Original Application Research Articles

Medical ethnobotany of the Marma community of Rangamati district of Bangladesh

The ethnomedicinal practices of Marma indigenous community of Bangladesh is considered rich. This study aimed to compile their medicinal plant usage to get fresh insights into newer ethnobotanical uses. Ethnomedicinal information was collected through open‐ended/semi structured techniques following field interview, plant interview and market survey from key informants. Documented data was further analyzed using different quantitative indices. The Jaccard index was also calculated to show the degree of similarity with previous studies conducted in Bangladesh and abroad. A total of 196 plants from 75 families belonging to 164 genera were documented in the survey. Gastrointestinal disorders epitomized the foremost complaints sort with the use of 72 plant species, followed by pain and inflammation (63 species). Leaves (42.8%) were the principal source of medication while trees were the major plant type used in the ethnobotanical practice. The original application of ethnomedicinal plants within our study was compared with 44 previous ethnomedicinal research studies and the Jaccard index (JI) ranged from 0.78 to 46.78. The highest similarity within the country was recorded with studies from the Bandarban district while the lowest was from the northern region. Similarly, the highest similarity with reports from neighboring countries was with Chanduali district of UP, India and the lowest with FATA, Pakistan. Importantly, our literature study exhibited that this study recorded 23 species with new ethnomedicinal uses. The Marma community still depends on plants to treat different complaints/diseases. This compilation may provide a future resource for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies.

Downstream funding success of early career researchers for resubmitted versus new applications: A matched cohort.

BackgroundEarly career researchers face a hypercompetitive funding environment. To help identify effective intervention strategies for early career researchers, we examined whether first-time NIH R01 applicants who resubmitted their original, unfunded R01 application were more successful at obtaining any R01 funding within 3 and 5 years than original, unfunded applicants who submitted new NIH applications, and we examined whether underrepresented minority (URM) applicants differentially benefited from resubmission. Our observational study is consistent with an NIH working group’s recommendations to develop interventions to encourage resubmission.Methods and findingsFirst-time applicants with US medical school academic faculty appointments who submitted an unfunded R01 application between 2000–2014 yielded 4,789 discussed and 7,019 not discussed applications. We then created comparable groups of first-time R01 applicants (resubmitted original R01 application or submitted new NIH applications) using optimal full matching that included applicant and application characteristics. Primary and subgroup analyses used generalized mixed models with obtaining any NIH R01 funding within 3 and 5 years as the two outcomes. A gamma sensitivity analysis was performed. URM applicants represented 11% and 12% of discussed and not discussed applications, respectively.First-time R01 applicants resubmitting their original, unfunded R01 application were more successful obtaining R01 funding within 3 and 5 years than applicants submitting new applications—for both discussed and not discussed applications: discussed within 3 years (OR 4.17 [95 CI 3.53, 4.93]) and 5 years (3.33 [2.82–3.92]); and not discussed within 3 years (2.81 [2.52, 3.13]) and 5 years (2.47 [2.22–2.74]). URM applicants additionally benefited within 5 years for not discussed applications.ConclusionsEncouraging early career researchers applying as faculty at a school of medicine to resubmit R01 applications is a promising potential modifiable factor and intervention strategy. First-time R01 applicants who resubmitted their original, unfunded R01 application had log-odds of obtaining downstream R01 funding within 3 and 5 years 2–4 times higher than applicants who did not resubmit their original application and submitted new NIH applications instead. Findings held for both discussed and not discussed applications.

Assessing Malaysia and Indonesia as emerging retail markets: an institution-based view

PurposeDespite the significant potential of Malaysia and Indonesia as emerging Southeast Asian retail markets, their nuanced differences in relation to global retailers have not been fully analyzed. Drawing the institutional theory, this study analyzed the institutional environments of Malaysian and Indonesian markets contrasting their similarities and differences in formal (i.e. explicit, regulatory) and informal (i.e. tacit normative and cultural-cognitive) institutions.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis of this exploratory is based on a large number of publicly available sources, including research papers, government documents and reports. The paper triangulated the validity of the data with multiple sources, including scholars, business professionals and government officers at the chamber of commerce in the countries.FindingsAlthough the two countries adjacently located in Southeast Asia share Islam as a major religion and the Bahasa language, there are significant differences in their formal institutions related to the retail environment, such as openness to foreign investment and retail infrastructure. Based on the analyses, this study provided recommendations for global retail companies targeting or planning to enter the Malaysian and Indonesian markets.Originality/valueThis paper was an original application of institutional theory to Malaysia and Indonesia and analyzed the two emerging economies where institutions vary and are less visible to many multinational companies.

