Impression Research Articles

Proust's Reader and the Voyage of Self-Discovery

ally every critic who has considered A la recherche du temps perdu at any length. In fact, as Leo Bersani has pointed out, passages that describe these experiences have been subjected to so many complicated exegeses that it is only too easy . . . to forget our original impression of them.' Although I am rather partial to Emeric Fiser's capsule explanation-a revelatory moment is a rencontresensation-souvenir-par-analogie2 -the clearest analysis doubtless came from Proust's own hand. On reflection, the phenomenon seems simple, perhaps because it has been studied so often and in such detail. The protagonist experiences something; he forms an image composed of many different elements, some of which he absorbs unconsciously. The image is then stored and forgotten. When, at some later time, he experiences a sensation identical to the previous one, the current sensation recalls the stored image, which seems new because it was previously lost. Real effort must be expended to resuscitate and identify the recollection that metaphorically joins the more recent image to create another and, thus, bring a marvelous feeling of oneness.

A plea for more unusual laboratory animals

Visitors to animal houses in the U K are confronted with endless rows of rat cages and mouse boxes and it is very rare indeed that even such well-known animals as the Chinese hamster or the mult imammate rat are encountered. The question arises whether the impression gained holds true in other countries, or whether British animal houses show a nonrepresentative sample of experimental animals. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to answer this question. Animal experinaents are carried out in many countries under greatly varying conditions, and in most of them, even in such scientifically minded ones as the USA and Japan, there is no central control over the work involving laboratory animals. In Britain, research workers are compelled, under the Act of 1876, to submit to the Home Office a yearly return of all animals used. These returns could form a useful statistical basis, but, under the law mentioned, there are only 3 groups of animals: Horses, asses and mules form one; cats and dogs the second; and all other species the third. Consequently, no relevant data could be obtained from these yearly returns, and it became necessary to look for other references. In the end, the UFAW Handbook (Worden & Lane-Petter, 1957) and the 6th supplement of the Federation Proceedings (Cass, Campbell & Lange, 1960) were chosen as the most suitable sources of information, and Tables 1 and 2 summarize the findings. In Table 1 a comparison is made between the number of pages dedicated in the UFAW Handbook (Worden & Lane-Petter, 1957) to and animals, and Table 2 analyses the number of references made to various groups of animals in the Federation ProceedhTgs (Cass et al. 1960). In making this analysis it was necessary to draw an arbitrary line between common and uncommon animals. Animals that are abundant in one country might be almost unobtainable in another, and obviously the final decision must depend on the circumstances under which one works. It was also necessary to introduce some generalizations into Table 2. The term rodent applies only to rats, irfice, guinea-pigs and Syrian hamsters; all remaining rodents have been included under others. Farm animals and non-mammals have been omitted altogether, and so have papers dealing with more than one animal species. Both tables confirm the original impression that there is a heavy bias towards the more common species, but there remains the question why such a bias should exist. Undoubtedly, one reason for this trend is the necessity for every scientist to produce results. Sooner or later, promotion and reputation depend on the number of papers published, and the temptation is very great indeed to follow the well trodden path and confine one's experiments to conventional animals. However, there might be a more deeply rooted reason for this conservative approach. The origin of medicine is lost in antiquity, but the experimental approach is comparatively new (Singer & Ur.derwood, 1962). One of the earliest references is to the work of Swammerdam (1637-1680) who introduced the modern nerve muscle preparation, using the frog as

Psychiatric approaches to expiration of sentence men.

