Original Author Research Articles

한국형 성인 실행기능 척도 타당화

Objectives In this study, the adult executive functioning scale ADEXI(Adult Executive Functioning Inventory) de-veloped by Holst and Thorell (2017) was adapted and validated into Korean to measure the executive function ing of adults.
 Methods An executive functioning scale was selected through a review of previous research literature, permission to use the scale was obtained from the original author, and the Korean Adult Executive Functioning Scale (KADEXI) was constructed through translation and back-translation. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on 237 adults aged 19 or older.
 Results Confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and convergent and criterion validity were verified. The Korean adult executive functioning scale was ultimately composed of 14 items each for self-report and other-re-port, and the subfactors were 9 items for working memory and 5 items for inhibition, identical to the original scale. A test-retest performed 2 weeks later was found to be reliable.
 Conclusions By presenting specific difficulties in daily life through the validation of a Korean scale measuring adult executive functioning, it appears to be of great clinical utility in that it can provide guidance for therapeutic inter-vention and change. In addition, when implementing the executive functioning scale, cross-verification with self-report and meaningful other person's report can be used to ensure validity in identifying the degree of execu-tive functioning deficiency.

Reusability report: Unpaired deep-learning approaches for holographic image reconstruction

Deep-learning methods using unpaired datasets hold great potential for image reconstruction, especially in biomedical imaging where obtaining paired datasets is often difficult due to practical concerns. A recent study by Lee et al. (Nature Machine Intelligence 2023) has introduced a parameterized physical model (referred to as FMGAN) using the unpaired approach for adaptive holographic imaging, which replaces the forward generator network with a physical model parameterized on the propagation distance of the probing light. FMGAN has demonstrated its capability to reconstruct the complex phase and amplitude of objects, as well as the propagation distance, even in scenarios where the object-to-sensor distance exceeds the range of the training data. We performed additional experiments to comprehensively assess FMGAN’s capabilities and limitations. As in the original paper, we compared FMGAN to two state-of-the-art unpaired methods, CycleGAN and PhaseGAN, and evaluated their robustness and adaptability under diverse conditions. Our findings highlight FMGAN’s reproducibility and generalizability when dealing with both in-distribution and out-of-distribution data, corroborating the results reported by the original authors. We also extended FMGAN with explicit forward models describing the response of specific optical systems, which improved performance when dealing with non-perfect systems. However, we observed that FMGAN encounters difficulties when explicit forward models are unavailable. In such scenarios, PhaseGAN outperformed FMGAN.

Assessment of intracranial aneurysm rupture risk using a point cloud-based deep learning model.

Background and Purpose: Precisely assessing the likelihood of an intracranial aneurysm rupturing is critical for guiding clinical decision-making. The objective of this study is to construct and validate a deep learning framework utilizing point clouds to forecast the likelihood of aneurysm rupturing. Methods: The dataset included in this study consisted of a total of 623 aneurysms, with 211 of them classified as ruptured and 412 as unruptured, which were obtained from two separate projects within the AneuX morphology database. The HUG project, which included 124 ruptured aneurysms and 340 unruptured aneurysms, was used to train and internally validate the model. For external validation, another project named @neurIST was used, which included 87 ruptured and 72 unruptured aneurysms. A standardized method was employed to isolate aneurysms and a segment of their parent vessels from the original 3D vessel models. These models were then converted into a point cloud format using open3d package to facilitate training of the deep learning network. The PointNet++ architecture was utilized to process the models and generate risk scores through a softmax layer. Finally, two models, the dome and cut1 model, were established and then subjected to a comprehensive comparison of statistical indices with the LASSO regression model built by the dataset authors. Results: The cut1 model outperformed the dome model in the 5-fold cross-validation, with the mean AUC values of 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. Furthermore, the cut1 model beat the morphology-based LASSO regression model with an AUC of 0.82. However, as the original dataset authors stated, we observed potential generalizability concerns when applying trained models to datasets with different selection biases. Nevertheless, our method outperformed the LASSO regression model in terms of generalizability, with an AUC of 0.71 versus 0.67. Conclusion: The point cloud, as a 3D visualization technique for intracranial aneurysms, can effectively capture the spatial contour and morphological aspects of aneurysms. More structural features between the aneurysm and its parent vessels can be exposed by keeping a portion of the parent vessels, enhancing the model's performance. The point cloud-based deep learning model exhibited good performance in predicting rupture risk while also facing challenges in generalizability.