Abstract 10175: An Artificial Intelligence-Based Smartwatch Ecg Analysis Improves the Detection of Atrial Arrhythmia

Introduction: Smartwatch ECGs (SW-ECG) have been identified as a noninvasive solution to assess abnormal heart rhythms, especially atrial arrhythmias (AA) which are related to stroke risk. This study assesses the detection of AA with the Apple Watch and compares the accuracy of two algorithms, the original companion application (ECG 1.0 App) and a novel deep neural network (DNN), in a population typical of an electrophysiology department. Hypothesis/Objective: To determine if a novel DNN can improve the detection of AA on SW-ECGs. Methods: 146 simultaneous pairs of 12-lead ECGs (GE Mac 2000 or Mindray BeneHeart R12) and SW-ECGs have been collected on 144 patients from the electrophysiology department of one tertiary center. 12-lead ECGs were adjudicated by an expert electrophysiologist as 40 AA and 106 not AA and considered as ground truth. The SW-ECGs were processed by the ECG 1.0 App and the DNN in parallel. The proportions of inconclusive diagnoses returned and the performances were assessed and compared. Results: Overall, the ECG 1.0 App yielded inconclusive diagnoses for 25% (37/146) of all SW-ECGs while the DNN reduced that number to 1% (2/146). After excluding SW-ECGs with an inconclusive diagnosis (37/146), the ECG 1.0 App and the DNN had a sensitivity of 62% (95% CI, 55%-70%) and 96% (95% CI, 93%-99%) respectively, and both had a specificity of 95% (95% CI, 92%-99%). Conclusions: A novel DNN improved the performance for the detection of AA. It reduced the burden of inconclusive diagnostics by 24% and improved the sensitivity by 34% with no change in specificity. Routine application of this SW-ECG analysis offers significant promise in arrhythmia diagnosis. Further investigations are needed to assess the classification of atrial arrhythmias more precisely.

Comprehensive Defense System against Vulnerabilities Based on Return-Oriented Programming

It is difficult or impossible to develop software without included errors. Errors can lead to an abnormal order of machine code execution during data transmission to a program. Program splitting into routines causes possible attacks by using return instructions from these routines. Most of existing security tools need to apply program source codes to protect against such attacks. The proposed defensive method is intended to a comprehensive solution to the problem. Firstly, it makes it difficult for an attacker to gain control over program execution, and secondly, the number of program routines, which can be used during the attack, decreases. Specific security code insertion is used at the beginning and end of the routines to make it complicated to gain control over the program execution. The return address is kept secure during a call of the protected routine, and the protected routine is restored after its execution if it was damaged by the attacker. To reduce the number of suitable routines for attacks, it was suggested to use synonymous substitutions of instructions that contain dangerous values. It should be mentioned that proposed defensive measures do not affect the original application`s algorithm. To confirm the effectiveness of the described defensive method, software implementation and its testing were accomplished. Acknowledging controls were conducted using synthetic tests, performance tests and real programs. Results of testing have demonstrated the reliability of the proposed measures. It ensures the elimination of program routines suitable for attacks and ensures the impossibility of using standard return instructions for conducting attacks. Performance tests have shown a 14 % drop in the operating speed, which approximately matches the level of the nearest analogues. The application of the proposed solution declines the number of possible attack scenarios, and its applicability level is higher in comparison with analogues.

Waiting for IR Godot? In search of transformative encounters between Middle Eastern Studies and International Relations

AbstractWithin the Special Issue ‘Reaching for allies? The dialectics and overlaps between International Relations and Area Studies in the study of politics, security, and conflicts’, this article investigates the post-2011 changing relationship between International Relations (IR) and Middle Eastern Studies (MES). The article departs from the assumption that the reading and writing of security in, on and from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has historically been trapped between the projection of security from abroad and endogenous security narratives. We argue that within the post-Arab uprisings renewed scholarly attention, with studies on security in, on and from the MENA region expressing an all-time methodological pluralism and the increasing and original application of bottom-up and non-military security understandings to regional security, societal and human security are among the most promising notions for transformative dialogue between IR and MES. In broader theoretical terms, we show how the ongoing debate on post-Weberian notions of statehood and post-Westphalian sovereignty point to an already transformative dialogue between IR and MES. The article illustrates this trend with two case studies – on Tunisia and on Iraq – pointing to changing security concepts reflecting changing security practices.

