Original Copy Research Articles

Significance of the chromosomal positions of the genes encoding DNA gyrase in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium

Changing positions of genes on a chromosome is an informative way of learning about why an existing chromosome structure and gene order was selected by evolution in bacteria. In Salmonella gyrA and gyrB – genes encoding DNA gyrase – enzyme that introduces negative supercoils in DNA, are located almost at opposite poles of a chromosome. However, in many other bacteria they are arranged in a gyrBA operon. In order to investigate the significance of this fact, gyrBA operon was made in Salmonella by bringing gyrA open reading frame and its ribosome binding site directly downstream of gyrB and under a control of its regulatory regions, the original copy of gyrA was deleted. The gyrBA strain obtained as a result exhibits no differences from the wild type in growth and morphology, however, the ability to supercoil DNA is altered between gyrBA and the WT. This is specifically important at conditions mimicking environment inside a macrophage in terms of Mg2+ concentration, as it may suggest alteration of gyrBA survival inside a macrophage. An attempt to make strain with gyrAB operon was not successful, as it was not possible to delete the original gyrB, suggesting particular importance of its position.

Electronic Resources Collection Development in University Libraries in the Digital Period: A Theoretical Study

University libraries are viewed as the sole focus of instructing, learning and exploration exercises, which primary destinations are to fulfil the data wants of its objective clients, and this can be conceivable just through the excellent assortment. In an advanced climate, an assortment improvement rule is going through representative unrest because of a variety of computerised assets, which are exclusively offered through the web. The current original copy challenge to complement on assortment advancement rules, web-based assortment and question in assortment working in computerised time. It illuminates drifts just as necessities of assortment improvement in an advanced environment.

The Way to Rio Luna by Zoraida Córdova

Reviewed by: The Way to Rio Luna by Zoraida Córdova Natalie Berglind Córdova, Zoraida The Way to Rio Luna. Scholastic, 2020 [336p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781338239546 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 4-7 Eleven-year-old Danny is passed from home to home in foster care, always getting in trouble for his unwavering belief in magic. Two years ago, his sister disappeared without a word; when Danny takes a school trip to the New York library, he is led by golden arrows to the original copy of The Way to Rio Luna, a book of fairy tales his sister repeatedly read him. With the help of Glory, an archeologist’s niece, Danny must enter the tales of the story and collect the last page from each in trials that could lead him back to his sister, if the Shadow Queen doesn’t stop him first. Córdova lovingly references other fantasy fiction—Danny is obsessed with Peter Pan and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, and Leigh the Bard (a hat tip to YA author Leigh Bardugo) is one of the characters Danny meets from the fictional fairy tale book. Unfortunately, the plot logic is strained at times, and Córdova struggles to breathe life into the tropes of the well-worn storyline. Names like Shadow Queen and Forever Gardens give the story a generic feel, failing to distinguish it from other fantasy portal worlds like Collins’ Gregor the Overlander (BCCB 1/04) or book-based fantasies such as Funke’s Inkheart (BCCB 3/04). Readers already passionate about magic may still want to add this to their collections of portal fiction, wherein kids can necessarily escape from some of the pressures of the real world. Copyright © 2020 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Beytülmakdis'in Osmanlı Anıtları: Creswell'in 1919-1920 Arşiv Fotoğraf Koleksiyonunun İncelenmesi

