Original Article Research Articles

Two Years of PhysChem: Current Status and Future Developments

Two years ago, PhysChem was launched as a new physical chemistry journal publishing original research articles, reviews and perspectives, and communications focusing on physics-based description of chemical phenomena and their applications [...]

Corrigendum to: Criterion validity of an instrument to measure behavioral styles in Ecuadorian population

Corrigendum to: Criterion validity of an instrument to measure behavioral styles in Ecuadorian population In the article entitled "Estudio de validez de criterio de un instrumento para medir estilos conductuales en población ecuatoriana", published on pages 123-142, number 1, volume 11 of the journal CienciAmérica by authors Moreno and Puertas published in 2022 [1], there is a correction in the section "DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST". SCOPE TEXT Subsequent to the publication of this article, Dr. Jaime Moreno was informed that he is listed as the author of the system called "Psiconet", which is registered with SENADI. This fact was completely unknown to the aforementioned author, which is why it was not possible to inform the Journal of this fact in a timely manner. Acting with such unawareness, Dr. Moreno CLARIFIES in the present statement, that there is a title registered in his name as author of the system called "Psiconet" and that this fact does not compromise or invalidate the integrity, findings and conclusions of the present article. This clarification seeks to ensure transparency and reaffirm the validity of the work. Note from the editor of CienciAmérica: the journal remains neutral with this process. The online version of the original article can be found at doi: 10.33210/ca.v11i1.385. REFERENCE [1] J. Moreno and L. Puertas, “Estudio de validez de criterio de un instrumento para medir estilos conductuales en población ecuatoriana”, CienciAmérica, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 123, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.33210/ca.v11i1.385 . This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Narrative review investigating the nephroprotective mechanisms of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease.

Outcome trials using sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors have consistently shown their potential to preserve kidney function in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Several mechanisms have been introduced which may explain the nephroprotective effect of sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors beyond lowering blood glucose. This current narrative review has the objective to describe main underlying mechanisms causing a nephroprotective effect and to show similarities as well as differences between proposed mechanisms which can be observed in patients with diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease. We performed a narrative review of the literature on Pubmed and Embase. The research string comprised various combinations of items including "chronic kidney disease", "sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor" and "mechanisms". We searched for original research and review articles published until march, 2022. The databases were searched independently and the agreements by two authors were jointly obtained. Sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors show systemic, hemodynamic, and metabolic effects. Systemic effects include reduction of blood pressure without compensatory activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Hemodynamic effects include restoration of tubuloglomerular feedback which may improve pathologic hyperfiltration observed in most cases with chronic kidney disease. Current literature indicates that SGLT2i may not improve cortical oxygenation and may reduce medullar oxygenation. Sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors cause nephroprotective effects by several mechanisms. However, several mediators which are involved in the underlying pathophysiology may be different between diabetic and nondiabetic patients.

Health and Environmental Hazards of the Toxic Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Bracken Fern).

Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) is ubiquitous and acts as a cosmopolitan weed in pastures and similar environments. Despite its historical uses, it presents risks due to toxicity. This study, conducted in the second half of 2023, aimed to assess the environmental and health hazards of P. aquilinum, primarily focusing on its carcinogenic compound, ptaquiloside. The literature was comprehensively reviewed using diverse databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Information was synthesized from original research articles, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and relevant animal studies. Animals grazing on bracken fern face annual production losses due to toxin exposure. The substantial impact on biodiversity, animal health, and human well-being arises from the presence of ptaquiloside and related compounds in milk, meat, and water, along with the increasing global prevalence of P. aquilinum and its swift colonization in acidic soil and fire-damaged areas. The objectives were to identify major bioactive compounds and explore their effects at molecular, cellular, pathological, and population levels. Various cooking techniques were considered to mitigate toxin exposure, although complete elimination remains unattainable. Therefore, the findings emphasize the need for cautious consumption. In conclusion, continued research is necessary to better understand and manage its environmental and health implications.