3-Phenylcoumarins as a Privileged Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: The Landmarks of the Past Decade.

3-Phenylcoumarins are a family of heterocyclic molecules that are widely used in both organic and medicinal chemistry. In this overview, research on this scaffold, since 2010, is included and discussed, focusing on aspects related to its natural origin, synthetic procedures and pharmacological applications. This review paper is based on the most relevant literature related to the role of 3-phenylcoumarins in the design of new drug candidates. The references presented in this review have been collected from multiple electronic databases, including SciFinder, Pubmed and Mendeley.

Surface tension of liquids and binary mixtures from molecular dynamics simulations

In this work we assess and extend strategies for calculating surface tension of complex liquids from molecular dynamics simulations: the mechanical route and the instantaneous liquid interface (ILI) approach. The former employs the connection between stress tensor and surface tension, whereas the latter involves computation of instantaneous density field. Whereas the mechanical route is general, the ILI method involves system-dependent parameters restricting its original application to liquid water only. Here we generalize the approach to complex molecular liquids using atomic van der Waals radii. The performance of the approaches is evaluated on two liquid systems: acetonitrile and water–methanol mixture. In addition, we compare the effect of the computational models for interaction potentials based on semi-empirical electronic structure theory and classical force fields on the estimate of the surface tension within both stress tensor and ILI approaches.

Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Data in Hematologic Malignancy Drug Applications and Prescribing Information: FDA Analysis

Introduction: In the past decade, multiple studies have reported the prognostic and predictive value of MRD status in specific hematologic malignancies (HM). Because clinical trials are increasingly incorporating MRD status as a biomarker and efficacy endpoint, the adequacy of the MRD data to inform the prescribing information (PI) is relevant for the design and conduct of pivotal clinical trials. We present an analysis of the trends in inclusion of MRD data in pivotal trials in HMs and regulatory decisions made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Methods: We reviewed FDA internal databases for original and supplemental new drug applications (NDAs) and biologics licensing applications (BLAs) submitted 1/2014-12/2020 to support approval of therapies (drugs, biologics, and cellular therapies) for HM. MRD data were evaluated for two time periods to inform potential trends: 1/2014-6/2017 (period 1) and 7/2017-12/2020 (period 2). Clinical study reports, selected datasets, FDA clinical reviews, and the proposed and approved PIs were examined for inclusion of MRD data, and FDA assessments of the adequacy of the MRD data for inclusion in the PI were reviewed.Results: Of 196 NDAs or BLAs involving HM submitted between 2014-2021, 53 (27%) had MRD data, including 53 pivotal trials. The trials included patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and multiple myeloma. Twenty-one applications and pivotal trials with MRD data were submitted in period 1, and 32 applications and 35 trials were submitted in period 2. Three trials were resubmitted in period 2. MRD evaluation was specified as a secondary and exploratory endpoint in 35 (66%) and 19 (36%) of the trials, respectively. Of the 53 trials, MRD data was proposed by the Applicant for inclusion in the PI in 41 (77%) but was ultimately included in 25 (47%). Of the trials for which MRD data was proposed in labeling, MRD data were deemed adequate by FDA in 81% of studies in period 1 (13/16) and 48% of studies in period 2 (12/25). MRD assays in the PI included polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and next-generation sequencing in 18 (72%), 5 (20%) and 4 (16%) of the trials, respectively, with the clinical threshold for test positivity ranging from 10 -3 to 10 -5. For 11 trials with MRD data in the PI (44%), the MRD was evaluated regardless of clinical response, and in 14 trials (56%) MRD was evaluated in patients achieving a specific clinical response. The leading reasons for excluding MRD data from the PI were analytical and test validation deficiencies (e.g., incomplete test characteristics data, lack of test validation overall or in that disease) followed by performance issues (e.g., high amount of test failure, inability to identify a clone) and issues with trial conduct or design (e.g., inadequate data collection, statistical issues).Conclusion: A quarter of HM drug applications, including 53 pivotal trials, submitted to the FDA between 2014-2020 included MRD data. Characterization of regulatory actions showed that despite the increasing number of submissions proposing MRD data for inclusion in the PI, rates of inclusion of MRD data in the PI did not reflect this increase. Improvements in assay validation and performance characteristics, robust collection of MRD data, and appropriate statistical planning can enable greater representation of MRD data in prescription drug labeling. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