يتناول هذا البحث آثار بيت المقدس العثمانية: دراسة لمجموعة صور أرشيفية لكريزويل من سنة 1919 إلى سنة 1920، من خلال دراسة لمجموعة صور أرشيفية لمجموعة خاصة بالباحثة قام بتصويرها عالم الآثار الإسلامية الإنجليزي "كيبيل أرتشيبلد كاميرون كريزويل"(Keppel Archibald Cameron Creswell) أو "كريزيول" الذي قام بزيارة المشرق الإسلامي في الفترة من سنة 1919 إلى سنة 1920، تلتها عدة زيارات إلى المشرق الإسلامي حتى سنة 1924 قبل أن يستقر بمصر، ويبدأ عمله بها في معهد الآثار الإسلامية ولجنة حفظ الآثار العربية، ومن ثم البدء في عمل مؤلفاته وأبحاثه ومقالاته عن الآثار الإسلامية في العالم الإسلامي. كان "كريزويل" ضابطا في الجيش الإنجليزي عندما بدأ رحلته من لندن اتجاه المشرق العربي، فكانت أولى محطة رحلته الطويلة في مجال الآثار الإسلامية في القدس أثناء الاحتلال البريطاني بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى، ثم انتقل إلى مصر سنة 1917، ثم سافر إلى سوريا سنة 1919 بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى؛ حيث قام كريزويل بتصوير مدن سوريا التي كان يُطلق عليها اسم سوريا الكبرى، وتضم سوريا ووادي الأردن وعَمان والعراق، تلتها عدة زيارات للقدس قام فيها بتصوير وتوثيق أثار بيت المقدس وفلسطين، مخلفا وراءه مجموعة كبيرة من هذه الصور التاريخية. تحتفظ الباحثة بجزء كبير من صور بيت المقدس وآثاره التي قام "كريزويل" بتصويرها في مجموعتها الخاصة الشخصية، وهي نسخة أصلية قام كريزويل بطباعتها في لندن في الغالب، وأعاد طباعتها فيما بعد طوال فترة حياته، وحتى وفاته سنة 1974 وأهدى نسخة منها للجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة The American University in Cairo، أما اللوحات الزجاجية أو النيجاتيف الخاص بالصور فإنها موجودة في متحف الأشموليان Ashmolean Museum بأكسفورد بإنجلترا. ينقسم هذا البحث إلى ثلاثة أقسام: القسم الأول: خاص بالأحداث التاريخية ببلاد المشرق العربي في أوائل القرن العشرين، ويتناول هذا القسم المؤامرات التي تمت على بلاد المشرق العربي، والخلفيات التاريخية التي أدت إلى قيام الحرب العالمية الأولى ثم انتهائها، وأثر ذلك على بلاد المشرق العربي والدولة العثمانية. أما القسم الثاني: فهو خاص برحلة "كريزويل" إلى المشرق العربي وبيت المقدس وتوثيقه لبعض الآثار الموجودة به. والقسم الثالث فيه عرض لبعض الآثار التي يرجع تاريخها للعصر العثماني من خلال الصور التي قام بتصويرها كريزويل، ونبذة تاريخية ومعمارية عن كل أثر.

Homomorphic Cryptosystems for Data Security in Cloud Storage

Cloud Computing enables users to use remote resources thus reduces the burden on local storage. However, the use of such services gives rise to new set of problems. The users have no control over the data which they have stored on those storages so to achieve data authentication with confidentiality is utmost important. As every user may not have that expertise so they can request for data verification task to Trusted Verifier (TV) which will be an authorized party to check the intactness of outsourced data. Since the data owner stores the data on the cloud in an encrypted format, it becomes difficult to check the integrity of the data without decrypting. But by using homomorphic encryption schemes the integrity checking can be made possible without original copy. In this paper, we have given implementation and performance details of two homomorphic encryption schemes, Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) and Paillier. The RSA is multiplicative homomorphic scheme where the Paillier is additive homomorphic scheme. Both the algorithms are partially homomorphic thus limited in their functions. Due to homomorphic property of these algorithms, original contents will not get revealed in the verification process. This framework will achieve authentication of data by maintaining confidentiality.

A Study on Gakpil Marks in 『Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra』 Volume 2 of Jaejo Daejanggyeong in Goryeo