This paper gives the psychiatric findings of 100 expiration of sentence offenders released from the Lorton Reformatory (D. C.) between Apr. 1, 1961 and Mar. 31, 1962. The Bureau of Rehabilitation, engaged the author as consultant in Apr. 1961, to study, evaluate and offer psychotherapy where needed. It was made clear to these men that their participation was entirely on a voluntary basis. Impressions of these men were derived from their classification records. They were then seen by the author in both individual and group meetings before leaving Lorton. The observations of each man in the individual and group meetings before leaving Lorton correlated favorably with the original impression rendered for each, from the classification records. They were all asked to come to see the author after release. The 100 men fell into 6 groups: 1. Sociopathic Personality (33%); 2. Inadequate Personality (20%); 3. Passive-Aggressive Personality (15%); 4. Schizophrenic Reactions in Remission (12%); 5. Mental Deficiency, Acquired (12%); and 6. Chronic Brain Syndromes (3%). All had committed crimes against both person and property. The mental defectives as well as the chronic brain syndromes seemed to have lacked reasoning and judgment, indices of intelligence. The borderline schizophrenics had associated breaks from reality, involving each one's particular delusional system in their acts; the passive-aggressives, resistance; the inadequate, compensation; and the sociopathic, projection. Three significant conclusions were derived. 1. The element of fixation is a major factor in each expiration of sentence offender, before incarceration, during and after; 2. The approach to crime prevention should include consideration of the psychodynamics of the individual expiration of sentence man; and 3. The concept of identity is ever-present in each expiration of sentence man, although distorted, which can and must be utilized in salvaging the individual, reducing further criminal activity on his part and interposing realistic social values in his outlook on life after prison. Many correctional and related authorities feel that this group of men, in general, are difficult to communicate with and relate to, while some feel ambivalent. This paper is an attempt to offer some courses in future efforts to widen the channels of communication and relationship with this group of men along psychiatric lines, including the descriptive, dynamic and eclectic approaches.

The stability of an adaptive enzyme formed during growth of Bact. lactis aerogenes (Aerobacter aerogenes) in D-arabinose. II. Reversion phenomena

Bact. lactis aerogenes ( Aerobader aerogenes ) adapted to D-arabinose gradually loses the adaptation, at varying rates, when grown in media free from this substrate. The reversion is manifested by lag and diminished growth rate on re-transfer to D-arabinose. The tenacity with which the adaptation is held varies with the length of its original impression. The maximum D-ribulose isomerase activity of broken-up cells ( A b ) max . rapidly declines to zero when slightly adapted cells are grown in a glucose medium, but well-adapted cells can continue to produce the adaptive enzyme for long periods in the absence of D-arabinose. The bacteria develop this capacity rapidly in the course of a few cell divisions at a relatively early stage of their growth in D-arabinose. They lose it gradually in media which eventually reverse the adaptation. Appreciable lag in D-arabinose reappears when ( A b ) max . has fallen to about four times the value for unadapted organisms.

Impressions of the value of megavoltage irradiation in the treatment of malignant neoplasia.

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 19 p. 665-668 Original Article IMPRESSIONS OF THE VALUE OF MEGAVOLTAGE IRRADIATION IN THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA William Woods F.F.R., William Woods F.F.R. AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author William Woods F.F.R., William Woods F.F.R. AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1959 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1959.tb129422.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume2, Issue19November 1959Pages 665-668 RelatedInformation

An aid to the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum from supine abdominal films.

Aradiolucent Stripe under the diaphragm, seen on films of the abdomen made in upright position, is the classical roentgen sign of intraperitoneal gas. This finding is present in about 80 per cent of gastrointestinal perforations. Sometimes, however, only films made in supine position are available for study. On these, the diagnosis may still be made by detection of the visible contour of the outer (serosal) surface of a segment of bowel. The outline of the serosal surface of the bowel by contrast with intraperitoneal gas was described in 1941 by Rigler (3), but there has been little mention of the sign in the subsequent literature. Both Rigler and Frimann-Dahl (1) consider the finding pathognomonic of pneumoperitoneum. Although it cannot be detected as frequently as subdiaphragmatic gas on upright films, the visible outer bowel surface on supine films is not a rarity with pneumoperitoneum. Study of the films of patients with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum at this hospital revealed that the outline of the outer bowel wall was visible in over one-third of the cases. An example is shown in Figure 1. In each of the patients with this finding a moderate to large amount of free gas was present. In most instances a large quantity of free fluid (over 1,000 c.c.) was found in the abdomen at operation. The sign was most commonly associated with perforated gastric ulcer. The cases support Rigler's original impression that the visible outer bowel surface is usually evident only in the presence of relatively large amounts of peritoneal gas and fluid. To test the importance of abdominal fluid in the production of the roentgen sign, pneumoperitoneum of increasing increments was induced in 2 mongrel dogs of comparable size. In the first dog, 1,500 c.c. of air were necessary to produce a visible outline of the outer bowel surface on supine films. In the second dog, 400 c.c. of saline were instilled into the abdominal cavity before air was introduced. The outer bowel surface could then be defined with the addition of only 400 c.c, of air. On films of both patients and dogs it was noted that it was the outer walls of gasfilled loops of bowel which were almost always demonstrated. This fact and consideration of the physical factors suggest why the presence of peritoneal fluid brings out the sign on supine films. With peritoneal gas alone, the bowel loops fall dorsad by the force of gravity, gathering together, with the result that the outer surface of one segment is adjacent to that of another. The interface between the free gas and the more ventral loops is perpendicular or oblique to the roentgen rays, so that no clear shadow is produced on the film (Fig. 2, A). If both fluid and gas are present, however, any gas-filled segments of bowel float to the surface of the fluid, which tends to separate individual loops.