“Dear Doctor” text message intervention to reduce burnout in trainee anaesthetists: an interview study

BackgroundBurnout in doctors is reported in many countries. Following a randomised controlled trial of a novel 10-month fortnightly text message intervention to reduce burnout in trainee anaesthetists, an interview study was conducted. The intervention's format and content were developed based on findings from a preceding literature review and interview study with trainee anaesthetists, and messages incorporated 11 evidenced themes including gratitude and self-efficacy from the wellbeing and behavioural science literatures. Objectives of the interviews were to explore experiences of the intervention, understand perceived mechanisms of impact (or lack thereof), and identify improvements. MethodsIn the trial's endline survey (ISRCTN11418903), all 74 participants in the treatment group (those who received the text messages) were invited to interview and sampled purposively. Semi-structured interviews (audio-recorded and transcribed) were conducted following verbal consent (the participant information sheet and consent questions were sent by email before the interview). Data were managed using the Framework Approach and analysed thematically. The Imperial Joint Research Compliance Office approved this study on July 13, 2020 in an amendment to an original application to the Imperial College Research Ethics Committee (reference number 19IC5205, approval Aug 14, 2019). FindingsThe pool of 23 potential participants (who registered interest) was resampled five times (eg, when the research team did not receive a response to the initial recruitment or subsequent reminder emails) until no volunteers remained. Nine interviews (three women, six men) were conducted, with diversity captured across training location, year, and change in burnout over the trial. Reported engagement (reading or acting on messages) varied. Factors affecting engagement were work pressures, mood, and COVID-19 (due to wearing personal protective equipment and wellbeing information overload). Interviewees described the content as useful, varied and interesting, among other positive descriptors. Critique referenced the intervention's impersonal nature, and that some content was generic or basic. Interviewees enjoyed the low-intensity, passive nature of the intervention. Text message was viewed as a novel, unsaturated (not heavily used) delivery mechanism (better than email). Messages provoking meaningfulness, professional value, and community were highlighted as higher impact, along with those fostering perceptions of shared experience and encouraging communication between colleagues. Suggestions for no perceived impact included personal factors (eg, high existing resilience and support) and the intervention's impersonal nature. Interviewees suggested content to add and remove, and ways of personalising format and content. InterpretationInterviewees generally found the intervention acceptable and recommended it. Although the trial only observed an effect in a subsample, the intervention may benefit from re-evaluation following adaptation based on interviewees' recommendations. FundingNational Institute for Health Research.

Distance to news: how social media information affects bribe-giving in India

While recent empirical evidence reveals some effective interventions in preventing corruption among bureaucrats and politicians, there has been little discussion on how to prevent the bribe-giving behavior of ordinary citizens. This paper investigates the role of social media information in influencing the supply of bribes by citizens instead of the demand side. We, therefore, developed and published an original news application in India and implemented a 3-month experiment. In this application, we randomly circulate live news related to corruption to users and incorporate a lab experiment into the app system to elicit users’ bribery behavior every week. We find that corruption news involving politicians within a close geographical proximity lowers users’ moral costs against the anti-social bribery act, leading to an increase in the amount of bribes. However, news of accused citizens and officials within the geographic proximity increases their moral cost against bribes and decreases the amount. This suggests that individually tailored local information on corruption may be an effective tool to reduce citizens’ supply of bribes.