이 글은 재조대장경 『金光明最勝王經』 권제2에 기입되어 있는 13세기 각필 부호의 실체를 정밀 분석한 것이다. 『금광명최승왕경』 각필 부호의 종류는 크게 선과 점, 삐침, 체크 등의 4가지 형태로 분류할 수 있다. 이들 부호들의 총 개수는 약 1,073개로 이 부호들이 차지하는 비율은 선이 12%, 점 76%, 삐침 11%, 체크 및 기타가 1%이다. 『금광명최승왕경』에 새겨진 체크 형태의 부호와 겹사선 부호, 그리고 다양한 부호들이 새겨진 동일한자의 용례를 골라서 비교 분석한 결과 『금광명최승왕경』 권제2에 새겨진 부호들은 경전의 의미를 정확히 파악하게 하는 표기 부호일 가능성이 매우 크다는 사실을 확인하였다.This paper precisely examines the substance of gakpil marks in the thirteenth century typed in 『Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra』 Volume 2 of Jaejo Daejanggyeong in Goryeo, which is the rare and valuable copy. The kinds of gakpil marks in 『Golden Light of the Most Victorious Kings Sutra』 are classified into four types such as lines, dots, tapered lines, and checks. The total number of these marks are about 1,073 items and the share of these marks is 12 percent of lines, 76 percent of dots, 11 percent of tapered lines, and 1 percent of checks and the others. The results of comparing the carved different marks on the same Chinese character in the original copy confirm that they are likely to be the ordering marks of Seokdok to realize the meaning of Chinese vocabularies and sentences.

“The News Weekly”: a case study of the Soviet foreign propaganda magazine missing in action

The article is devoted to the magazine “News”, which was launched to print in the USSR in English language in 1951 and was distributed in 80 countries by Stalin’s decision. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that this media, which played a prominent role in Soviet foreign policy propaganda, is currently not known even to specialists, and there is no scientifi c studies on this magazine. The study of information warfare technologies is important in analysing their methods in the period of their formation. Of particular importance are the studies of little-known Soviet foreign policy propaganda media, one of which is the magazine “News”. It was closed by a secret resolution of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU in late 1956 as a ‘publication that has exhausted its tasks.’ Sources are original copies of “News” in English and archival documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the USSR Foreign Ministry, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, declassifi ed after 1991, many of which are introduced into scientifi c circulation for the fi rst time.

TANGGUNG JAWAB NOTARIS TERHADAP AKTA YANG DIUBAH SECARA SEPIHAK (CONTOH KASUS: PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG NOMOR 146/PDT/2018/PT.BDG.)

Renvoi is the changes that was made before the deed was signed by the parties. There is quite a difference between a change in the deed, which are made before signed and the change after signed. Whereas if the change was made after signed, the change must be made in the presence of the parties, witnesses, and the public notary, reported in an official statement of the event and give no regarding the matter to the original copy of the deed with notification of the date and number of the correction. If a Notary does not do as provided in the renvoi procedure, it may result in the deed being considered inauthentic. And could result in one of the party to suffer a loss in the foreseeable future and it could serves as a legal basis to claim compensation, damages plus interests and to be put on the public notary’s responsibility. Based on the example of the present case in Supreme Court Decree No. 146 / PDT / 2018 / PT.BDG, in the making of a rent-to-hire deed, there is a difference between the original copy of the deed which are not similar with the copies that are given to the respective parties. The original copy of the deed is full of correction scribbles, replacements, inserts, additions, and overlays, which are definitely not typing mistakes. Thus, the public notary has violated Article 48 of the Public Notary Act No. 2 of 2014.

A Combined Techniques of PC + MPC + APC to Achieve Higher Error Correction Probability and Throughput over APC and MPC Techniques

A new combined technique of Packet Combining (PC), Modified Packet Combining (MPC) and Aggressive Packet Combining (APC) is presented for improving the performance of MPC and APC. The proposed protocol consists of three blocks; PC block, MPC block, and APC block. Two copies of the same packet are sent from transmitter to receiver (Rx). If both the copies are found as erroneous then PC technique is used to correct the original copy in the PC block and if it is not obtained a successful copy then the Rx requests for a third copy. Again, if the third copy is found as erroneous then MPC and APC techniques are implemented in the MPC and APC blocks respectively. In order to get fast error correction and also to utilize the half-corrected or resultant copies instead of discarding the received erroneous copies, MPC block uses the resultant copies of the PC block and APC block also uses the resultant copies of MPC block. Thus, the proposed protocol is simulated using MATLAB and the simulation results obtain better performance by adopting the evaluation metrics of the probability of packet error correction, packet throughput and energy consumption over conventional MPC and APC techniques.

