Western Origin Research Articles

ЕТИМОЛОГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЗАПОЗИЧЕНЬ В ЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ: ІСТОРИЧНИЙ ТА СУЧАСНИЙ ВИМІРИ

The article is devoted to the etymological analysis of borrowings in the economic terminology of the Ukrainian language, which are considered in the context of historical and modern trends in their formation. The paper systematizes the main sources of economic terms, including Latin, Greek, German, French, Italian and English, and characterizes their influence on different stages of the formation of Ukrainian terminology. Particular attention is paid to the role of the church-educational environment, trade relations, and cultural transformations in the processes of borrowing and adapting terms in the Middle Ages and early modern period. The author analyzes the specifics of the formation of economic terminology in the Soviet period, when the Russian language had a significant influence, being the main mediator in the assimilation of terms of Western origin. The consequences of this influence on the terminological system of the Ukrainian language, in particular, calques and semantic shifts, are outlined. At the current stage of language development, the author emphasizes the leading role of English, which, due to globalization processes, has become a key source of borrowing that is being integrated into business, finance, and technology. The article highlights the mechanisms of adaptation of anglicisms to the Ukrainian language system, their functional significance and influence on the dynamics of economic discourse. The results of the study reveal the multilayered and polysystemic nature of the formation of economic terminology in the Ukrainian language, which is due to the constant interaction with other languages and cultural traditions. The article also emphasizes the ability of the Ukrainian language to integrate borrowed elements without losing its national identity, which testifies to its lexical flexibility and adaptability in the context of globalization.

Historical Depictions of the Brain: The Origins from the Non-Western World.

Any written work concerning the history of neuroanatomy would be difficult to imagine without acknowledging the pioneering works of Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi. Cajal improved upon Golgi's staining technique at the turn of the 20th century. He implemented it to deliver the world's first incredibly detailed visualizations of cellular networks of the nervous system. Dating further back to the 15th century, most students of neuroanatomy or of the philosophy of science are familiar with René Decartes' depiction of mind-body dualism which illustrates the passing of visual information to the brain. These illustrations (i.e., mostly Cajal's) have gone on to significantly influence future research, commonly featured as visual aids in neuroscience presentations. Like most of the historical depictions of the brain, including medieval illustrations of trepanning, these drawings are of western European origin. Little, if any work has attempted to compile or assess historical depictions of the brain from outside of the western world. It is very likely that non-western historical depictions of the brain exist, but are less popularized and have been scarce in the circulating historical literature. Thus, more historical investigations are required to balance these views for a complete historical lens on neuroanatomy. Since early civilizations existed far across the globe, it is likely that depictions of the nervous system have existed before the aforementioned scholars who make up the mainstream approach to neuroanatomy history education. The present work aims to introduce students and instructors of neuroscience, and particularly neuroanatomy, to other early illustrated neuroanatomical works which may be less popularized. Additionally, this assessment seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the historical emergence of neuroscience and more specifically, neuroanatomy. This article attempts to start this conversation, utilizing what are thought to be the first modern neuroanatomical analyses of some of the cited illustrations from the non-western world.

Ideal personhood through the ages: tracing the genealogy of the modern concepts of wellbeing.

This inquiry traces the recent history of modern conceptualizations of personhood and wellbeing. It explores a general transition from traditional frameworks emphasizing social embeddedness, external obligations, and cosmic meaning to modern views privileging self-determination, authenticity, and self-expression. The inquiry shows that contemporary conceptions of wellbeing have emerged in Western cultures through the gradual accumulation of influences, including the Enlightenment ethos, liberal ideals, romanticism, existentialism, countercultural movements, and modern psychology. The important role of 'authenticity' is examined as a central value in contemporary wellbeing discourse, aligning with the modern conception of personhood. It is argued that contemporary perspectives tend to position the ideal of authentic self-fulfillment as an overarching paradigm that integrates self-determination, self-discovery, willful self-authoring, and creative identity expression. It is also argued that the widespread public support of the authentic self-actualization model in the contemporary era is partly due to the success of humanistic and positive psychology. This model's prevalence is particularly notable in regions where the modern concepts of personhood prevail, i.e., in Western cultures and, to a somewhat lesser extent, within affluent non-Western cultures. By shedding light on the Western origins of modern concepts of wellbeing, this inquiry challenges their assumed universality.