Healthcare innovation and leadership in non-profit organisations: past, present and future trends

Non-profit healthcare organisations (NPHO's) serve a heterogeneous population, from the elderly in nursing homes to people with mental disorders or children and young people with chronic illnesses. Given the fast changing context in which they operate, their innovative capacity becomes a key element of their intervention. Thus, the way in which leadership is exercised has a major influence on the innovation results. Given the fragmentation on this topic, this study aimed at conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). This SLR identified a total of 243 original articles published between 1985 and 2023, and, through a bibliometric analysis using the RStudio's Bibliometrix software, identified the different aspects between innovation and leadership in NPHO's present in the literature. Four main clusters were identified: innovation management in NPHO's – facilitators and obstacles; innovation and organisational performance – the centrality of the user and the quality of services; leadership as a vector of innovation; affective aspects and the performance of NPHO's. A conceptual model is proposed, the gaps are identified, such as future lines of research emerge from the results obtained. This SLR is intended to be a document that may support practical changes in the context that promote innovation in NPHO's.

Forty-two years of computer-assisted language learning research: A scientometric study of hotspot research and trending issues

AbstractFor years, computer-assisted language learning (CALL) has thrived as an interdisciplinary subfield, linking applied linguistics and educational technology. Despite its significance and a number of syntheses, CALL research has not yet undergone a comprehensive scientometric synthesis. This study synthesizes CALL research over a period of 42 years by employing a scientometric analysis of sources and document co-citation analyses. Scopus was used to retrieve original articles with a timespan limit from 1980 to 2021. Our records identified 4,631 articles representing CALL-based research, which were published in 63 peer-reviewed journals and collectively contained 186,589 references. The findings indicate that CALL research is supported by robust theoretical frameworks, grounded in socio-cultural and second language acquisition theories. Our research findings have revealed several significant clusters of interest within the realm of CALL, with a pronounced focus on writing among CALL scholars. Additionally, the study identified emerging research areas such as mobile-assisted language learning, synchronous computer-mediated communication, and data-driven learning in CALL literature. Notably, “CALL-core” journals exhibited high productivity, with Language Learning & Technology, Computer Assisted Language Learning, and Computers & Education standing out as top-ranked journals in terms of the Hirsch index (h-index) and co-citation. Suggestions for future research are outlined in the conclusion.

Meta-analysis: clinical features and treatments of lung cancer in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

There are many epidemiological pieces of evidence that show combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) patients have an increased risk of lung cancer. We conducted a systematic review of all published data to define the characteristics and treatments of lung cancer that develops in CPFE by performing a meta-analysis. Databases(including PubMed, Medline, CNKI, VIP, etc.) were searched to find original articles that related to lung cancer in CPFE(CPFE-LC) patients and a meta-analysis was used to analyze the included 15 articles. Stata17.0 software was performed for this meta-analysis. Fifteen original studies that assessed 5933 patients were included in this meta-analysis. In the pooled data, people with CPFE-LC were elderly(70.58 years) and heavy smokers( 0.959, 45.793 pack-years), with a male predominance(0.959). Most lung cancer in CPFE was located in the lower lobe(0.533) and obvious areas of pulmonary fibrosis(0.516). Highest prevalence of cellular subtypes of lung cancer in CPFE was squamous carcinoma(SQCC, 0.437) and chemotherapy was the main treatment(0.387). The mortality rate was 0.720(95%CI: 0.657-0.783) and the 5-year survival rate was 0.250(95%CI: 0.133-0.368). The main cause of death was infection(0.268) and respiratory failure was the main cause of death after surgery(0.392). Lung cancer in CPFE, most commonly SQCC, presents in elderly heavy smokers with a male, located in the lower lobe of the lung and the areas of fibrosis predominance. Chemotherapy is the main treatment and the optimal treatment remains to be explored.