The Authority of Honorary Committee of Notary in Obtaining the Copy of Original Deed Owned by Yasmine Citra Maulania

Honorary Committee of Notary is an institution chosen by the Minister of Justice and Human Rights as the supervisor of Notary position working based on Law Number 2 of 2016 regarding Amendment on Law Number 30 of 2004 regarding Notary Position. In Article 66 of Law of Notary Position, Honorary Committee of Notary basically has authority to give approval on the request of original deed copy. The implementation of this authority is set in the Regulation of Justice and Human Rights Minister Number 7 of 2016 regarding Honorary Committee of Notary. The validity of this Honorary Committee of Notary automatically gets rejection from some parties if related to judicature. Therefore, the researcher makes research question on how the role of Honorary Committee of Notary in obtaining original deed copy and how the effect of Honorary Committee of Notary consideration towards obtaining copy of original deed. The research method used is judicial normative in which it is an approach done based on primary law material by reviewing theories, concepts, law principles, and regulations regarding to this research. When the copy obtaining is requested to the Honorary Committee of Notary, the members of committee will conduct a meeting. In the meeting, the Public Notary must show his original deed and the members of Honorary Committee of Notary will assess whether it has been in line with the notary protocol or not. If it has been in line with it, the Honorary Committee of Notary deserves to refuse the proposal. This refusal will not be an issue in the assembly because the judicature can run by being supported by other proofs.

Electronic Learning Resource Information and Communication (eLRIC) with Decision Support System (DSS) for DRRM-CCAM Monitoring in Eastern Visayas State University

The Philippine Disaster and Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 mandates for a multi‐stakeholder participation in the development, updating and sharing of DRRM information system, while the Climate Change Act of 2009 directs government agencies and other institutions for the use of database technology for risk assessment. In line with these legal frameworks, the National DRRM Plan was formulated to serve as a guide on how sustainable development can be achieved through inclusive growth while building the adaptive capacities of communities; increasing the resilience of vulnerable sectors; and optimizing disaster mitigation opportunities with the end in view of promoting people’s welfare and security towards gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable development. This study came up with an Electronic Learning Resource Information and Communication (eLRIC) having a Decision Support System (DSS) capability for the Eastern Visayas State University. It is a simplified and resilient electronic warehouse of vital institutional documents, most importantly signature-bearing and/or official-seal-bearing ones. It is best to be implemented in offices with mountains of physical records that are difficult to reproduce when original copies are either damaged or lost. A safety mechanism of the system offers redundant off-site and on-site backup procedure for compact document safekeeping. Retrieval of shared documents via a web browser is possible anywhere. As a descriptive research, this technology introduced an eLRIC that offers portability, accessibility, convenience thru a simple, interactive and user-friendly interface that is expected to solve the problems that could be encountered during disaster, especially the loss of documents due to physical and electronic damages. Its outcome includes the deployment of a virtual library system, a virtual office transactional management service system, a research data reservoir and configure an electronic Decision Support Systems (DSS) for its administrators/supervisors and staff. The development of this application could help much the University in monitoring programs, projects and activities related to disaster risk reduction management and climate change adaptation and mitigation, as well the management of vital institutional information and data.

Dynamic Key Switching Integrated Scenarios for Performance Aware Implementations in Cloud and Integrated Internet of Things

With the adoption and wide usage of smart gadgets and devices for multiple applications, the association of advanced technologies is quite prominence and needs higher degree of accuracy and performance. These are legitimately connected with the advanced innovations including Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, Internet of Vehicles, Internet of Cloud Apps and numerous others. This original copy is therefore displaying the enormous issues and research focuses in this area with the associated streams so the different elements of IoT, IoE, IoX, IoV and others can be broke down with the examination openings and the portions for various streams. In the present situation, the IoT based coordination of digital forms of money is very unmistakable whereby the distributed system is pursued and it goes under the innovation of blockchain. The blockchain innovation is likewise connected with the shrewd advances. In the present period, Blockchain Technology is one of the key territories of research just as execution explicitly in the space of cryptocurrency. Presently days, various computerized cryptographic forms of money are very conspicuous and shared all through the world in spite of tremendous analysis and discussions. Other than these purposes of research, the vehicular mix of IoT is very conspicuous that is tended to utilizing IoV that is Internet of Vehicles in the keen traffic observing and brilliant transportation. Presently days, the IoT is moving towards IoE or IoX which alludes to Internet of Everything and this is additionally tended to in this composition. The manuscript is presenting the scenarios for the implementation patterns associated with the security and dynamic key based environment.

