Original Construct Research Articles

Anticipated emotion in planned versus unplanned purchase: scale development and validation

ABSTRACT This study aims to conceptualize and validate an anticipated emotion in the planned versus unplanned purchase (AEPUP) scale. We develop and validate the AEPUP scale using the original construct (as a basis). The procedures of scale development begin with construct definitions and are followed by a three-phase operation: (1) qualitative exploration of relevant dimensions and items, (2) scale development procedure, and (3) establishment of confirmatory factor analysis and nomological validity. The empirical findings show that the new scale (refined from the anticipated emotion concept) has sound psychometric properties and is distinctive. This research contributes to the understanding of anticipated emotion concepts, as well as refines and improves the construct of AEPUP. Customer relationship management can be significantly improved by applying the scale in the formulation and implementation of market segmentation, targeting, and positioning strategy.

Questionnaire for the Assessment of Self-Disgust: The psychometric testing among mental disorders in China.

Research on self-disgust is relevant to psychopathologic tendencies because it has been shown to play a critical role in several mental disorders. Examining self-disgust and exploring its role in mental health are significant goals. The purpose of this study was to translate the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Self-Disgust (QASD) into Chinese and evaluate its validity and reliability. The translation and validation of the QASD were guided by the World Health Organization's Process of Translation and Adaptation of Instruments. Three phases were undertaken: (a) professional translation and expert panel review, (b) pretesting, and (c) psychometric evaluation. The psychometric evaluation was tested among 1,068 patients who were recruited from two psychiatric hospitals and three psychological clinics of tertiary hospitals. In this study, multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the two-factor structure of the original QASD construct. Measurement invariance showed that the QASD is invariant across the patients with heterogeneous mental health diagnoses. The correlation of QASD with the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and the Trait Anger Scale (TAS) showed that it has good convergent validity and discriminative validity. Internal consistency and test-retest yielded acceptable results. Thus, the findings suggest that the Chinese version of the QASD is a reliable and valid instrument with adequate psychometric properties for assessment of self-disgust among patients with mental disorders in China.

BRAND VALUE BUILDING AND MANAGEMENT ON B2B MARKETS

The brand value building and management marketing strategy forms the immanent part of an optimally conceived competitive strategy of companies, regardless of whether they operate in consumer (B2C) or business-oriented (B2B) markets. In practice, however, there is often an interpretive confusion of management patterns without respecting the specifics of these two elementary kinds of markets. This fact subsequently results in interpretive malformations. These negatively affect the erudition of marketing managers' decisions and create the misconception that the strategies of building and managing brand value, formulated so far, are not effective in the context of B2B markets, as their implementation does not lead to the desired results. The aim of the paper is to identify the main differences between building and managing brand value in the B2B and B2C markets in the context of the needs of a successful modern company. From a methodological point of view, in addition to the basic methods of formal logic, such as analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, mainly the method of scientific excerption is applied. This is precisely the main pillar of the realized literary review, devoted to the researched issue. Based on the above mentioned methodological apparatus and its effective implementation, the output of the article is a basic definition of building and managing the value of a brand in B2B markets, respecting their specifics, determining the need to modify the original functional consumer-oriented branding constructs.

Estimation of gamma-corrected exposure time ratio in multi-exposure images for removal of moving objects.

The constructed high-dynamic-range image from merging standard low-dynamic-range images with different camera exposures contains ghost-like artifacts caused by moving objects in the scene. We present a method to utilize the gamma-corrected exposure time ratio between multi-exposure images for removal of moving objects. Between each consecutive image pair in multi-exposure images, the ratio of their exposure times is computed and raised to the power gamma, and this value is used as a cue to detect the pixels corresponding to the moving objects. We propose a method to estimate this ratio from the observed image intensity values, in case the exposure time information or gamma value is unknown. Then the moving objects in multi-exposure images are removed by replacing the intensity values of the detected moving pixels with their expected background values. Experimental results show that the proposed method could remove fast-moving objects from the original multi-exposure images and construct a ghost-free high-dynamic-range image.