The association of Helicobacter pylori with adverse pregnancy outcomes in three European birth cohorts

BackgroundHelicobacter pylori is a prevalent infection that may complicate pregnancy, but evidence remains limited, controversial and may not apply to all pregnant women.ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate whether Helicobacter pylori is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes and to identify vulnerable subpopulations.Study designMultiplex serology was utilized to measure blood levels of immunoglobulin G against eight Helicobacter pylori antigens in 1372 pregnant women from three European birth cohorts: BiB (United Kingdom), Rhea (Greece) and INMA (Spain). Outcomes of interest included gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth and small for gestational age neonates, as well as prenatal anxiety and depression. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity (overall and by antigen) and antigen specific antibody levels with the outcomes. We examined effect modification of the associations by ethnicity.ResultsHelicobacter pylori seropositivity was detected in 18.8% (258/1372) of pregnant women. Preeclampsia was the least common outcome (26/830). Helicobacter pylori seropositivity was associated with the development of two or more adverse pregnancy outcomes (gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, small gestational age and preeclampsia) [OR:1.32 (95% CI: 1.06–1.65), p-value: 0.01], especially in women with high antibody levels to OMP antigen [OR: 2.12 (95% CI: 1.62–2.76), p-value: 0.001]. Women with high antibody levels to Helicobacter pylori antigens GroEL and NapA were more likely to develop preeclampsia [OR: 2.34 (95% CI: 1.10–8.82), p-value: 0.03; OR: 4.09 (95% CI: 1.4-11.93), p-value 0.01)]. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity increased the odds of developing any hypertensive disorder during pregnancy among women of western ethnicity (948/1372) [OR:3.35 (95% CI: 1.29–8.74), p-value 0.03].ConclusionOur study suggests that Helicobacter pylori seropositivity is a risk factor for multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes and particularly in women of western origin for hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Moreover, pathogen specific characteristics reflected in the antibody responses against OMP, GroEL and NapA seem to determine disease associations.

Deep genetic substructure within bonobos

Establishing the genetic and geographic structure of populations is fundamental, both to understand their evolutionary past and preserve their future. Nevertheless, the patterns of genetic population structure are unknown for most endangered species. This is the case for bonobos (Pan paniscus), which, together with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), are humans' closest living relatives. Chimpanzees live across equatorial Africa and are classified into four subspecies,1 with some genetic population substructure even within subspecies. Conversely, bonobos live exclusively in the Democratic Republic of Congo and are considered a homogeneous group with low genetic diversity,2 despite some population structure inferred from mtDNA. Nevertheless, mtDNA aside, their genetic structure remains unknown, hampering our understanding of the species and conservation efforts. Mapping bonobo genetic diversity in space is, however, challenging because, being endangered, only non-invasive sampling is possible for wild individuals. Here, we jointly analyze the exomes and mtDNA from 20 wild-born bonobos, the whole genomes of 10 captive bonobos, and the mtDNA of 136 wild individuals. We identify three genetically distinct bonobo groups of inferred Central, Western, and Far-Western geographic origin within the bonobo range. We estimate the split time between the central and western populations to be ∼145,000 years ago and genetic differentiation to be in the order of that of the closest chimpanzee subspecies. Furthermore, our estimated long-term Ne for Far-West (∼3,000) is among the lowest estimated for any great ape lineage. Our results highlight the need to attend to the bonobo substructure, both in terms of research and conservation.

Unanticipated outcomes of an occupational rehabilitation group on low-SES ultra-Orthodox women’s self-concept

ABSTRACT This longitudinal ethnographic study examines the development of the occupational self-concept of low socioeconomic status ultra-Orthodox women participating in a government-sponsored program to promote integration into the workforce. We followed participants for 18 months to learn about their experience and its effects, using group observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The findings revealed central elements of the intercultural encounter of ultra-Orthodox women with a neoliberal organization. A year after the program’s conclusion, the participants unexpectedly underwent occupational regression, intensifying their commitment to their roles in the home arena rather than achieving the declared goal of occupational integration. The process led the women to embrace a self-concept resonating with the neoliberal characteristics presented in the program but applying it in the home and not the occupational space. This article suggests that neoliberal discourse, with its Western, secular, and class origins, left participants with a self-concept incompatible with the collective self characterizing their culture. We emphasize the importance of incorporating culturally sensitive practices for occupational rehabilitation which consider the potential conflict between the hegemonic discourse (represented by the organizations) and the program participants (minority groups from diverse cultural backgrounds).