A Survey of the Chinese versions of Suwen in Japan's Edo Period

Through transcription, reprinting and continuous study by the Japanese, the research topic of Suwen(, Plain Questions) has been continuously integrated into Japanese traditional medicine. The editions of Suwen from Edo Period (1603-1867) are Chinese originally printed and Japanese reprinted, which called "Japan block-printed edition" in today's Japan. The survey shows the editions of Chinese Suwen in Japan are divided into three categories: the total-24-volume editions from Chinese original copy are 8 versions; the total-12-volume editions are 7 versions, and the versions with notations and comments are 10 kinds; about the "Japan block-printed edition" , the total-24-volume editions are 7 versions, the total-12-volume editions are 1 version, and the versions with notations and comments are 11 kinds.

"Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan": the first illustrated anatomy handwritten textbook in Ottoman-Turkish medicine.

Şemseddîn-i Itâkî is a key Turkish scientist in the field of anatomy. His book entitled Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan which was written in the seventeenth century is accepted as the first illustrated anatomy handwritten textbook in Turkish language. In this article, it was examined an original copy of Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan, which is available at the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul, Turkey, as well as the transliteration of this book from old Turkish (Ottoman-Turkish) alphabet to contemporary Turkish alphabet by Esin Kâhya. In this book, the anatomical drawings and their descriptions were evaluated. In this ancient handwriting, Itâkî begins with thanking God and then describes the general structure of the organs, bones, nerves, muscles and vessels, supporting with various illustrations. These illustrations are mainly focused on cranial bones, muscles, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, stomach, intestines, urogenital system, bladder, trachea, larynx and bronchi. While some of these illustrations are similar to the illustrations of the earlier authors such as Ahmed Ibn Mansur, Andreas Vesalius and Juan Valverde de Amusco, others are peculiar to this book. This book is highly significant for it's being the first Turkish book in the field of anatomy in Ottoman-Turkish medicine and the text's being supplemented by illustrations. This book is also a fundamental source for translation of anatomical terms into Turkish. Our knowledge of anatomy continues to improve thanks to the contributions of leading scientists such as Itâkî and, therefore, he deserves praise.

The original copy shop: eclipses and exemplars

This article examines the notion of the copy as it developed in early modernity, focusing in particular on its persistent association with the projection of sunlight through apertures, and with the special case of the solar eclipse, where the sun is partially or fully occluded by the lunar globe. It argues for the importance of these two optical models as allegories of the constant and imperfect transmission of images and, more surprisingly, of texts. Both models privilege an effaced original, a substantive absence emerging only as a retrospective effect of the copy. At issue, then, are the ways in which poets and natural philosophers, and the confederates they found in translators, commentators, printers, and philologists, portrayed the transmission of word and image, particularly with the advent of print. This configuration of the effaced original and the ambitious successor applies to Johannes Kepler’s relationship with the imperfectly known work of Francesco Maurolico, and to Horace’s association with the fragmentary œuvre of his legendary Greek predecessor Archilochus. As argued, scrutiny of the optical problem of the transmission of light produced not simply a model for replicated images, but, more crucially, one for the reception and reproduction of texts.

필사본 『향약구급방(鄕藥救急方)』의 유전(流轉)