Brand love: Corroborating evidence across four continents

The brand love conceptualization developed by Batra and his colleagues (2012) provides an integrative view of love as an emotional relationship between customers and their loved brands. Despite receiving over 1200 citations on Google Scholar, the original scale has not been re-examined despite its popularity, due in part to the large numbers of items the construct contains. This study replicates the original study and assesses the validity of this construct in six cultural contexts, five countries (Australia, China, France, UK, and the US), and across four continents. With the exception of Australia, the original brand love construct had to be modified to achieve a satisfactory model fit. The nomological validity of the brand love construct was confirmed in four out of six cultural contexts. This research carries implications for conducting cross-cultural research using constructs originally developed in specific cultural contexts.

External Validation of the 'PHYT in Dementia', a Theoretical Model Promoting Physical Activity in People with Dementia.

Physical activity is beneficial for people with dementia. We previously developed a theoretical model to explain behaviour change in physical activity in dementia (PHYT-in-dementia). This study aimed to externally validate the model. Validation occurred through the process evaluation of a programme promoting activity in people with dementia (PrAISED 2). Twenty participants with dementia and their carers were interviewed to investigate their experience of the programme. The data were analysed through content analysis. The original constructs of the model were used as initial codes and new codes were generated, if elicited from the data. The constructs were also ranked, based on their frequency in the interviews. All of the original model constructs were validated and two novel constructs created: ‘personal history’ and ‘information/knowledge’. Certain constructs (e.g., support) were more frequently mentioned than others (e.g., personal beliefs). We suggested modifications and integrated them into a revised model. The PHYT-in-dementia recognised that dementia has an impact on motivation to initiate and maintain behaviour change over time. The model advocates that interventions adopt a more holistic approach than traditional behaviour change strategies. The suggested revisions require further validation to accurately predict behaviour change in physical activity in people with dementia.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Chinese Version of the Work-Ability Support Scale (WSS) in Young and Middle-Aged Stroke Survivors.

Purpose To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Work-Ability Support Scale (WSS) into Chinese and evaluate the reliability and validity of the measure among young and middle-aged stroke survivors. Methods A total of 210 participants aged 28-60years were recruited from two communities in Zhengzhou. Item analysis, internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and construct validity were tested. Results A moderate level of correlation between the items and the domains (r > 0.60), and the significant differences in items between the high group and the low group were tested by independent sample t-tests (P < 0.001). For Part A, Cronbach's α of the domains "physical", "thinking and communication", and "social/behavioural" was 0.865, 0.857 and 0.912, respectively. The Cronbach's α coefficient of Part A of the WSS was calculated as 0.931. The Cronbach's α of Part B was 0.761, with Cronbach's α values of 0.795, 0.649 and 0.643 for "personal factors", "environmental factors (within the workplace)", and "barriers to return to work", respectively. The split-half coefficients of Parts A and B were assessed as 0.804 and 0.559, respectively. The kappa coefficient of the other items all exceeded 0.60 (P < 0.001), except for a few items. The scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) was 0.94 and 0.90 for Parts A and B, respectively. The original construct of the scale was examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and model fit indices were mostly satisfactory. Conclusion The WSS is a reliable and valid tool for measuring young and middle-aged Chinese stroke survivors' work ability and support needs during their return to work.

Modality-Dependent Cross-Modal Retrieval Based on Graph Regularization

Nowadays, the heterogeneity gap of different modalities is the key problem for cross-modal retrieval. In order to overcome heterogeneity gaps, potential correlations of different modalities need to be mined. At the same time, the semantic information of class labels is used to reduce the semantic gaps between different modalities data and realize the interdependence and interoperability of heterogeneous data. In order to fully exploit the potential correlation of different modalities, we propose a cross-modal retrieval framework based on graph regularization and modality dependence (GRMD). Firstly, considering the potential feature correlation and semantic correlation, different projection matrices are learned for different retrieval tasks, such as image query text (I2T) or text query image (T2I). Secondly, utilizing the internal structure of original feature space constructs an adjacent graph with semantic information constraints which can make different labels of heterogeneous data closer to the corresponding semantic information. The experimental results on three widely used datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.