A systematic review of tetracycline resistance genes in animals and derived products in Latin America and the Caribbean

We aimed to systematize and assess scientific information on tetracycline (TET) resistance genes in animals, products, and by-products in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Only original articles published in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Sixty articles published between 2003 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. The geographical areas of study were Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and Costa Rica, and, to a lesser extent, Colombia, Bolivia, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay. The studies were related to livestock, wild animals, and pets. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The tet genes found in higher frequency in the samples or isolates evaluated were tetA, tetB, tetM, tetL, tetK, tetC, tetO, tetD, tetG, tetW, tetS, tetQ, tetE, tetH, tetJ, tetZ, and tetY. Studies evaluating the presence of tet genes in animals in LAC are limited despite TET being antibiotics widely used in animals. It is necessary to establish cross border public policies that allow the constant training of medical and related personnel regarding the responsible use of antibiotics in animals and the effective monitoring of the phenomenon in the region.

Gender differences in vitiligo: psychological symptoms and quality of life assessment description.

Assuming that the difference exist in the manifestation of psychological suffering among genders, the purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on gender differences in vitiligo quality of life and psychological assessment. We searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for original articles in English language. Results were screened according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA checklist). The study yielded 107 results; 12 articles have been evaluated as eligible. Each eligible study has been screened and analyzed. The study's qualitative evaluation revealed that 8 papers were classifiable as satisfactory, 4 were classifiable as unsatisfactory. The agreement between the coders was high (% agreement = 84.6%; Cohen's kappa = 0.79). All considered researches (100%) were cross-sectional studies, based on self-report questionnaires. From our analysis, women with vitiligo had a higher risk to experience lower quality of life, and worse mental health in a wide range of psychopathology symptoms than men. A wide heterogeneity of tools is used to investigate the quality of life and psychological symptoms among these patients. Unfortunately, there are few explanatory models proposed in the literature to rationalize these findings. It will be important to investigate in further researches the specific influence of known risk factors for psychopathology in this population to better explore these phenomena.

Social Determinants of Reproductive Age Women's Sexual Health: A Scoping Review

Background: Evidence, especially in the last two decades, indicates the effect of social factors on health. Social determinants of health (SDH) are the environmental conditions in which people are born, live, grow, educate, work, and age. Objectives: Hence, this study intended to identify the SDH of the reproductive age women's sexual health dimensions. Methods: To conduct this scoping review, the researchers searched the databases, including PubMed, Medline, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran, disregarding language limit. They searched the original observational articles (cohort, cross-sectional, case-control) on social determinants of reproductive age women's sexual health, assessing at least one social determinant of health for sexual health between January 2010 and January 2023. Results: A total of 4704 articles were extracted in the initial review; however, 30 entered the scoping review. The results revealed that the social determinants of reproductive age women's sexual health in different societies are socioeconomic status (socio-economic constraints, economic gradient, poverty, lack of food at home, homelessness, low prospects, and poor educational and job outlook), personal determinants (age, gender, religious affiliation, marital status, education level, employment/unemployment status, economic status, age at the first sex, age over 40, dissatisfaction with the sexual potency of the spouse, high body mass index, partners' sexual education, sexual intimacy, relationship duration, frequent contact with a given partner, perceived social support, and perceived safe sex norms), social support (social networks of peers, friends, and family, emotional support and strong attachments to families), neighborhood, violence, addiction, migration, stress, early life experiences, and education that can affect different sexual health dimensions. The sexual health dimensions encompass sexual function, sexual satisfaction, risky sexual behaviors, receiving sexual health services, condom use, and forced sexual behavior. Conclusions: Considering each person's conditions and needs, health policymakers and health services providers should evaluate the various dimensions of the SDH to promote women's sexual health. Moreover, they should plan and implement the required strategies to eliminate the identified obstacles.