The existing point of view on Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang is as follows: Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang was first published by the Goryeo government’s Daejang Dogam office. This first edition remained in the early years of Joseon, as some of its contents were included in Hyang’yak Jeseng Jibseong-bang and Hyang’yak Jibseong-bang. It was also used as an original copy for Choi Ja-ha, who published duplicate copies of Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang.BR But a question is being asked regarding the existing point of view, as a omparative examination of these three texts reveals that during transmission (of handwritten versions) quite a few changes were made to the original text.BR First of all, the original author clarified (in the epilogue) that he was finalizing the edition with total of 53 chapters, yet the current version we have contains 57, most possibly a result of someone adding four extra chapters in mid-transmission. Survey indicates that someone first added chapters named ‘Bog’yak-beob(服藥法, Ways to take medicine)’ and ‘Yakseong Sangban(藥性相反, Differences in medicine’s effects),’ and the contents table in the current version was evidently created after such additions were made. Also found are other discrepancies in terms of ‘chapter titles’ between those in the Contents table and the actual titles in the Main section, which may have also been caused by further modifications by more than one individual. Then we can see that later ‘Suhab-beob(修合法)’ and ‘Bangjung Hyang’yak-mok(方中鄕藥目) Chobu(草部)’ chapters were added as well, without updating the contents table accordingly, which seems to be the reason for the current Contents table lacking those titles.BR The original date of the first ever publication of Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang during the Goryeo period is unknown. But it seems it had to have been after the publication of ‘Shin Sangseo-bang(愼尙書方, Prescriptions from Sangseo Shin).’ And later while being transmitted, Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang went through extensive changes, and the Daejang Dogam office created a publication based on all those handwritten versions. Choi Ja-ha must have possessed one of such handwritten versions, and published it in 1417, the version that we have today. In other words, the original copy he used in publishing his duplicate version of Hyang’yak Gugeub-bang must have been a handwritten version, and not the published one.

Transliteration on Manchu-Chinese Character’s Old Documents(滿漢合璧文書) in Jangseogak Library

Presently, 7 Manchu-Chinese character’s old documents(滿漢合璧文書) are owned by Academy of Korean Studies Jangseogak. Manch-Chinese character’s old documents means a document where Manchu language and Chinese characters appear at the same time. These 7 documents are 3 Eemper’s Command(誥命), 1 Eemper’s Instruction(諭書), and 3 Inventory(禮物單子). That is, there are 2 documents sent as Gangyije(康熙帝) of Qing(淸) installed Yeoningung(延礽君) Geum(昑) as crown prince(王世弟) and 3 documents which Ongjeongje(雍正帝) sent while installing Yeoningunggeum as the king of Joseon(朝鮮國王). Also, there are 2 documents which Ongjeongje sent while installing Gyeonguigun heng(敬義君 緈) as crown prince(王世子). This research investigated the relation among Bibliographic data(書誌事項), Mark(標題), Five colors(五方色), Dragon’s design(雲龍紋), Eemper’s seal(御 寶), started words(起頭語), Manchu language and Chinese characters in respect of these 7 documents. Mark was described same as the main text, Manchu language on the left, and Chinese characters on the right. Five colors was in order of ‘yellow(黃)-white(白)-black(黑)-blue(靑)-red(赤)’ from the left, Manchu language was narrated on the background of yellow, and Chinese characters on the background of red. Regarding Dragon’s design, in case of Eemper’s Command, painted with various colours, however in case of Eemper’s Instruction(諭書) and Inventory(禮物單子), only black was used. In respect of Eemper’s seal(御寶), same as the main text, Manchu language was used on the left, while Chinese characters on the right. In Eemper’s Command, [Jegojibo(制誥之寶)] was sealed, while [Chikmyungjibo(勅命之寶)] was sealed in Eemper’s Command and Inventory. It was confirmed that started words of Eemper’s Command(誥命), was imitation of the institution of Ming(明), not of Yuan(元). Also, it was confirmed that Manchu language in the main text of the document was mostly easily narrated and composed excluding proper nouns, compared to Chinese characters. This research introduced Manchu language in Latin language by transliteration, considering that Manchu-Chinese character’s old documents(滿 漢合璧文書) in Jangseogak Library was written in Manchu language and Chinese characters. For this, above all, this research conducted transliteration on the main text of Manchu language along with the number of lines of the original copy, and suggested Chinese characters by attaching Mark(標點). Since Manchu language and Chinese characters expressed the same content in different languages, it is possible to correlate the Chinese translation of Manchu language, or Manchu language translation of Chinese characters of that time. The subject of the research, henceforth, is to suggest a new research method for Korean record history as well as Joseon-Qing(朝淸) related history of that time, including all of Manchu-Chinese character’s old documents scattered around Korea.