Moral norm is the key

PurposeThis research extends the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and aims to study the underlying factors that influence Chinese consumers' purchase intentions towards green products. The conceptual model encompasses four elements (subjective norms, perceived behaviour control, moral norms and attitude) and one consumer response (purchase intention).Design/methodology/approachThe current research employs a questionnaire survey and two experiments. In Study 1, the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling with 485 consumers in China. Study 2 employed a single-factor, two-condition (morally engaged vs control), between-subject design.FindingsThe findings reveal that the morally extended TPB framework is more applicable in predicting Chinese consumers' green purchase intentions than the original TPB model. Attitude plays the most significant role in predicting purchase intentions, and moral norms prove to be a mediator of the relationship between the original construct of subjective norms and purchase intentions. The findings further revealed that moral norms comprise the underlying mechanism of the relationship between subjective norms and attitude.Originality/valueThis study therefore expands the TPB theory by including moral norms. Moreover, it contributes to the literature by clarifying the direct, indirect and total effects of each TPB element on the purchase intentions towards green products. Finally, managerial implications are given.

Technology anxiety and resistance to change behavioral study of a wearable cardiac warming system using an extended TAM for older adults

With advances in technology, wireless and sensor technologies represent a method for continuously recording people’s biomedical signals, which may enhance the diagnosis and treatment of users’ everyday health conditions. These technologies mostly target older adults. In this study, we examine a smart clothing system targeting clinically high-risk patients, including older adults with cardiovascular disease (31 outpatients) and older adults in general (81 participants), to obtain an understanding of the patients’ perception of using wearable healthcare technologies. Given that technology anxiety has been shown to affect users’ resistance to using new technology and that perceived ubiquity is considered a characteristic of wearable devices and other mobile wireless technologies, we included three external variables: i.e., technology anxiety, perceived ubiquity, and resistance to change, in addition to the traditional components of the technology acceptance model (TAM). The results of the hypothesized model showed that among older adults in general, technology anxiety had a negative effect on the perceived ease of use and perceived ubiquity. The perceived ubiquity construct affects both user groups’ perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of wearing smart clothes. Most relationships among the original constructs of the TAM were validated in older adults in general. Interestingly, we found that perceived usefulness had an indirect effect on behavioral intention through attitude. These results further confirm the validity of the extended TAM in determining older users’ technology acceptance behavior.

Impact of ICT on entrepreneurial self-efficacy in emerging economy: Sustaining lock-down during COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 affected business in Pakistan and micro-entrepreneurs started struggling. ICT facilitates economic competitiveness and help in sustaining long-term economic growth during and after pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This article investigates the impact of information communication technology (ICT) on entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), social networking (SN) and facilitation to micro-entrepreneurs, during COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. METHOD: We used Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in this work. The original TAM constructs of ease of use and usefulness were tested, and TAM was extended to ICT to study the further outcomes. Data sets were collected online from 398 microentrepreneurs and further analysed by using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). RESULTS: The results indicate that survival of micro-entrepreneurs can be achieved through ICT as it is a strong variable which affects social capital building, bridging and self-efficacy, both directly and indirectly. The entrepreneurial activity can be increased through ICT and entrepreneurs can sustain the implications of lock-downs. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that ICT usage by micro-entrepreneurs during COVID-19 pandemic was influenced by micro-entrepreneurs’ perceptions, of ease of use and usefulness. ICT had direct influence on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social networking. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are also given.

THE DETERMINANT FACTORS OF MOBILE PAYMENT ADOPTION

Indonesia mobile payment industry is growing organically especially since Indonesia is among the top 3 countries of internet users in Asia. Mobile payment has revolutionized the way we manage digital transactions and it offers a wide variety of payment facilities and benefits compared to cash, credit cards, debit cards or other payment methods. The effect of providing mobile payment users with numerous incentives, for example in the form of cashback, is a compelling factor to be investigated on mobile payments adoption in Jakarta, as various mobile payment operators intensively and continuously provide cashback as a means of customer attraction and retention. In this study, UTAUT2 was adapted to discuss the phenomenon that occurred and to compare the effect of providing incentives in mobile payment technology adoption versus the effect of other factors. Eight constructs from UTAUT2 model were carefully taken into this study, where the original constructs of UTAUT2, namely use behavior, behavioral intention, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence and hedonic motivation, are maintained, while the construct of price value is adapted to become negative cost so that the present mobile payment industry can be applied more representatively. Despite the frequent practice of service providers giving incentives to customers and prospects, this study discovered that price value did not influence behavioral intention. Furthermore, behavioral intention is affected by performance expectancy, hedonic motivation and facilitating conditions, while use behavior significantly affected by behavioral intention.

