Original Charter Research Articles

Cultural implications of the liberties and guarantees bourn of Magna Carta

This text seeks to trace a broad outline of the circumstances under which the Magna Carta was originally conceived in England in the early 13th century. It also aims to identify the forces and inspiration that drove those who conceived of its form and imposition to act in the manner they and the legacy it has had on ensuing generations. While the great charter was not always fully respected, it did enjoy a revival owing to the scholarly diligence of Sir Edward Coke and this initiative paved the way for its permanent fixture as part of the architecture of liberty in England and the settlers of the American colonies who took inspiration from it. Attention is also given to the fundamental role played by rhetorical discourse in the advancement and preservation of the spirit of freedom originally inspired by content of the original charter.

Formative Beginnings: A History of the AIAS

The American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS) at the Illinois Institute of Technology has a long history dating back to its original charter as a Student Chapter of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1953. My curiosity as a leader of the present day organization sparked a vast research effort that would transcend the legacy of IIT’s chapter and work to unearth a national history. Goals through the ongoing research are not only to unearth a history but also to discover the relation between supplemental experience and architectural education; working to define the importance of the integration of both into a holistic educational experience. The AIAS has served as the official voice of architecture students for 56 years and championed the message of empowering the student voice; influences of the organization are clearly seen in the evolution of architectural education but there lacks clear documentation. The production of a large-scale archeological hunt for information works to properly document the historical legacy of the AIAS and expand comprehensively the institutional memory of the organization for future members, leaders, and students of architecture.

Religious Ethics as a Social Practice

ABSTRACTThe Journal of Religious Ethics (JRE) was established at a particular moment in the United States in the early 1970s. This article investigates how that moment—in the institutional milieu of academic theology and religious studies in which the (JRE) emerged—influenced its founding. It does this through attention to three main sources: (1) the original charter and bylaws of the JRE, (2) publications from the JRE and other scholarly outlets in the period, and (3) a collection of interviews with scholars who occupied editorial roles in the first 10 years of the life of the journal. The article suggests that the JRE's early period was driven by three key forces: the emergence of Christian ethics as a field of academic theology, deepening engagement with academic philosophy among students of Christian ethics, and growing attention to the pedagogical requirements of increasingly pluralist tertiary educational environments. In conclusion, I describe my own place in this history, asking how the dynamics around the founding of the JRE shape my participation in the practice enacted in its pages.

The source value of early charters of uncertain chronological status in historical linguistics and onomastics

AbstractThis paper explores the problem of the source value of charters from the point of view of research in linguistic history. Charters written in Latin often contain elements of the vulgar language (in this case, Hungarian). Only four authentic Hungarian charters have survived from the 11th century in their original form. Therefore, we have also included the non-authentic and non-original charters of the 11th century in our research over the recent decades.These charters may contain 4–5 chronological layers, and so our task is to separate them. Charters of uncertain status cannot be analysed using the same methodological principles as the authentic and original charters. This paper discusses the methodological principles that may facilitate the identification of the source value of these charters for historical linguistics. Although these principles are defined based on charters from Hungary, due to their universal nature a significant portion of them may also be used successfully in other regions of medieval European charter research.

Historical Toponomastics and the Study of Medieval Hungarian Forged Chartres: Chronological Layers of the Pécsvárad Abbey Founding Charter

Charters written in Latin containing vernacular toponyms represent important sources in the early history of European toponymic system. Besides authentic and original charters, there are numerous forged charters and charters that can be read only in later copies. The umbrella term used for such documents is charters with an uncertain chronological status. From the perspective of historical toponomastics and linguistics, we may suppose the existence of multiple chronological layers in such documents. The author uses the example of the Pécsvárad Abbey Charter to introduce a method for distinguishing these layers using the charter’s toponymic data and the methods of historical toponomastics. Primarily, it takes to identify possible chronological periods that can be reflected in the studied charter, followed by the subsequent linguistic analysis of the language forms attested in the document with a special focus on place names as the key elements of the charter’s content. The author emphasises two techniques of analysing toponymic materials of charters that can help clarify the chronological attribution of specific forms: the comparative analysis of the Latin naming constructions largely used in Hungarian medieval charters and displaying a distinct statistical pattern in their evolution, and the method of toponym reconstruction which consists in establishing the possible evolution of the toponym based on a variety of linguistic, historical and geographical data and language laws. The first method helps isolate parts of the text that can relate to a specific chronological layer, while the application of the second leads to outlining the relative chronology of the toponym change and thus to attributing its form attested in the charter to a particular period of time. Although the analysis relies on one single Hungarian charter, it has wider-ranging consequences and may be applied to other Latin medieval sources that include toponymic units in other “vulgar” languages.