Religious Integration and the Development of Caodaism: An Overview

The formative stage of Cao Dai religion is closely connected to Vietnamese traditional myths, tales, doctrines and practices that are mostly transmitted orally down to the centuries. At the same time, Caodaism constantly maintained its links with religio-cultural elements of Chinese, Indian and Western origin. Due to this fact, Caodaism, with its synthesis of Eastern, Southeast Asian, Indian and Western elements specially from indigenous folk tales, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Christianity, appeared as the religion of an acclaimed small group in 1926. This paper aims to examine how Caodaism evolved by a long-term process of Western and Asian acculturation. Thus, first to be considered is the significant role of socio- historical factors in creating a strong footing for the progress of Caodaism in Vietnam at the beginning of the early 20th century. Second, the process of Vietnamese acculturation is taken into consideration through which Caodaism borrowed diverse elements from different resources around it. Methodologically, a critical discourse analysis is adopted to consider the characteristics of Caodaism and its sociohistorical structure that is required to understand its historical origin and development. In conclusion, first, the study clearly demonstrates the close connection between Caodaism and the major factors of acculturation such as integration and assimilation for its development and diffusion around the South of Vietnam. Second, the current problem demands a careful consideration of some other crucial factors that might have influenced the rise and progress of Caodaism since its official journey in 1926. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#73-74; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2023 P 21-36

Presence of Anxiety or Depression Feelings and Its Associated Risk Factors among Immigrants in Korea: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

The influx of immigrants into Korea has increased in recent years, affecting Korean society and the healthcare system. This study analyzed the frequency of anxiety and depression in immigrants, which negatively affects their quality of life. We analyzed data from a 2020 survey on the Health Rights of Migrants and the Improvement of the Medical Security System. Bivariate analyses and a multiple logistic regression model were used to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of anxiety or depression among immigrants. We included 746 immigrants, 55.9% of whom were female. The overall rate of anxiety or depression was 31.77%, with 38.3% in females, which was significantly higher than the 26.62% in males. The frequency of anxiety and depression was also strongly associated with certain immigrant groups, including immigrants of African or Western Asian origin (over 64%); those with student visas (60.53%); those who self-reported poor health (52%), physical or mental disabilities (69.23%), or chronic diseases (58.43%); and those facing difficulties accessing medical services (59.47%). This study showed the frequency of feelings of anxiety or depression and associated risk factors among immigrants. These findings may have implications for policymakers in reducing the likelihood of developing anxiety or depression in the future and improving the quality of life of immigrants in Korea.

Long-Term Care Use Among Older Migrants in the Netherlands: What to Expect in the Next Decade?

ABSTRACT The number of older adults in the Netherlands is growing rapidly, and an increasing share of them is foreign-born. This may have implications for long-term care (LTC) demand. This study provides insights into older migrants’ current and future use of LTC provisions under the Dutch long-term care act (LTCA). We distinguish three types of LTC and six groups of older migrants and analyze register data of all foreign-born older adults. Descriptive statistics for the 2016–2022 period and logistic regression analyses show considerable heterogeneity regarding the LTC-services used and the origin of care users. Most notably, Moroccan and Turkish older adults are least likely to use residential care and more likely to use personal care budgets. By combining our models’ results with population projections, we project that older migrants’ use of home-based care and personal budgets will increase rapidly in the next decade. Migrants with western and Surinamese origin will most often use LTC. Although the demand for residential care will rise less markedly, residential care will remain most used by older migrants under the LTCA. The rising demand for home-based care calls for policy efforts accommodating flexibility, room for differences, and grounds for establishing trustworthy relationships between all involved actors.

“Words Cluster like Chromosomes”: Marianne Moore and Poetic-Genetic Origination

In 1963, Marianne Moore tells an interviewer, “I never ‘plan’ a stanza. Words cluster like chromosomes, determining the procedure.” Six decades earlier, when Moore first learned about chromosomes, the concept was relatively new. Her education at Bryn Mawr from 1905 to 1909 placed her at the forefront of the understanding of heredity for her time, among those who knew that embryos inherited chromosomes equally from each parent. As her early poetry placed embryonic origins in tension with religious, national, and poetic origins, she posed the embryo both as disruptive to Western origin stories—like the Christian story of the fall—and as generative for her poetics, offering a model for a poetics of iterative and continual origination. Heather Cass White has suggested that the future of Moore criticism depends on recognizing how two schools—“the scientific Moore” and “the Protestant Moore”—are ultimately united around “her pursuit of an aesthetically and ethically tenable ‘original’ poetics.” Moore’s attention to embryos suggests that she was also performing a study of origin itself.