Нейросетевое прогнозирование дефектов производства металлургической продукции

The paper is devoted to the current problem of reducing the percentage of defective products produced at serial steelmaking plants. To study the patterns of defect formation, a neural network was created that predicts the formation of defects such as “crack” in castings produced by the open-hearth method. To train the neural network, statistical data on the chemical composition of ore raw materials and the corresponding values of the percentage of defects were used. The data was taken under the conditions of an ongoing serial production process, which led to a high degree of noise in the information both on the chemical composition of the ore raw material and on the mechanical properties based on the results of its heat treatment. Outliers of statistical information were detected and removed using the original author’s neural network technique. A neural network model for controlling thermophysical and chemical-energy-technological processes of thermal processing of ore raw materials was created on the basis of a perceptron-type neural network with sigmoid activation functions. By conducting virtual computer experiments on a neural network model, some important dependences of the probability of formation of the defects under study on the content of manganese, phosphorus, silicon, chromium and sulfur were identified. Based on the identified dependencies, practical recommendations have been developed to reduce the percentage of defects by adjusting the chemical composition of ore raw materials. Despite the relatively low accuracy of the developed neural network model, the application of the practical recommendations obtained made it possible to reduce the percentage of defective products manufactured in a large-scale production process by 2.51 times.

Did John Lydgate Write the Original for the “Scotch Copy of a Poem on Heraldry”?

Evidence is presented, from heraldic, linguistic and political–historical evidence, that the original author of the “Scotch Copy of a Poem on Heraldry” was not Adam Loutfut ca. 1494 but the earlier English writer John Lydgate, possibly drawing from French heraldic sources. A new transcription from the Harleian MS 6149 is given with a comparison to the text from a copy in Queen’s MS. 161, plus a modern-language “translation” and critical commentary.

Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the caregiver guilt questionnaire (CGQ) in a sample of Portuguese caregivers of persons with dementia

Background: Informal carers of people with dementia verbalize guilt. Guilt is a feeling associated with depressive disorder, so the intervention is directed at the global depressive process without defining specific interventions to the phenomenon of guilt. Aims: Our goal was to translate, adapt the language, and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Caregiver Guilt Questionnaire (CGQ) in a Portuguese population sample. Design: An instrumental and cross-sectional study design with a 2week test-retest was used. Methods: A convenience sample of 189 informal caregivers of people with dementia was obtained by non-random sampling. Results: The procedures of the original authors of the CGQ were followed. In the principal components analysis with varimax rotation, five factors stood out, with saturation >40 per item, which explained 65.8% of the total variance. Item 16 was eliminated. Most of the 21 items were grouped differently from the authors. By content analysis we renamed the factors and formed the Portuguese version of CGQ, the QCC. The QCC has good fidelity: alpha Cronbach α = 0.90 and stability with r values of Pearson between 0.93 and 0.99 in test-retest. Conclusion: The analysis of the psychometric properties of the CGQ applied to dementia caregivers sample shows that the Portuguese version is a valid tool.

Assessing the Mode of Biblical Interpretation in the Light of African Biblical Hermeneutics: The Case of the Mother-Tongue Biblical Interpretation in Ghana

In establishing the Christian faith on African soil, the first missionaries to Africa came along with the Bible. They were determined to share the word of God with the indigenous Africans. This was undertaken effectively; however, it came at a cost. In an attempt to produce translated versions of the Bible for the natives, they ended up producing translations, some of which did not reflect the thoughts of the indigenous people. This has called for an enterprise whereby these texts need to be retranslated and interpreted to reflect the thoughts of the indigenous people. Mother-tongue biblical hermeneutics in Ghana has been advantageous to this enterprise since it seeks to remedy the situation by examining the mother-tongue translations and making proposals for retranslations and interpretation. This has attracted some scholars to come up with a methodology and approaches that would be appropriate in this direction. This paper seeks to assess and evaluate the use of the mother-tongue interpretation, as well as its methodology and approaches in Ghana in the light of African biblical hermeneutics. Though this enterprise is recommendable to African exegetes, it is a special area of biblical studies in search of a standard methodological approach. The paper calls for much attention to how the mother-tongue interpretation could bring the meaning of the text closer to the culture of the Ghanaian reader—however, not at the expense of neglecting the cultural milieu of the original author in which the text was couched.

Development of the Japanese version of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI).