Effect handlers via generalised continuations

AbstractPlotkin and Pretnar’s effect handlers offer a versatile abstraction for modular programming with user-defined effects. This paper focuses on foundations for implementing effect handlers, for the three different kinds of effect handlers that have been proposed in the literature: deep, shallow, and parameterised. Traditional deep handlers are defined by folds over computation trees and are the original construct proposed by Plotkin and Pretnar. Shallow handlers are defined by case splits (rather than folds) over computation trees. Parameterised handlers are deep handlers extended with a state value that is threaded through the folds over computation trees. We formulate the extensions both directly and via encodings in terms of deep handlers and illustrate how the direct implementations avoid the generation of unnecessary closures. We give two distinct foundational implementations of all the kinds of handlers we consider: a continuation-passing style (CPS) transformation and a CEK-style abstract machine. In both cases, the key ingredient is a generalisation of the notion of continuation to accommodate stacks of effect handlers. We obtain our CPS translation through a series of refinements as follows. We begin with a first-order CPS translation into untyped lambda calculus which manages a stack of continuations and handlers as a curried sequence of arguments. We then refine the initial CPS translation by uncurrying it to yield a properly tail-recursive translation and then moving towards more and more intensional representations of continuations in order to support different kinds of effect handlers. Finally, we make the translation higher order in order to contract administrative redexes at translation time. Our abstract machine design then uses the same generalised continuation representation as the CPS translation. We have implemented both the abstract machine and the CPS transformation (plus extensions) as backends for the Links web programming language.

Simulation of contact interaction of piezoelectric engine elements

In the article the results of a new type of piezo-electric step-engine research are presented. The original construct of piezo-electric step-engine is contained in special engineering lever called grab device that can organize back and forward rod’s motion with only one piezo element activity. To choose the effective process of piezo-electric step-engine work the mathematical model was created. This mathematical model describes inner piezo-electric step-engine process with features of contact and electroelastic deformation. Using the ANSYS application package, а finite element model of the piezo-electric step-engine has been developed. This finite element model allows estimate the stress-strain state of structural elements of the piezo-electric step-engine and determine the effective step-by-step operation mode of the piezo-electric step-engine. Using the finite element model, the influence of the piezo-electric step-engine operating mode parameters on the amount of displacement of the rod is studied. According to results of experimental studies, the proposed numerical model allows to simulate the dynamic process of step-operation of a piezo-electric step-engine with an error of no more than 6 %. This finite element model include the external load on piezo-electric step-engine and can be used to design piezo-electric step-engine of various fields of application.

Using empirical studies to mitigate symbol overload in iStar extensions

Modelling languages are frequently extended to include new constructs to be used together with the original syntax. New constructs may be proposed by adding textual information, such as UML stereotypes, or by creating new graphical representations. Thus, these new symbols need to be expressive and proposed in a careful way to increase the extension’s adoption. A method to create symbols for the original constructs of a modelling language was proposed and has been used to create the symbols when a new modelling language is designed. We argue this method can be used to recommend new symbols for the extension’s constructs. However, it is necessary to make some adjustments since the new symbols will be used with the existing constructs of the modelling language original syntax. In this paper, we analyse the usage of this adapted method to propose symbols to mitigate the occurrence of overloaded symbols in the existing iStar extensions. We analysed the existing iStar extensions in an SLR and identified the occurrence of symbol overload among the existing constructs. We identified a set of fifteen overloaded symbols in existing iStar extensions. We used these concepts with symbol overload in a multi-stage experiment that involved users in the visual notation design process. The study involved 262 participants, and its results revealed that most of the new graphical representations were better than those proposed by the extensions, with regard to semantic transparency. Thus, the new representations can be used to mitigate this kind of conflict in iStar extensions. Our results suggest that next extension efforts should consider user-generated notation design techniques in order to increase the semantic transparency.