Hereditary Pancreatitis: Report on Two Additional Families

Summary The pedigrees of two additional, unrelated families in which the hereditary form of chronic relapsing pancreatitis and sequelae have occurred have been described. These additional observations tend to confirm the original impression that in certain families chronic relapsing pancreatitis is transmitted as an autosomal dominant gene. The hereditary form of the disease appears to resemble the sporadic form in most respects. However, the hereditary form of the disease does appear to begin earlier in life and appears so far to involve females predominantly, whereas males seem more often affected in the usual form of chronic pancreatitis. The cause and pathogenesis of the disease are not known. Alcohol and hyperlipemia appear to be unimportant factors in the etiology of the hereditary form of the disease, nor have gallstones been associated. It is suspected that the inherited defect predisposing to recurring bouts of pancreatitis and sequelae is metabolic in nature. It appears quite probable that the hereditary form of chronic relapsing pancreatitis occurs more frequently than has been realized in the past and that increasing awareness of the entity will result in the discovery of many more families so affected.

Symmetrical cerebral calcification associated with parathyroid adenoma.

The presence of symmetrical cerebral calcification, particularly in the region of the basal ganglions, has been reported in connection with a wide variety of different disease entities. This subject was investigated and the literature extensively reviewed by Eaton, Camp, and Love in 1936. They added an additional six cases to the literature, the condition in all of which was diagnosed ante mortem by means of skull roentgenograms. They noted that parathyroid insufficiency was frequently seen to accompany this condition. They emphasized that roentgenograms should be taken of the skulls of all patients with hypoparathyroid tetany. Subsequent reports have confirmed the original impression of Eaton and his co-workers,1and, in 1947, Camp2reported a series of 12 cases in which the patients had roentgenographically demonstrable symmetric cerebral calcification and parathyroid insufficiency. However, inasmuch as there has been no instance of hyperparathyroidism or parathyroid adenoma in any of these reported

Malignant lymphoma of the stomach.

Malignant lymphoma of the stomach, while not a common neoplasm, occurs often enough and presents sufficiently varied clinical findings and roentgen appearances to warrant consideration. A series of 25 microscopically proved cases has been analyzed with the object of determining three major points: First, are the roentgen findings sufficiently distinctive to warrant giving a primary diagnosis of lymphoma? Second, can the roentgen findings be correlated with the gross and microscopic pathology? Third, what mode of therapy gives the best results? This series was collected from several hospitals. The original pathologic and microscopic impression has been confirmed by one of the authors (C. M. W.) in all but 3 instances. In 3 cases roentgenograms were not available for our personal study, but in each of these the microscopic diagnosis was corroborated and the clinical records were available for study. Incidence Malignant lymphomas comprise approximately 60 per cent of all gastric sarcomas. In 500 cases of gas...

The Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice: The Relative Value of the Clinical Impression, Laboratory Tests, and Aspiration Liver Biopsy

Summary 1.Fifty unselected patients with jaundice and hepatomegaly were studied with multiple liver function tests and needle biopsies. 2.The data obtained by history confirm the relatively higher incidence of portal cirrhosis in males and the high rate of alcoholism in patients with this condition. 3.Ascites, when not associated with portal cirrhosis, was due to malignancy. 4.The size of the liver and the presence or absence of splenomegaly, fever, and anemia were of no significance in the differential diagnosis of portal cirrhosis and post-hepatic obstruction. 5.The cephalin flocculation and alkaline phosphatase tests were the tests of liver function which were most consistently helpful in the differential diagnosis. 6.In 72 per cent of the patients the laboratory data and histologic findings were consistent with the clinical diagnosis. 7.In an additional 12 per cent the clinical diagnosis was substantiated by the needle biopsy, although it was not in agreement with the initial interpretation of the liver function tests. 8.In 4 per cent of the series the liver function tests altered the original clinical impression and were upheld by biopsy. 9.In 8 'per cent of the patients the histologic examination of tissue obtained by needle biopsy added to or altered the diagnosis made on the basis of clinical findings and laboratory data. 10.The biopsy findings were misleading or inadequate in 4 per cent of the cases. This failure occurred only in patients having more than one disease process involving the liver. 11.By careful correlation of the history, physical examination, laboratory liver function tests and needle biopsy of the liver, a positive diagnosis was made without surgical exploration in 94 per cent of 50 patients with jaundice and hepatomegaly.