Psychedelics have recently gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for various psychiatric disorders. Previous research has highlighted that a diminished sense of self, commonly termed "ego-dissolution" is a pivotal feature of the psychedelic-induced state. While the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI) is a widely acknowledged instrument for measuring this phenomenon, no Japanese version has been available. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the EDI. We adhered to the "Guidelines for Best Practices in the Translation and Cultural Modification Process for Patient-Reported Outcomes Instruments: Document from the ISPOR Committee on Translation and Cultural Modification" during our translation approach. Two Japanese psychiatrists independently conducted initial translations, and a consolidated version was achieved via mutual agreement. This version was then back-translated to English and assessed by the original authors for consistency. The repetitive modification process was conducted in continuous dialogues with the original authors until they accepted the concluding back-translated version. The finalized, approved back-translated version of the EDI is presented in the accompanying figure. In addition, the authorized Japanese version of the EDI is included in the Appendix. In this study, we successfully developed the Japanese version of the EDI. This instrument will assist in assessing ego-dissolution experiences associated with psychedelic-assisted therapy among Japanese speakers. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate the reliability and validity of this newly translated instrument.

Standing on shoulder of giants: the incredible legacy of the Judet family in orthopaedic surgery.

In orthopaedic surgery, as well as other areas in medicine, it is common for a surgical technique to carry the original authors' name describing the procedure. The Judet family represents a unique history, since several orthopaedic procedures are known as "Judet's technique". The aim of this historic review is to outline the genealogy of the orthopaedic arm of the Judet family, while crediting each surgical procedure to the specific family member that described the technique.

«I Ching» in Chinese music: composition method of Chung Yiu Kwang

The subject of the study is the original author's method of composition, developed by the modern Chinese composer Chung Yiu Kwang based on the 64 hexagrams of the “I-Ching”. The ancient Chinese philosophy of taiji attracted many composers of the second half of the twentieth century. Chung Yiu Kwang developed a quasi-serial writing technique: four 12-tone fundamental series are built on the tritone relationship of two hexachords - yin and yang. The purpose of the research is to study the implementation of the basic principles of the “I-Ching” in the composition system of Chung, using the example of the composer’s only serial piece “Under The Red Eaves”. For the first time in Russian musicology, the composition method of Chung Yiu Kwang was considered; a creative portrait of the composer and an overview of his main works are presented; the path of formation of his original technique is traced; аn analysis of the first hexagrams in the orchestral play “Under The Red Eaves” was carried out. The formation of the original composition method was due to the creative interests of Chung, his studies in New York, his acquaintance with Chou Wen-Chung and his students - representatives of the Chinese New Wave - Tan Dun, Zhou Long, Chen Yi. This predetermined the musician's turn to the synthesis of the ancient Chinese philosophy “I-Ching” with Western serial methods of organizing musical texture. Based on the symbolism of hexagrams and the ancient Chinese lü scale, the author builds a three-level system of interaction of pitch relations: the level of fundamental series, the level of complementarity of yin and yang segments that give rise to 12-tone rows, and the level of alternation of yin and yang tones in accordance with the change of dotted and solid lines in hexagrams..

Assessment of the quality of poetic translation (based on the material of translations of British poetry into Russian)

The subject of the research in the article is the peculiarities of assessing the quality of translation of poetic texts. The object of the study is the translation of a poetic text as a complex multidimensional process. In this paper, we will be interested in criteria for evaluating the quality of translation of a poetic work, since a comprehensive assessment of the quality of a poetic translation remains an unresolved problem, and the need for such a procedure remains. The criteria for evaluating poetic translation mean such signs of high-quality poetic translation, on the basis of which a standardized assessment of any poetic translation can be made, for example, in the conditions of a translation competition. To develop evaluation criteria, the author examines in detail the difficulties of translating poetry. The results of a comparative analysis of original and translated poetic texts are analyzed on the basis of the selected criteria. The work uses methods of directed sampling, comparative linguistic (phonetic, semantic, syntactic) analysis of parallel texts, linguistic and pragmatic analysis using elements of cultural and stylistic analysis, as well as quantitative data processing methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a method of analyzing a poem based on an assessment of the quality of poetic translation is proposed. The concept of the quality of poetic translation is clarified, criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of poetic translation are formulated. A comparative analysis of parallel original and translated texts – works of British poetry and their translations into Russian, performed by professional translators, is carried out. The quality of a poetic translation can be the object of a comprehensive assessment, which is carried out using a number of criteria: the preservation of the original author's idea, composition and rhyme of a poetic work, the selection of appropriate equivalents by the translator, the absence of significant permutations, omissions and distortions, as well as compliance with the norms of the translation language. The criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of poetic translation can be recommended to the organizers of translation contests to evaluate the works of the participants of the contests, as they reduce the effect of subjective factors in the analysis of quality and make it possible to rank translation options, identify the most qualitative of them.