A Renewed Charter: Key Principles to Improve Patient Care in Severe Asthma.

Asthma is a heterogenous respiratory disease, usually associated with chronic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness, which affects an estimated 339 million people worldwide. Severe asthma affects approximately 5–10% of patients with asthma, approximately 17–34 million people globally, more than half of whom have uncontrolled disease. Severe asthma carries a substantial burden of disease, including unpredictable symptoms and potentially life-threatening flare-ups. Furthermore, severe asthma has a substantial burden on health care systems and economies worldwide. In 2018, a group of experts from the clinical community, patient support groups, and professional organisations joined together to develop the Severe Asthma Patient Charter, which set out six principles to define what patients should expect for the management of their severe asthma and what should constitute a basic standard of care. Since the publication of that original Charter in 2018, several important changes have occurred, including an improved understanding of asthma and effective asthma management; several new therapies have become available; and finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a spotlight on respiratory conditions, the workforces that treat them, and the fundamental importance of health care system resilience. With those developments in mind, we, representatives of the academic, clinical, and patient advocacy group communities, have updated the Charter to Improve Patient Care in Severe Asthma with a focus on six principles: (1) I deserve a timely, comprehensive assessment of my asthma and its severity; (2) I deserve a timely, straightforward referral to an appropriate specialist for my asthma when it is not well controlled; (3) I deserve to understand what makes my asthma worse; (4) I deserve access to treatment and care that reduces the impact of asthma on my daily life; (5) I deserve not to be reliant on systemic corticosteroids; (6) I deserve to be involved in decisions about my treatment and care.

Lessons Learned from Building Lessons: “Teach It” and the Development of Digital Primary-Source Classroom Activities

Lessons Learned from Building Lessons: “Teach It” and the Development of Digital Primary-Source Classroom Activities

Evolution of carbonate studies in the Rocky Mountain region over the past century

Just as the world’s population, knowledge in general, and the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) have changed in major ways during the past 100 years, so too has the study and interpretation of carbonate rocks and reservoirs. The RMAG, a century old in 2022, has evolved from just 50 original charter members who held the organization’s first “meeting” in 1922, to its approximately 1800 members today. Thus, RMAG’s publications have helped document the evolution of carbonate rock studies, particularly those in the Rocky Mountain region. Key contributions have been made through RMAG’s hundreds of luncheon talks, through its quarterly technical publication, The Mountain Geologist, initiated in 1964, and the exceptionally comprehensive Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, published 50 years ago in 1972. In addition, since 1953 the RMAG has published field guides and symposia volumes focused on specific basins, types of reservoirs, and structural geology among other things. Many of these books contain papers focused on carbonate rock units in the Rockies. Analysis of the papers published in The Mountain Geologist each year from 1964 through 2021 reveals that a fairly consistent 10 to 15% of that journal’s articles each year deal directly with some aspect of carbonate rocks. Earlier papers in the 1960s and 1970s dealt mainly with outcrop studies and the correlation of specific carbonate units based on measured sections or the use of fossils to define facies and biostratigraphic units. During the 1980s emphasis shifted to refining carbonate depositional models and focusing more on carbonate diagenesis through detailed petrographic studies, isotopic analyses, cathodoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy. The 1990s brought a shift to papers focused more on specific carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs ranging from the peritidal dolomites in Cottonwood Creek Field to relatively deepwater Waulsortian mudmounds in the Mississippian Lodgepole Formation and the “basinal” chalks of the Niobrara Formation. The focus of carbonate studies shifted again in the early 2000s to the use of 3-D seismic data to better understand specific carbonate reservoirs and the increased interpretation of carbonate deposits within the context of sequence stratigraphy. The tools used to study carbonate rocks expanded even further over the past decade with more refined isotopic data, improved SEM studies, and the use of elemental data obtained with X-ray fluorescence analyses. No doubt the next decade will bring even more improvements in data collection methods and the interpretation of depositional and diagenetic processes that have impacted all Rocky Mountain carbonate deposits.