“Civilization State” Concept in the Works of Non-Western Scholars

The article discusses the main ideas and theories of non-Western countries researchers that reveal the concept of “civilization state”. As a methodological basis for the study of ideas developed within the framework of a non-Western tradition, the author uses the provisions of decolonial theory, allowing to overcome the clear and implicit dominance of attitudes and epistemological foundations inherent in European-American social science. The article draws attention to the critical perception of decolonial optics, which insists on the need to revise the epistemological foundations of Western thinking and the world order as a whole. The author analyzes the features of distribution and development of “civilization state” concept in a number of non-Western countries in the first quarter of the 21st century; the article presents a brief overview of emergence and evolution of the “civilization” concept, the diversity of semantic and conceptual variations of this concept is shown, the features of this process in the conditions of decolonization of knowledge were identified, an analysis of modern ideas and justification of the “civilization state” concept in China, India, Turkey, Egypt and in a number of African countries was carried out. The author draws conclusions that the concept of “civilization state”, being the Western origin concept, nevertheless, is perceived and develops within the framework of overcoming the West-centric theories of social development. In the conclusion the main advantages, threats and risks are presented that are associated with the adoption of the “civilization state” concept. Among the advantages are such as cultural and value consolidation of society; political mobilization; the basis for sovereignty and an independent policy; preservation and development of civilizational identity; the uniqueness of the civilization country as a source of further development. Challenges and risks include the following: the ambiguity of the new world order; contradictions between the concept of civilization and the concept of the national state; civilizational populism; ideas of isolationism; the risks of becoming the failed civilizational state. The article also recognizes the need for consolidated research work for the further theoretical development of the “civilization state” concept.

O-162 Ethnic disparity in the use of treatment with assisted reproductive technologies in Denmark

Abstract Study question Is ethnic background among 18-45-year-old women associated with initiating ART-treatment in Denmark? Summary answer Results indicate ethnic disparity in the use of ART-treatment, with immigrants and descendants having lower odds of initiating ART-treatment compared to women with Danish origin. What is known already The use of fertility treatment has increased over the past decades. Ethnic disparity exists in the use of health care, but there is limited knowledge about the association between ethnicity and use of fertility treatment. Previous studies have shown that women with lower socioeconomic position (SEP) have lower odds of initiating ART-treatment compared to women with higher SEP. Immigrants and descendants often have lower SEP compared to the general population, but specific mechanisms might be at play when residing and navigating in a new country and healthcare system. Study design, size, duration This is a national, register-based study based on the DANAC II cohort. Women initiating ART-treatment (IVF or ICSI) aged 18–45 were identified in the Danish IVF Register from 1994-2017. According to the time of ART-treatment women were included in the study and randomly age-matched with 10 untreated women in the background population. The study population consisted of 676.355 women. Participants/materials, setting, methods The probability of initiating ART-treatment was compared across ethnic groups and examined in logistic regression analysis. Migration status and country of origin were used as proxies for ethnic group in separate analysis. Age was accounted for by matching, and additional factors of interest such as SEP measures were classified as potential mediators and thus not included in the main analyses. The effect of duration of residence in Denmark was analysed separately among immigrants. Main results and the role of chance The study population consisted of 526.507 (78 %) women of Danish origin, 142.656 (21 %) were immigrants and 7.192 (1 %) descendants of immigrants. Among women of Danish origin 11 % had initiated ART-treatment compared to 5 % of immigrants and 9 % of descendants. Immigrants had 56 % lower odds of receiving first ART-treatment compared to women of Danish origin (OR 0,44, CI 95 % 0,43-0,45), while descendants had 22 % lower odds compared to women of Danish origin (OR 0,78, CI 95 % 0,72-0,84). Regarding the analysis looking at country of origin results showed that 3-4 % of women originating from western countries had received first ART-treatment, compared to 6-8 % of women originating from non-western countries. Women originating from western countries had between 65-78% lower odds for receiving first ART-treatment compared to women of Danish origin. Odds of receiving ART-treatment among women of non-western origin was between 34-47 % lower compared to women of Danish origin. This indicates that disparity in first ART-treatment is particularly distinctive among women of western origin, possibly explained by differences in reasons for migrating. Limitations, reasons for caution Information on the reason for infertility and desire to have children could have provided more insight into the disparity. Data about basis for residence could have provided information on reasons for immigration and duration of residence. Wider implications of the findings Infertility and childlessness can have severe consequences for individuals and society, and equal access to fertility treatment is important, not least in a universal welfare society. The results of this study indicate ethnic disparity in ART-treatment, and we encourage further research regarding the possible causes and barriers to initiate treatment. Trial registration number not applicable

Perceptions of height and weight screening and associations with body image: a cross-sectional study in early primary school children

BackgroundDespite parental concern, few studies have investigated children’s experiences with school-based screening of growth deviations. This study aimed to explore perceptions of height and weight screening and associations with body...