저작물의 새로운 이용 방법과 저작권의 귀속

In the field of copyright, the development of new technologies leads to new ways of using copyrighted works, and the question arises as to whom the profits from such uses should be attributed. NFTs, a new way of using copyrighted works that has emerged due to the development of blockchain technology, also raise the issue of to whom the profits should be attributed. In most cases, this issue arises between the original author and the subsequent rights holder, and can be resolved in two ways: the technical characteristics of the method of use and the direction of law and policy. First of all, when it comes to the technical aspects of attributing benefits, there are two points to consider. One is to look at whose rights are more necessary in the life-cycle of an NFT, such as the creation of an NFT. Unless separate rights are created for NFTs, it will be easier to obtain rights to NFTs for those who have more of the necessary rights or similar types of rights in relation to NFTs. The other is to look at whose interests the NFT technology itself, as a new way of using it, serves more and whose interests it harms less. If NFTs are a completely unexpected technology, it seems reasonable to recognize the original creator of the work to retain the rights, and if it can cannibalize or displace the business of the latter, it seems reasonable to grant rights to the latter. Next, from a legal and policy perspective, the attribution of a new method of use may be determined by the status and position of the parties, the process at the contractual stage, the economic impact, and social justice such as the proper distribution of benefits. However, in order to prevent disputes and increase predictability, it is necessary to establish the principle of attribution of rights to new methods of use and introduce a simple method of resolving the issue according to the purpose. The U.S. and European systems can be used as a guide, and if the principle of freedom of contract is maintained and original authors, who are generally at a disadvantage, are to be protected, the introduction of a right of termination, a right of rescission or a right of revocation that enables the assignment of new methods of use in advance and protects original authors seems appropriate.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Version of the Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire

Aims. To adapt the Authentic Nurse Leadership Questionnaire (ANLQ) to the Chinese cultural context and evaluate its psychometric properties. Background. Authenticity serves as a pivotal factor in the dynamic interaction between nurse leaders and nurse staff, exerting a profound influence on the growth of nurse individuals, healthcare teams, and organizations. However, there is still a dearth of research instruments to assess nurses’ perception of authentic leadership in China. Methods. After authorization from the original author and technical support had been secured, a systematic process of initial translation, back translation, expert panel review, and pretesting was employed to ensure cross-cultural adaptation in accordance with established guidelines. A two-stage study design was implemented. In stage 1, 189 nurses were sampled for psychometric validation, during which the internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability were tested and exploratory factor analysis was performed. In stage 2, 255 nurses were sampled for confirmatory factor analysis and assessment of convergent and discriminant validity, to further validate the constructs. Results. In stage 1, the validated instrument showed a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.973, a split-half coefficient of 0.888, and a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.912. The exploratory factor analysis extracted five dimensions that accounted for 82.629% of the overall variance. The findings in stage 2 showed that the observed data were well fitted to the five-factor theoretical model, with acceptable levels of convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions. The Chinese version of the ANLQ demonstrated appropriate psychometric properties, as evidenced by its good reliability and validity. Implications for Nursing Management. This study offers nurse administrators and executives a valuable instrument, enabling them to establish leadership evaluation criteria, conduct nurse leader performance appraisals, and assist in selecting new nurse leaders. Ultimately, this contributes to the cultivation and development of exceptional managers capable of providing positive leadership to their followers.

The harms of inequity are rarely overestimated: Comment on Marks and O'Connell (2021)