FURTHER EXPERIENCE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OSTEITIS CONDENSANS ILII

1. Osteitis condensans ilii represents an alteration in the normal bony architecture of that portion of the ilium alongside the sacro-iliac joint. The authors' observations thus far suggest that this occurs as the result-of mechanical strain affecting an amphiarthrodial joint. Further investigation regarding the etiology and the pathology of this condition is under way. 2. A careful differential diagnosis must be made between osteitis condensans ilii and Marie-Strümpell arthritis, with which it has been confused in the past. Contrary to the authors' own original impressions, sacro-iliac tests are seldom positive in osteitis condensans ilii, while the blood sedimentation rate is usually within normal limits. 3. Again in contrast to the experience of earlier workers, the authors have demonstrated roentgenographically in six patients that this process is reversible. 4. Of 100 patients revielled, eight showed no response to treatment and twenty-three were somewhat improved; in sixty-seven patients conservative treatment afforded either complete relief or marked amelioration of symptoms. Surgical intervention was necessary in only two instances.

REVIEWS

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Fray Ambrosio Montesino: Coplas sobre diversas devociones y misterios de nuestra santa fe católica. Reproduced in facsimile from the only recorded copy of the original impression, Toledo, c. 1485, now in the British Museum. With an introduction by H. THOMAS. British Museum, 1936. El Comendador Roman: Coplas de la Pasión con la Rresurreccio. Reproduced in Facsimile from the only recorded copy of the original impression, Toledo, c. 1490, now in the British Museum. With an introduction by H. THOMAS. British museum, 1936. STEPHEN GASELEE STEPHEN GASELEE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Library, Volume s4-XVII, Issue 2, September 1936, Pages 235–237, https://doi.org/10.1093/library/s4-XVII.2.235 Published: 01 September 1936

Stereoscopic Binocular Fusion in the Original Impression and in the Negative After-Image

Stereoscopic Binocular Fusion in the Original Impression and in the Negative After-Image

RECOLLECTIONS AND IMPRESSIONS AFTER TWENTY‐FOUR YEARS OF COUNTRY PRACTICE

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 8 p. 265-267 Original Article RECOLLECTIONS AND IMPRESSIONS AFTER TWENTY-FOUR YEARS OF COUNTRY PRACTICE† W. R. Groves M.D., B.S. (Melb.), W. R. Groves M.D., B.S. (Melb.) Kyneton, VictoriaSearch for more papers by this author W. R. Groves M.D., B.S. (Melb.), W. R. Groves M.D., B.S. (Melb.) Kyneton, VictoriaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 1927 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1927.tb12434.x †Read at a meeting of the Victorian Branch of the British Medical Association on October 23, 1926. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue8February 1927Pages 265-267 RelatedInformation

Instruction in Feeding Poultry

I can best present my present conception of giving instruction in “Feeding Poultry” by describing my impressions as a student in Poultry and telling how later experiences have altered the original impression. A good part of the time was devoted to the study of balancing rations. Individual grains and food products were studied principally from their analytical value. Their physical properties also were considered. Later, when the body needs of the fowl were sufficiently understood, these different grains and food products were studied collectively with the object of balancing them; so that, for example, if the ration is for the laying hen, it should provide her with food of such quantity and quality that her digestive system can dispose of it with least effort, giving to her body sufficient nourishment to keep it in healthy physical condition and at the same time giving a surplus of food in a form . . .

II. On a colour for marking the ends of cotton or linen cloths capable of resisting the operations of bleaching, and likewise the most complicated manufacture of printed cloths, without extending beyond the limits of the original impression

II. <i>On a colour for marking the ends of cotton or linen cloths capable of resisting the operations of bleaching, and likewise the most complicated manufacture of printed cloths, without extending beyond the limits of the original impression</i>