Development and validation of a short form Children's power of Food Scale

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a shortened form of the Children's Power of Food Scale (C-PFS), which measures anticipated reward from consuming highly palatable foods (i.e., hedonic hunger). Presently, two gaps exist with the C-PFS: the need for a shorter tighter measure, and evidence to support similar item function across populations. MethodNinth grade students (N = 3277; 14.1 ± 0.4 years; 53.5% Female; 47% Hispanic) from 10 Los Angeles high schools completed the C-PFS and other surveys in class. Factor analysis, graded response modeling, and differential item functioning explored the structure of the 15 C-PFS items and identified a reduced set that parsimoniously taps hedonic hunger across the latent continuum and exhibits item-level invariance across sex, race/ethnicity, and weight status. Construct validity was examined via associations of self-reported dietary intake, impulsivity, and body mass index (BMI) to C-PFS scores. ResultsFactor analytic models supported a single, primary dimension of hedonic hunger that accounted for 61% of the variance across all 15-items (α = 0.94). Adequate severity, discriminatory ability, and non-overlapping item-difficulty were observed for 11-items, of which 9-items were found to have item-level invariance across demographic and weight status groupings. Poor performing items were removed to create a 9-item scale (C-PFS-9; α = 0.93). Construct validity was demonstrated as higher C-PFS-9 scores were significantly related to greater sweet (β = 0.32, [95%CI = 0.23, 0.41], p < .001) and fatty food intake (β = 0.34, [95%CI = 0.26, 0.43], p < .001) and impulsivity resulting from positive (β = 0.11, [95%CI = 0.02, 0.21], p < .05) and negative mood (β = 0.36, [95%CI = 0.28, 0.45], p < .001). Females, relative to males, reported higher C-PFS-9 scores (β = 0.10, [95%CI = 0.02, 0.17], p < .05) and associations with BMI were mixed. ConclusionThe C-PFS-9 possesses excellent psychometric properties and retains the original construct coverage of hedonic hunger without a marked decrease in information obtained.

Development and Validation of a Monitoring Instrument for Sport Psychology Practice: The Sport Psychology Outcomes and Research Tool (SPORT)

Evidence for the mechanisms of change by which sport psychology interventions enhance performance is limited and treatment monitoring and outcomes measures would assist in establishing evidence-based practices. The present paper fills a gap in sport psychology literature by demonstrating the development and validation of a new measure (Sport Psychology Outcomes and Research Tool; SPORT). Study 1 described test construction and pilot item selection with 73 collegiate student-athletes. Twenty-three pilot items contributed unique variance while maintaining the original constructs and were selected from 80 initial items. In Study 2, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with collegiate student-athletes (n = 220), revealing a 17-item, four-factor model measuring Athlete Wellbeing, Self-Regulation, Performance Satisfaction, and Sport-Related Distress. Concurrent validity was supported through correlational analyses. Overall, results supported the SPORT as a new transtheoretical tool for monitoring effectiveness and outcomes of sport psychology interventions.

Kernel extreme learning machine with iterative picking scheme for failure diagnosis of a turbofan engine

The kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) has attracted attention for failure diagnosis of turbofan engines, but its application for time-sensitive scenarios is inherently limited by its lack of sparseness. The original KELM constructs the hidden layer using all the training samples; thus, the real-time performance may be seriously degraded for large datasets. To address this limitation, a novel iterative picking scheme for improving the sparseness of KELM is proposed in this study. It has two noteworthy features, a compact structure and a sparse solution, which gives better real-time performance. The proposed scheme improves the sparseness of the KELM algorithm by two alternating components, an insertion strategy to expand the network and an elimination strategy to reduce the scale of the network. Validation on regression and classification benchmark datasets demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can produce a sparse network structure with fewer hidden nodes without sacrificing the model's accuracy. Finally, simulations of failure diagnosis of a turbofan engine show that the proposed algorithm can perform at an accuracy comparable to that of KELM with a much faster testing speed, which is crucial in real-time and onboard applications.

Predictors of intention for continuing volunteer tourism activities among young tourists

ABSTRACTVolunteer tourism (VT) is an emerging tourism paradigm especially for young tourists. This study inserted three critical constructs (i.e. quality of a VT program, trust in a VT program organization, and awareness of need) into the original theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. Our results indicated that newly-added constructs and the original TPB constructs significantly contribute to the formation of VT tourists' intention for continuing VT activities. Trust, attitude, and subjective norm played vital roles. In addition, awareness was found to be a significant moderator. Overall, our theoretical framework has deepened our understanding of VT tourists' behaviors.