AbstractMarks and O'Connell's (Review of Education, 2021, e3293) claim that an even‐handed review of the literature shows that social and economic background does not matter to educational outcomes in advanced economies, relies on questionable scholarship and statistical errors. Much of the evidence against the relevance of social and economic background relies on research that estimates gain scores, where the effects of student background on educational outcomes are much smaller because they are residual effects. They also claim that parental education and occupation are poor measures of student background but do not recognise that this leads to attenuated effects and thus argues against their thesis. Finally, there is a lack of serious engagement with the literature: cherry‐picked numbers, summaries of studies that are at odds with the conclusions of the original authors and even two cases where thought experiments are presented as empirical evidence. Research into inequity does at times lack rigour in measurement and analysis, and not accounting for heritable abilities can confound and exaggerate the association between student background or school composition and educational outcomes, but simple calculations suggest that the resulting bias is offset by attenuation due to measurement error.Context and implicationsRationale for this studyThis comment was written to address shortcomings in a 2021 review article, ‘Inadequacies in the SES–Achievement model: Evidence from PISA and other studies’, by Gary Marks and Michael O'Connell.Why the new findings matterBecause review articles are an essential building block for the growth of a science, it is important that they are an even‐handed evaluation of the available evidence and do not rationalise or misinterpret the primary research they claim to summarise, a bar that the original review did not meet. When readers are aware of areas in which the original review fell short, they can form a more nuanced opinion of the merits and shortcomings of current research that incorporates a measure of social and economic background.Implications for researchers and policy makersThis comment explains ways in which the estimated effect of noisy measures of socioeconomic status may be disattenuated, usually leading to bigger estimates with less bias. It explains in what situations researchers should be careful of the opposite inflationary effect of genetic confounding but also explain that for many kinds of research it is unlikely to matter. Policy makers should know that the effects of social and economic background are hard to quantify and interpret, but that existing research into inequity and disadvantage is not generally misleading or flawed beyond repair, as Marks and O'Connell would have it, and instead feel confident that such measures will continue to be useful in setting educational policy.

A new strategy to improve maternal-fetal attachment in primigravida women with prenatal spiritual-based stimulation

Primigravida has impacts related to preparedness for the transition into motherhood. Thus, its can disrupt the attachment between the mother and the fetus. This study aimed to determine the effects of prenatal spiritual-based stimulation on maternal-fetal attachment. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a control group and was conducted among primigravida women in Indonesia. The study included 66 respondents selected through purposive sampling. They were divided into the intervention and control groups, each comprising 33 participants. The intervention group received prenatal spiritual-based stimulations, which involved auditory, kinesthetic, light, and temperature stimulations and were administered over a 12-week period. Data on maternal-fetal attachment were collected using the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI), which had been tested for validity and reliability. Approval to use the instrument was obtained from its original author. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests. The results showed that the Wilcoxon test yielded a p-value of 0.000 or significant differences were observed before and after intervention for the intervention group and 0.059 no significant differences were observed before and after the intervention for the control group. The Mann Whitney test revealed a p-value of 0.000, there were differences in the maternal-fetal attachment before and after the intervention. Therefore, spiritual-based prenatal stimulation is effective in enhancing maternal-fetal attachment. These results can provide a basis for pregnant women to apply spiritual-based prenatal stimulation interventions to enhance maternal-fetal attachment and health status.

Fat phobia scale-short form and beliefs about obese persons scale: cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese

The Fat Phobia Scale-Short Form (FPS) and the Beliefs About Obese Persons Scale (BAOP) are scales developed to investigate fatphobia and beliefs about obese persons, respectively. The aim of the study was to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of these scales to Brazilian Portuguese. The methodology was carried out in 5 stages: 1. translation, 2. synthesis of translations, 3. evaluation by the expert committee of semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalences, 4. discussion with the target population (health professionals and other areas), and 5. back-translation. The results of the judgment of equivalences evaluated by the specialists were presented in absolute and relative frequency, and the agreement of the results between the specialists was verified by the Kappa de Fleiss Coefficient (₭). The results showed excellent agreement for all equivalences in both scales, except for BAOP semantics, which was good. (₭ = 0.67). Suggestions from the target population (Brazilian adults) were considered to adapt the final version of the two scales, which were back-translated and approved by the original authors. It is concluded that FPS and BAOP are duly adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and ready to be tested for their psychometric qualities.

Staged reality in cinema: Contemporary interpretations and meanings

Relevance. The relevance of this subject is related to the development of information technology and new media, which has allowed wide access to cinema as a visual activity. The information media space is increasingly connected to human existence, and the demand for intangible goods and services inherent in post-industrial society is causing increasing demands for intellectual products outside the science and production industry.Purpose. In this context, the purpose of the study is to identify the plane of the significance of the staged reality of cinema as a dominant form of synthetic art, the attitude between artistic and nonartistic features of staged reality on the example of fiction and documentary cinema, and to outline the transformation of the structure of film reality as a constructor and medium.Methodology. The principal approaches to the study were structural and hermeneutic approaches to structural analysis in terms of the semiotics of culture of cinema reality sign space and the use of interpretive practices on textual objects.Results. The study describes the connection between the simulacrisation of cinema as a separate staged reality, capable of gaining independence from the original author's idea; the loss of the original author's role and the work itself as a text that is part of the global inter- and hypertext; and the role of the medium as a coherent, semantic carrier of content in the act of communication, which in its unity infinitely increases the possible perceptible meanings determined by the form.Conclusions. The materials of this study harmonise the theories of simulacra, author's death and mediumship in the context of cinema semiotics in the interpretative vector "mediumship-discourse-sign" and orient further research towards establishing the attitude between individual authorial language and cinema discourse in the context of hyperreality.