Asia Syndrome and Breast Implants, Report of A Case and Review of The Literature

Background: Over the past decades, evidence has accumulated that autoimmune symptoms can be triggered by exposure to environmental immunostimulatory factors that act as adjuvants in genetically susceptible individuals, with several unexplained symptoms. Adjuvant-induced autoimmune/autoinflammatory Syndrome (ASIA) was described in 2011 by Shoenfeld and Agmon-Levin and defined the diagnostic criteria. However, the association of this syndrome with silicone breast implants is controversial. Objective: To describe a case of ASIA syndrome in a silicone breast implant carrier and review of the literature. Clinical Case: JKT 36-year-old woman with luminal infiltrating ductal carcinoma; with negative extension studies, a conservative mastectomy of the skin and areola was performed with immediate reconstruction with an implant with a breast prosthesis and hormone therapy; Her follow-up was torpid with fatigue, pain in the arm, depression and sleep disturbances and affected breast skin, without infection. As she did not respond to conservative management, it was decided to remove the prosthesis, resection of the capsule and skin, due to the suspicion of the syndrome. From ASIA, as there was no involvement or persistence of breast cancer, with immediate improvement. Method: Bibliographic review of original articles written in English on cases of ASIA syndromes, associated with silicone breast implants from their description to the present. Results: Until 2019, 126 cases of ASIA syndrome due to silicone breast prostheses and implants were reported. Removal of the prosthesis improves symptoms. Conclusion: ASIA syndrome is recent, it is still considered an evolving concept, it is necessary to identify risk factors for the development of autoimmune phenomena in individuals who will receive some type of adjuvant to prevent cases of this syndrome.

The association of menopause with cardiometabolic disease risk factors in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

Menopause is an integral part of women's health, and studies in high-income countries have shown an increase in cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk factors in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women. However, to date, no study has combined and assessed such studies across low- and middle-income countries. This would better inform early monitoring and intervention strategies for reducing CMD risk factor levels in midlife women in these regions. This study aimed to evaluate evidence from the literature on differences in CMD risk factors between premenopausal and postmenopausal midlife women living in low- and middle-income countries. A systematic review with meta-analysis of original articles of all study designs from the databases PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science was conducted from conception until April 24, 2023. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Quality assessment of the articles was done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, adapted for each study design. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. For the meta-analysis, fixed-effects models were used to pool the odds ratios (OR), as measures of association. Our search identified 4,849 relevant articles: 44 for the systematic review and 16 for the meta-analysis, in accordance with our inclusion criteria. Compared with premenopausal women, the postmenopausal stage was associated with metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.11-1.27]), high waist-to-hip ratio (OR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.12-1.32]), hypertension (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.04-1.16]), elevated triglycerides (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.11-1.21]), and elevated plasma glucose (OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.15-1.28]). This study confirmed that CMD risk factors are present at higher levels in postmenopausal than premenopausal women. This demonstrates an urgent need for public health policies that focus on early monitoring and interventions targeted at reducing CMD risk and related adverse outcomes in midlife women in these nations.

Interagency Coordination Drivers, Instruments, and Success Factors: A Systematic Literature Review

Interagency coordination remains a classic and ever-expansive topic in public administration theory. Often considered the key to successful policy or program implementation, coordination also presents its complexities. Research on this subject continues to evolve regarding its sheer numbers, the diversity of locations, problems, and sectors of concern, and the type of government agencies being the subject. This article employed a systematic literature review to identify and analyze coordination drivers, instruments, and critical success factors associated with coordination. The study focused on original articles published from 2010 to 2021 in relevant journals indexed by Scopus. The review revealed that coordination can be driven by problems, institutions, or a combination of both simultaneously. Coordination instruments may involve one or a variety of interventions from governance and structure, systems and processes, policies and agreements, or the engagement of intermediaries. Factors of institutional settings, managerial capacity, and the accuracy of coordination strategies also determine the success of this intervention.

Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production on crowdsourcing in health

Introduction: online collaborative decision-making processes in health have developed over time and surpass the academic field. The objective of the research is to analyze the scientific production on crowdsourcing in health during the period 2019 - 2023. Methods: the research was developed under the quantitative paradigm approach, from a retrospective - descriptive and bibliometric study. A systematic search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results: the search was conducted in the SCOPUS database and 289 research results on crowdsourcing in health in the selected period were identified. Of the 289 research studies analyzed, 60% are original articles. The area of knowledge that stands out the most is medicine with 159 research papers. A total of 162 journals were identified in which the research was published, the most cited being Translational Psychiatry with 364 citations. In addition, the institutions with the highest representation are The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine with 23 and 17 researches respectively. The most relevant author is Tucker, J.D. with 17 publications. The country that published the most was the United States with 122 publications. Conclusions: It is concluded that crowdsourcing in health as an online collaborative process between institutions, specialists, patients or experts in the health sector allows solving research problems, based on tasks directed by the crowdsourcing administrator, has developed over time and surpasses the academic field.

Digital Transformation and Smes: A Systematic Literature Review Using Bibliometric Analysis

This article uses bibliometric analysis to integrate, synthesize, and expand the knowledge regarding digital transformation and small and medium enterprises. The author examined the Web of Science (WOS) core collection database for articles between 2021 and 2023, October. For a complete record, information is collected on the publication year, keywords, document type, journal, author, affiliations, country, abstracts, and the number of citations. The co-citation, co-occurrence, and publication patterns were analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.19. The study comprised 64 papers (N = 64), of which 94% were original research articles and just 6% were review articles. The study adopted the bibliometric approach in mapping out the research focus on digital transformation and small and medium enterprises which has been given considerable attention recently. The article concludes by identifying the gaps in the literature and proposing future study possibilities.

Artificial Intelligence Security through Input Data Quality Steps

In times of digital transformation, data generation constitutes a new type of asset, as it requires new forms of organizational learning, giving rise to new business models. The focus of all this transformation is Artificial Intelligence (AI), a subfield of Computer Science responsible for creating computational resources with capabilities similar to human reasoning for automated problem-solving. Elements of mathematics and engineering are used to reproduce aspects of human intelligence, as well as insights from other areas such as philosophy, mathematics, economics, neuroscience, psychology, computer engineering, control theory, cybernetics, and linguistics. Hence the name AI. Machines learn to speak, write, interpret data, and solve problems through AI, a tool that is now essential for Industry 4.0, as a transition from industrial society to the knowledge and digital economy. In turn, Generative AI uses multimodal tools to work with elements such as spoken language, images, sounds, body movements, etc. All this technology requires innovations in companies through the adoption of frameworks that enable the selection and storage of qualified data. This original article was developed based on extensive bibliographic research and scientific materials. Its objective is to demonstrate the relevance of data analysis as a way to apply compliance practices to AI. As a result of this research, there was a recognized need for greater attention to input data quality processes for generative AI training.

What's next? Forecasting scientific research trends

Scientific research trends and interests evolve over time. The ability to identify and forecast these trends is vital for educational institutions, practitioners, investors, and funding organizations. In this study, we predict future trends in scientific publications using heterogeneous sources, including historical publication time series from PubMed, research and review articles, pre-trained language models, and patents. We demonstrate that scientific topic popularity levels and changes (trends) can be predicted five years in advance across 40 years and 125 diverse topics, including life-science concepts, biomedical, anatomy, and other science, technology, and engineering topics. Preceding publications and future patents are leading indicators for emerging scientific topics. We find the ratio of reviews to original research articles informative for identifying increasing or declining topics, with declining topics having an excess of reviews. We find that language models provide improved insights and predictions into temporal dynamics. In temporal validation, our models substantially outperform the historical baseline. Our findings suggest that similar dynamics apply across other scientific and engineering research topics. We present SciTrends, a user-friendly webtool for predicting future publication trends for any topic covered in PubMed.