The first ‘American among the Riffi’: Paul Scott Mowrer’s October 1924 interview with Abd-el-Krim

ABSTRACT In October 1924, Paul Scott Mowrer, a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Daily News based in Paris, convinced his employers that an interview with Abd-el-Krim, the leader of the Rifian uprising against the Spanish in northern Morocco, would provide original and interesting copy for American readers. This article deals with Mowrer’s difficult trek from French Morocco into the Rifian heartland, his observations concerning the Rifian environment and Abd-el-Krim’s movement and his two-hour interview with the Rifian leader. Further, it discusses his journey out of the Rif back into French Morocco, his observations concerning French policies in their Protectorate and his general reflections on the Rif War. This essay employs materials from Mowrer’s personal papers, his autobiography, and the twenty-one articles he published in the Chicago Daily News from November 1924 to early January 1925.

Efficient Straggler Replication in Large-Scale Parallel Computing

In a cloud computing job with many parallel tasks, the tasks on the slowest machines (straggling tasks) become the bottleneck in the job completion. Computing frameworks such as MapReduce and Spark tackle this by replicating the straggling tasks and waiting for any one copy to finish. Despite being adopted in practice, there is little analysis of how replication affects the latency and the cost of additional computing resources. In this article, we provide a framework to analyze this latency-cost tradeoff and find the best replication strategy by answering design questions, such as (1) when to replicate straggling tasks, (2) how many replicas to launch, and (3) whether to kill the original copy or not. Our analysis reveals that for certain execution time distributions, a small amount of task replication can drastically reduce both latency and the cost of computing resources. We also propose an algorithm to estimate the latency and cost based on the empirical distribution of task execution time. Evaluations using samples in the Google Cluster Trace suggest further latency and cost reduction compared to the existing replication strategy used in MapReduce.

Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol by Priya Wadhera

Reviewed by: Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol by Priya Wadhera Warren Motte Priya Wadhera. Original Copies in Georges Perec and Andy Warhol. Leiden and Boston: Brill Rodopi, 2017. Pp. 204. $100.00. Recognizing that it may strike some people as a bit inconsonant to compare Georges Perec and Andy Warhol, Priya Wadhera argues a brief for that comparison early on in her book. Both of them are playful, she suggests; both challenged prevailing conventions; both worked within constraints while they pushed the limits of the possible; both overcame early critical indifference and established themselves as widely influential figures in late twentieth-century culture. Their respective practices converge upon the notion of the copy, she contends, and on the strategic manipulation of that notion in order to ask fundamental questions about the nature of art in our time. She proposes to parse their work in an attempt to put into evidence what is "original" in the copies that they put on display. "My focus lies primarily with Perec," Wadhera warns her reader in the introduction (3), and what follows bears that out, for she does not turn to Warhol with any sustained attention until the final pages of her book. Yet what she has to say about Perec and his mimetic techniques is compelling enough to compensate for that imbalance. Her discussion is devoted mainly to Un cabinet d'amateur (1979), a brief novel that entertains very strong inter-textual relations with what is often considered Perec's masterpiece, La vie mode d'emploi (1978). In the former text, Perec plays with the idea of the copy from first page to last, on a variety of levels: through ekphrasis on a first and most obvious level, but also, more subtly, through pastiche, mise en abyme, autoallusion, and other strategies still. Four principal questions interest Wadhera: "what is a copy, what is copied, how is it copied, and why is it copied?" (9). Addressing those questions, she postulates a useful typology of the copy in Un cabinet d'amateur, limning three broad categories: pastiches of art history and criticism; evocations of paintings; and intertextual allusions. Devoting several chapters to each of those categories, Wadhera examines them in pleasing, rigorous detail. Along the way, she visits certain other, related concerns. She thinks about forgery, for instance, and about the sometimes uncertain relations between the copy and the "fake." Calling upon the way that Gérard Genette understands intertextuality, she reflects on quotation, on plagiarism, and on allusion. Each of those gestures involves copying, of course, though in rather different modes. In her final chapter, entitled "Copy Play in Perec and Warhol," Wadhera underscores the ludic, articulative impulse that animates the best work of those artists, and she examines how they encourage us to reconsider the principle of authenticity and the value that we invest in it, a reconsideration that may have serious implications for the way we imagine the aesthetic artifact and its uses. [End Page 155] Warren Motte University of Colorado Boulder Copyright © 2019 L'Esprit Créateur