Editorial: Reflecting on 10 Years of the Journal

It is now 10 years since the first issue of the International Journal of Practice-Based Learning in Health and Social Care was published. Since then, there has been significant change; not just in practice learning itself but across health and social care, the ways people work and study, and in political and regulatory domains. As a way to celebrate the resilience of the journal and its contributions to the evidence base, we are delighted to have put together this special anniversary issue. The issue brings together 10 articles that highlight the range and excellence of the 157 publications from the past ten years. We also present an interview with two of the founding members of the journal, reflecting on the last ten years, including the developments and challenges that have characterised this time. To identify our ten articles, we started by looking at those articles which attracted most readers across the years. We then reviewed those popular articles, selecting a diverse mix of topics, professional backgrounds, geographies and research/evaluation approaches. Having selected articles for the special issue we asked the original authors to reflect on the impact of their work, highlighting its currency and sharing what happened next. These reflective commentaries capture the significance of the studies and their contributions to advancing practice-based learning.

Making Sense of Machine Learning: A Review of Interpretation Techniques and Their Applications

Transparency in AI models is essential for promoting human–AI collaboration and ensuring regulatory compliance. However, interpreting these models is a complex process influenced by various methods and datasets. This study presents a comprehensive overview of foundational interpretation techniques, meticulously referencing the original authors and emphasizing their pivotal contributions. Recognizing the seminal work of these pioneers is imperative for contextualizing the evolutionary trajectory of interpretation in the field of AI. Furthermore, this research offers a retrospective analysis of interpretation techniques, critically evaluating their inherent strengths and limitations. We categorize these techniques into model-based, representation-based, post hoc, and hybrid methods, delving into their diverse applications. Furthermore, we analyze publication trends over time to see how the adoption of advanced computational methods within various categories of interpretation techniques has shaped the development of AI interpretability over time. This analysis highlights a notable preference shift towards data-driven approaches in the field. Moreover, we consider crucial factors such as the suitability of these techniques for generating local or global insights and their compatibility with different data types, including images, text, and tabular data. This structured categorization serves as a guide for practitioners navigating the landscape of interpretation techniques in AI. In summary, this review not only synthesizes various interpretation techniques but also acknowledges the contributions of their original authors. By emphasizing the origins of these techniques, we aim to enhance AI model explainability and underscore the importance of recognizing biases, uncertainties, and limitations inherent in the methods and datasets. This approach promotes the ethical and practical use of interpretation insights, empowering AI practitioners, researchers, and professionals to make informed decisions when selecting techniques for responsible AI implementation in real-world scenarios.

Validity-Reliability Test of Indonesian-translated MBD-MBS questionnaire as screening method for mouth breathers

Introduction Mouth breathing, the process of air entry from the mouth to the lungs without passing through the nose, is an abnormal behaviour that may imply the presence of a comorbidity. Mouth breathing in children, teenagers, and adults leads to numerous pathological consequences, especially in children. There are several methods available to diagnose mouth breathing, one of them being the provision of questionnaires, however, there is yet any mouth breathing questionnaire that has been translated into Indonesian. Therefore, this research aims to translate the MBD-MBS questionnaire in Indonesian, and conduct a validity and reliability test for the translated questionnaire. Hence, this translated questionnaire may be used as a tool to diagnose the presence of mouth breathing. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted to 33 parents of children in day-cares or preschools in Bandung city that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Translation of the questionnaire was conducted by a sworn translator after permission was granted by the original author through email. The questionnaire was then distributed to the subjects after being given consent. Afterwards, the validity and reliability test were then conducted using Spearman and Cronbach-α formulas respectively. Results All six questions in the Indonesian translated MBD-MBS questionnaire is validated (rcount > rtable, which is 0.355) and reliable (Cronbach’s Alpha 0.643 > 0.6). Conclusion Based on both validity and reliability tests, all questions in the Indonesian-translated MBD-MBS questionnaire are considered valid and reliable. Hence, this questionnaire is suitable to be utilized for further studies about mouth breathing.