Matrix representation of ideas: stimulating creativity using matrix Algebra

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a fresh approach to stimulate individual creativity. It introduces a mathematical representation for creative ideas, six creativity operators and methods of matrix-algebra to evaluate, improve and stimulate creative ideas. Creativity begins with ideas to resolve a problem or tackle an opportunity. By definition, a creative idea must be simultaneously novel and useful. To inject analytic rigor into these concepts of creative ideas, the author introduces a feature-attribute matrix-construct to represent ideas, creativity operators that use ideas as operands and methods of matrix algebra. It is demonstrated that it is now possible to analytically and quantitatively evaluate the intensity of the variables that make an idea more, equal or less, creative than another. The six creativity operators are illustrated with detailed multi-disciplinary real-world examples. The mathematics and working principles of each creativity operator are discussed.Design/methodology/approachThe unit of analysis is ideas, not theory. Ideas are man-made artifacts. They are represented by an original feature-attribute matrix construct. Using matrix algebra, idea matrices can be manipulated to improve their creative intensity, which are now quantitatively measurable. Unlike atoms and cute rabbits, creative ideas, do not occur in nature. Only people can conceive and develop creative ideas for embodiment in physical, non-physical forms, or in a mix of both. For example, as widgets, abstract theorems, business processes, symphonies, organization structures, and so on. The feature-attribute matrix construct is used to represent novelty and usefulness. The multiplicative product of these two matrices forms the creativity matrix. Six creativity operators and matrix algebra are introduced to stimulate and measure creative ideas. Creativity operators use idea matrices as operands. Uses of the six operators are demonstrated using multi-disciplinary real-world examples. Metrics for novelty, usefulness and creativity are in ratio scales, grounded on the Weber–Fechner Law. This law is about persons’ ability to discern differences in the intensity of stimuli.FindingsIdeas are represented using feature-attribute matrices. This construct is used to represent novel, useful and creative ideas with more clarity and precision than before. Using matrices, it is shown how to unambiguously and clearly represent creative ideas endowed with novelty and usefulness. It is shown that using matrix algebra, on idea matrices, makes it possible to analyze multi-disciplinary, real-world cases of creative ideas, with clarity and discriminatory power, to uncover insights about novelty and usefulness. Idea-matrices and the methods of matrix algebra have strong explanatory and predictive power. Using of matrix algebra and eigenvalue analyses, of idea-matrices, it is demonstrated how to quantitatively rank ideas, features and attributes of creative ideas. Matrix methods operationalize and quantitatively measure creativity, novelty and usefulness. The specific elementary variables that characterize creativity, novelty and usefulness factors, can now be quantitatively ranked. Creativity, novelty and usefulness factors are not considered as monolithic, irreducible factors, vague “lumpy” qualitative factors, but as explicit sets of elementary, specific and measurable variables in ratio scales. This significantly improves the acuity and discriminatory power in the analyses of creative ideas. The feature-attribute matrix approach and its matrix operators are conceptually consistent and complementary with key extant theories engineering design and creativity.Originality/valueFirst to define and specify ideas as feature-attribute matrices. It is demonstrated that creative ideas, novel ideas and useful ideas can be analytically and unambiguously specified and measured for creativity. It is significant that verbose qualitative narratives will no longer be the exclusive means to specify creative ideas. Rather, qualitative narratives will be used to complement the matrix specifications of creative ideas. First to specify six creativity operators enabling matrix algebra to operate on idea-matrices as operands to generate new ideas. This capability informs and guides a person’s intuition. The myth and dependency, on non-repeatable or non-reproducible serendipity, flashes of “eureka” moments or divine inspiration, can now be vacated. Though their existence cannot be ruled out. First to specify matrix algebra and eigen-value methods of quantitative analyses of feature-attribute matrices to rank the importance of elementary variables that characterize factors of novelty, usefulness and creativity. Use of verbose qualitative narratives of novelty, usefulness and creativity as monolithic “lumpy” factors can now be vacated. Such lumpy narratives risk being ambiguous, imprecise, unreliable and non-reproducible, Analytic and quantitative methods are more reliable and consistent. First to define and specify a method of “attacking the negatives” to systematically pinpoint the improvements of an idea’s novelty, usefulness and creativity. This procedure informs and methodically guides the improvements of deficient ideas.