John Henry Evans, MD: Founding Chairman of the Board of Governors of the International Anesthesia Research Society, and a Forgotten Pioneer of Oxygen Therapy.

The theoretical and practical foundations of modern oxygen therapy were established during the first half of the 20th century. John Henry Evans, MD, inaugural chairman of the Board of Governors of the International Anesthesia Research Society (IARS), was an early pioneer in this field. Challenging the conventional wisdom that high concentrations of oxygen were harmful when inspired over long periods, Evans advocated the continuous and extended administration of 100% oxygen in a wide range of conditions, using special apparatus developed by the Toledo Technical Appliance Company (later, the McKesson Appliance Company), which incorporated a tight-fitting facemask or nasal inhaler. In doing so, Evans became embroiled in a conflict with Alvan Barach of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, which would take nearly a decade to resolve. Additionally, Evans experimented with the subcutaneous injection and intravenous infusion of oxygen, reporting significant benefits of the former in several acute inflammatory conditions, as well as a variety of chronic ailments. While these contributions have largely been forgotten, Evans expanded the remit of anesthesiology beyond the operating theater and the original charter of the IARS and helped lay the foundations for the rational use of oxygen as a therapeutic agent in all areas of medicine.

The Trials of Thomas Morton: An Anglican Lawyer, His Puritan Foes, and the Battle for a New England

The Trials of Thomas Morton: An Anglican Lawyer, His Puritan Foes, and the Battle for a New England

L’autel de Lichtervelde et la genèse du manuscrit C de la collection épistolaire d’Étienne d’Orléans, évêque de Tournai (Paris, BnF, lat. 8630A)

Stephen of Orléans, better known as Stephen of Tournai (1128-1203), was successively abbot of Saint-Euverte in Orléans (1168-1176), abbot of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris (1176-1192) and bishop of Tournai (1192-1203). His correspondence - 315 letters in all - is preserved in six medieval collections (or editions). The most important collection (it contains a total of 302 letters and documents, of which a third concerns his period as bishop of Tournai) is the one which can be found in what Jules Desilve, the last editor, called the first family of manuscripts. The archetype of this collection is manuscript C (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, lat. 8630A), which is unfortunately mutilated (three quires and no less than 42 leaves are lacking). This manuscript was compiled in 1198 (and at the beginning of 1199) in four phases by a main scribe (hand A) who was assisted by ten or so other scribes. The collection contained in manuscript C and the other manuscripts of the first family (V, G and P) betrays a strong link with Tournai. It contains not only a large number of letters dating from Stephen’s period as bishop, but also some documents from the cathedral archives of Tournai. Moreover, the main hand of C also wrote an original charter of the chapter of Tournai from 2 April 1198 concerning the altar of Lichtervelde. The manuscript was consequently written by someone in the direct entourage of the bishop of Tournai. On this basis, we may suppose that the main scribe of C, who was at the same time the compiler of this collection, was either the bishop’s chaplain, Marcel, a canon of Sainte-Geneviève who accompanied Stephen to Tournai and who became abbot of Cysoing at the end of 1198, or Stephen’s own brother, also called Stephen, who is attested as canon of Tournai between 1193 and 1201.