Poincare plot

“Variability is the sign of life” is the principle being followed by all living beings on the earth. The study of variability came into existence in 1965 with Hon and Lee’s observation of the need for rapid delivery after a decrease in fetal heart rate variation. The field has grown phenomenally since then and has become an essential part of patient care. Heart rate variability is the most studied and explored for its physiological origin and subsequent clinical applications. It has been followed by blood pressure variability, blood flow variability, morphology index variability, and so on. These variabilities are expressed in the time domain, frequency domain, and nonlinear domain by different parameters and geometric shapes. Poincare representation is one of the nonlinear domain representations of variability. Elliptical, torpedo-like, or fan-shaped central conglomeration of points in Poincare plots are generally considered normal. The shape distorts considerably in different diseases. Not much effort has been made to classify these distortions since the time domain and frequency domain presentations have dominated most of the studies due to their numerical expression. Poincare presentation in arrhythmias is very interesting to the extent that a diagnosis can be made based on the Poincare plot. The point plots are now being extended to curve plots or line plots for better detection of arrhythmia and its understanding. Owing to large scatter in the time domain and frequency domain parameters of variability, extended Poincare plots are currently being explored as substitutes. Some of these features of Poincare plots and their clinical applications are briefly described in this article.

General screening principles and inheritance paths of classic prescriptions in Tibetan medicine

Due to the profound theoretical rationale, perfect diagnosis and treatment system, and characteristic medicinal resources, Tibetan medicine has been passed down to the present day as one of the four traditional medicine systems all over the world. With the development of modern society and the change in people's concept of seeking medical services, Tibetan medicine has gradually attracted wide attention by virtue of its natural, green and safe diagnosis and treatment characteristics, which enables it to be vigo-rously developed and inherited. There are numerous ancient books on Tibetan medicine, covering a large number of ancient prescriptions, which has laid a solid foundation for later scholars to thoroughly investigate the diagnosis and treatment rules in Tibetan medicine and apply them to modern clinical practice. Screening the classic prescriptions that meet modern clinical needs from those numerous ancient books is a new direction in the inheritance and development of Tibetan medicine. On the basis of historical origin and current application status of ancient prescriptions in Tibetan medicine, this paper preliminarily elaborated the definition of classic prescriptions of Tibetan medicine and their general screening principles and precautions, and also discussed the modern inheritance paths of classic prescriptions in Tibetan medicine from basic research, post-marketing evaluation, and the development of novel preparations. Considering the shortcomings in the present study, the key technical issues mentioned need to be more deeply explored and analyzed in future studies.

Xinli Wen’s Experience in Treating Chronic Gastritis with Insomnia

Through reviews of chronic gastritis treatment literatures in the past 10 years, it has been found that most patients with chronic gastritis also have insomnia and other symptoms in addition to the manifestations of gastritis, in which modern medicine has found clear correlations between the two. In Professor Xinli Wen’s practice, the professor believes that the pathogenesis of this disease is a mixture of cold and heat. In regard to treating the disease, the characteristic of “the desire to solve Jueyin disease” is well-grasped. Professor Wen emphasizes on the harmonization of the liver and spleen as well as the restrain from following the original prescription and application of its medicine. Therefore, she used Mume pill to increase and decrease the upper temperature and lower temperature in regulating cold and heat.

Organismal Design and Biomimetics: A Problem of Scale.

Organisms and their features represent a complex system of solutions that can efficiently inspire the development of original and cutting-edge design applications: the related discipline is known as biomimetics. From the smallest to the largest, every species has developed and adapted different working principles based on their relative dimensional realm. In nature, size changes determine remarkable effects in organismal structures, functions, and evolutionary innovations. Similarly, size and scaling rules need to be considered in the biomimetic transfer of solutions to different dimensions, from nature to artefacts. The observation of principles that occur at very small scales, such as for nano- and microstructures, can often be seen and transferred to a macroscopic scale. However, this transfer is not always possible; numerous biological structures lose their functionality when applied to different scale dimensions. Hence, the evaluation of the effects and changes in scaling biological working principles to the final design dimension is crucial for the success of any biomimetic transfer process. This review intends to provide biologists and designers with an overview regarding scale-related principles in organismal design and their application to technical projects regarding mechanics, optics, electricity, and acoustics.