Indigenous identity identification in administrative health care data globally: A scoping review

Objective Both Indigenous and non-Indigenous governments and organizations have increasingly called for improved Indigenous health data in order to improve health equity among Indigenous peoples. This scoping review identifies best practices, potential consequences and barriers for advancing Indigenous health data and Indigenous data sovereignty globally. Methods A scoping review was conducted to capture the breadth and nature of the academic and grey literature. We searched academic databases for academic records published between 2000 and 2021. We used Google to conduct a review of the grey literature. We applied Harfield’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool (QAT) to all original research articles included in the review to assess the quality of health information from an Indigenous perspective. Results In total, 77 academic articles and 49 grey literature records were included. Much of the academic literature was published in the last 12 years, demonstrating a more recent interest in Indigenous health data. Overall, we identified two ways for Indigenous health data to be retrieved. The first approach is health care organizations asking clients to voluntarily self-identify as Indigenous. The other approach is through data linkage. Both approaches to improving Indigenous health data require awareness of the intergenerational consequences of settler colonialism along with a general mistrust in health care systems among Indigenous peoples. This context also presents special considerations for health care systems that wish to engage with Indigenous communities around the intention, purpose, and uses of the identification of Indigenous status in administrative databases and in health care settings. Partnerships with local Indigenous nations should be developed prior to the systematic collection of Indigenous identifiers in health administrative data. The QAT revealed that many research articles do not include adequate information to describe how Indigenous communities and stakeholders have been involved in this research. Conclusion There is consensus within the academic literature that improving Indigenous health should be of high priority for health care systems globally. To address data disparities, governments and health organizations are encouraged to work in collaboration with local Indigenous nations and stakeholders at every step from conceptualization, data collection, analysis, to ownership. This finding highlights the need for future research to provide transparent explanation of how meaningful Indigenous collaboration is achieved in their research.

Guia de leitura de textos científicos para alunos de graduação das ciências biológicas e da saúde

The publication of scientific articles is the primary means of disseminating scientific knowledge, and access to original scientific articles is crucial for the education of undergraduate students in Biological Sciences and Health-related courses. However, many professionals find it challenging to comprehend scientific literature, translate and apply the knowledge presented in the articles. Therefore, this study aims to develop a reading guide for scientific articles to assist students of Biological Sciences and Health courses. To achieve this objective, two undergraduate students and a university professor dedicated themselves to reading scientific articles, noting the challenges, and discussing hypotheses to improve the process of reading and understanding the texts. Following this process, the Reading Guide for Scientific Articles was developed, which includes instructions on time management, environmental organization, and notes on the primary structures of scientific articles and how to interpret them. Despite the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that guided reading of scientific articles can enhance comprehension, and the Reading Guide can be a valuable tool for professors and students to better engage with scientific literature.

Introduction to the Special Issue: Novel Insights into the Externalizing Psychopathology Spectrum in Childhood and Adolescence from Intensive Longitudinal Data.

Externalizing psychopathology is highly prevalent in children and adolescents. Yet, current understanding of the externalizing psychopathology spectrum is predominantly founded on cross-sectional and conventional longitudinal designs. Compared to these designs, intensive longitudinal data have greater ecological validity and provide insight into within-person fluctuations and short-term developmental dynamics. In this Special Issue, we bring together a selection of 10 innovative and original empirical articles to demonstrate the benefits of intensive longitudinal data for understanding the development of the externalizing psychopathology spectrum during childhood and adolescence, as well as one thoughtful commentary from leaders in the externalizing psychopathology field. In this Introduction to the Special Issue, we describe the articles included in this Special Issue in relation to study designs, timescales, samples, and statistical modeling techniques. We conclude by considering the implications of intensive longitudinal data for informing and enhancing our understanding of externalizing psychopathology with child and adolescent samples, as well as critical future research directions.