Areal variation in Middle High German

AbstractUsing theCorpus der altdeutschen Originalurkunden‘Corpus of Old German Original Charters’ (Wilhelm et al. 1932–2004), we will show that charters offer valuable information on dialectological differences during the Middle High German period. This text genre is unsurpassed in terms of its geographical resolution even though it faces certain challenges due to its partially formulaic style. With two well-known phenomena, i.e. inflected forms of the infinitive (‘gerunds’) and so-called ‘contracted’ verbs likehaben/hân‘have’, we will show how these materials can be analysed and put into perspective with other sources like the newMittelhochdeutsche GrammatikbyKlein, Solms & Wegera (2018).

Zu einigen litterae clausae der apostolischen Pönitentiarie

Now that the Repertorium Poenitentiariae Germanicum is complete, research on the medieval Apostolic Penitentiary has entered a new era. Before now, however, very few original charters of the Apostolic Penitentiary from the archives in partibus were known, and no archivally preserved letters close had been described. This paper treats four examples taken from Austrian and Bavarian archives of these litterae clausae issued by the Apostolic Penitentiary, analysing their formal features and comparing them to papal letters close.

Late Latin Charter Treebank: contents and annotation

This paper describes the construction and annotation of the Late Latin Charter Treebank, a set of three dependency treebanks (llct1, llct2 and llct3) which together contain 1,261 Early Medieval Latin documentary texts (i.e., original charters) written in Italy between ad 714 and 1000 (about 594,000 tokens). The paper focusses on matters which a linguistically or philologically inclined user of llct needs to know: the criteria on which the charters were selected, the special characteristics of the annotation types utilised, and the geographical and chronological distribution of the data. In addition to normal queries on forms, lemmas, morphology and syntax, complex philological research settings are enabled by the textual annotation layer of llct, which indicates abbreviated and damaged words, as well as the formulaic and non-formulaic passages of each charter.

They Impressed their Signs in that Book: Original Charters in the Cartularies of Angoumois

They Impressed their Signs in that Book: Original Charters in the Cartularies of Angoumois

Latinophonie altimédiévale en italie méridionale Étude des démonstratifs dans les chartes. Le cas de IPSE

SummaryThis article proposes a quantitative study of the Latin demonstratives as found in the private and original charters of written in Italy between the 8th and 10th century. It also contains a brief qualitative study of the demonstrative IPSE. Our analysis shows that the evolution of the demonstratives in the charters corresponds to their evolution in the spoken language. These analyses also appear to foreshadow the 11th and 12th century Renaissance which occurred in southern Italy and which is perhaps comparable to the Carolingian Renaissance in Gaul. The qualitative analysis of IPSE demonstrates that the grammaticalization of this demonstrative had not acquired the critical point after which it could be treated as a definite article. Aebischer’s hypothesis that IPSE and ILLE functioned as two variants acting in synonymy should therefore be rejected

Partager l’espace et les droits comtaux au XIe siècle : la division entre l’évêque Pierre et son neveu Roger, comtes de Carcassonne

An original charter from the second quarter of the 11th century describes the division made between two members of the family of the counts of Carcassonne, bishop Pierre and his nephew Roger. The detailed analysis of its content as well as of its remarkable form allows us to give an earlier date for the appearance of the county of Foix, while offering a rare window on Languedocian territoriality around the year 1000 A. D.

Tribute to Harcourt M. Stebbins, DDS, Colonel (Ret), USAF.

Tribute to Harcourt M. Stebbins, DDS, Colonel (Ret), USAF.

An original charter of King John at Ushaw College, Co. Durham (Ushaw MS 66)

The purpose of this note is to make available the text of an original early thirteenth-century royal confirmation charter recently (re-)discovered by the author in the archives of Ushaw College, Co...

Return from Germany to Ukraine of the "Sofian Charter" of Peter the Great on the Metropolitan Appointment of Ioasaph Krokovskyi in 1708: Ukrainian-German History of the Original Charter and Prospects for Restitution of Cultural Valuables

Return from Germany to Ukraine of the "Sofian Charter" of Peter the Great on the Metropolitan Appointment of Ioasaph Krokovskyi in 1708: Ukrainian-German History of the Original Charter and Prospects for Restitution of Cultural Valuables