Geolocated dataset of Chinese overseas development finance

China is now the world’s largest source of bilateral development finance and will likely continue to play a prominent role in sovereign lending through its multi-billion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative. This paper introduces major methodological enhancements in tracking this finance: the use of an original application programming interface (API) to gathers news in multiple languages; double-verification of every record to ensure every finance commitment has been formalized; and visual geo-location to trace the precise footprint of every project. The resulting dataset enables economic, environmental, and social analyses with high-precision spatial accuracy, as well as spatiotemporal monitoring by project stakeholders and enhanced planning by project managers. It covers the years 2008–2019 to enable analysis before and after the announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative. It includes 862 finance commitments, 669 of which have geographic location, to 94 countries across the world.

Challenges and Opportunities for Recycled Polyethylene Fishing Nets: Towards a Circular Economy.

Plastic waste generation has become an important problem that critically affects marine and oceans environments. Fishing nets gear usually have a relatively short lifespan, and are abandoned, discarded and lost, what makes them one of the largest generators of ocean plastic waste. Recycled polyolefin resins from fishing nets (rFN), especially from polyethylene (PE), have poor properties due to the presence of contaminants and/or excessive degradation after its lifetime. These reasons limit the use of these recycled resins. This work aims to study the incorporation of recycled fishing nets PE-made to different grades of virgin PE, in order to evaluate the potential use of these rFN in the development of new products. The recovered fishing nets have been fully characterized to evaluate its properties after the collection and recycling process. Then, different PE virgin resins have been mechanically blended with the recovered fishing nets at different recycling contents to study its feasibility for fishing nets or packaging applications. Critical mechanical properties for these applications, as the elongation at break, impact strength or environmental stress cracking resistance have been deeply evaluated. Results show important limitations for the manufacture of fibers from recycled PE fishing nets due to the presence of inorganic particles from the marine environment, which restricts the use of rFN for its original application. However, it is proved that a proper selection of PE raw resins, to be used in the blending process, allows other possible applications, such as non-food contact bottles, which open up new ways for using the fishing nets recyclates, in line with the objectives pursued by the Circular Economy of Plastics.

New Directions in Rough Path Theory

Rough path theory emerged as novel approach for dealing with interactions in complex random systems. It settled significant questions and provided an effective deterministic alternative to Itô calculus, itself a major contribution to 20th century mathematics. Its impact has grown substantially in recent years: most prominently, rough paths ideas are at the core of Martin Hairer’s Fields Medal-winning work on regularity structures, but there are also original and successful applications in other areas. The workshop focused on three areas that have been strongly influenced by the core ideas in rough path theory and which have witnessed considerable activity over the past few years: applications to data science, algebraic aspects and connections with stochastic analysis.

Discriminating the Interaction Anisotropy in Polymorphs Using Powder Brillouin Light Scattering

Drug product performance is polymorph specific, and it is imperative that solid phase stability be monitored throughout the manufacturing process to ensure final product quality and performance. PXRD remains the gold standard for polymorph identification, but due to a growing interest in continuous manufacturing, a need has emerged for alternative process analytical technologies (PATs) that can provide fast, reliable, and non-destructive polymorph discrimination amenable to in situ process monitoring. Herein we demonstrate an original application of powder Brillouin light scattering (p-BLS) for the discrimination of polymorphic molecular solids. We hypothesize that the anisotropic sound velocities directly reflect the strength and orientation of the intermolecular forces in molecular solids. Redistributing these forces upon polymorphic conversion should thus clearly be reflected in the sound frequency distributions obtained by p-BLS. To test this hypothesis, three model compounds - resorcinol, sulfamerazine and furosemide - were selected. Distinct, polymorph-specific, acoustic frequency distributions were observed, and these p-BLS spectra were interpreted using a hydrogen-bond analysis and energy frameworks calculated from CrystalExplorer. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates that the sound frequencies measured in p-BLS are sensitive to the interaction forces in molecular solids, and p-BLS is a novel optical technique capable of reliably discriminating polymorphs. Extending this study further, we fully expect that many pharmaceutically relevant processes – e.g., hydrate formation, co-crystallization, or amorphous instability – could potentially be monitored using p-BLS.

Polish network of research infrastructure for plant phenotyping

This document is an edited version of the original application for inclusion of a strategic research infrastructure project in the Polish Roadmap for Research Infrastructures. The application entitled "Polish network of research infrastructure for plant phenotyping" was submitted to the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education in June 2018; the project was not included in the Roadmap published in January 2020. The original document did not contain this abstract.