A gothic Taoism and its dual facets: possible worlds in The Haunted Monastery

Recent scholarship has argued for a Western basis for the Judge Dee Mysteries, a detective fiction series by Sinologist Robert van Gulik (1910–1967) set in Tang China. But these studies primarily focus on how Chinese elements are recreated to cater to Anglophone readers’ tastes, neglecting to discuss their actual Western origins in any detail. This paper will make the attempt by focusing on one of the novels, The Haunted Monastery, to investigate how Gothic Taoism is projected through the internal organization of the semantic universe (characters, settings, and conflicts) in the multiple worlds of this detective fiction. It observes how van Gulik recreates anti-religious conventions in the traditional Western Gothic novel and in Chinese courtroom fiction. This artistic innovation highlights the dual facets of Taoism in the story, as it navigates between the realms of crime and faith. On the one hand, it faces the purely divine world, while on the other, it faces the secular world dominated by limitless desire.

Western Anti-Judaism Goes East

Abstract The article explores history of the reception of anti-Jewish hagiographical traditions of Western origin among Syriac Christians during the Islamic period by focusing on the textual tradition of the Miracles of the Virgin, a Western collection of Marian legends that was translated into Arabic during the thirteenth century and later on, during the nineteenth century, into Syriac. As an illustration, Syriac text and English translation of two relevant narratives from this work are offered: the Story of a young Frankish Jew and the Story of a Jewish boy.

San Min and its Spencerian origin

PurposeThe aim of this article is two-fold. First, it offers a unique account of San Min, the prototype of the current Chinese educational principle proposed by Yan Fu (1854–1921) that aimed at improving people’s physical, intellectual and moral capacities. This system of educational thinking has received only marginal attention in Anglophone research literature. Second, given the influence of Yan Fu’s interpretation and promulgation of Herbert Spencer’s educational philosophy during that period, it investigates the extent to which San Min is derived from Spencer’s educational thought (the “Spencerian Triad”). This article focusses on how Yan Fu adapted the ideas of San Min from Spencer’s account.Design/methodology/approachThis article considers Yan Fu’s principle of San Min in relation to Spencer’s educational triad through a close reading and comparison of key primary texts (including Yan Fu’s original writing). It explores the similarities and differences between each account of education’s goals and its proposed means of attainment.FindingsYan Fu’s principle of San Min is shown to have been adapted from the Spencerian Triad. However, using the theory of Social Organism, Yan Fu re-interpreted Spencer’s individual liberty as liberty for the nation. While Spencer’s goal was to empower individuals, Yan Fu aimed to serve collective independence, wealth and power.Originality/valueThis article addresses oversights concerning San Min’s Western origins in the Spencerian Triad and its influence on Chinese education under Yan Fu’s sway. It is significant because San Min is still at the core of the current Chinese educational policy.

Late-Ming Book Culture and the Fujian Christian Community: a Case Study of Lixiu yijian 勵修一鑑 (A Mirror to Encourage Self-cultivation)

Abstract This study demonstrates the importance of book culture in the building of a religious community and in the preservation and interpretation of local experiences, through the making of a book titled Lixiu yijian 勵修一鑑 (A mirror to encourage self-cultivation) around 1645. The main author, Li Jiugong 李久功, mobilized members of the Fujian Christian community to collaborate on this communal book project outside the Christian church. Both xylographic print culture and manuscript culture were involved in the process and in the final product of this project. Through genre affiliation, content categorization, and the addition of commentaries, Li and his associates transformed the diverse source materials into a cohesive guidebook for their fellow Christian readers. The book provided Chinese references or contexts to stories of Western origin. Meanwhile, it also portrayed a group image of devoted and resourceful local Chinese Christians among their Western peers, thus promoting Chinese Christians’ experience as an invaluable part of a universal religious system.

“Reciprocal Illumination” of Hinduism, Human Rights, and the Comparative Study of Religion: Arvind Sharma’s Contributions

AbstractArvind Sharma has made immensely significant contributions in the fields of both comparative religion and the study of Hinduism through his methodology of “reciprocal illumination” and his prominent role in international conversations on women and religion, religion and human rights, freedom of religion, and religious tolerance and conflict. Aware of the power of religion and its negative valuation, especially post-September 11, he displays a deep commitment to fostering interreligious understanding, arguing for religion as an essential and positive partner in envisioning and actualizing human flourishing, upholding human dignity, and engaging in global ethical cooperation, and equally he demonstrates Hinduism’s potential contribution both to these endeavors and to moving the field of comparative studies beyond its Western, Christian, and colonialist origins and assumptions. This essay details these contributions and Sharma’s place as an interpreter of Hinduism for those inside and outside the tradition in our time.

Hegemony of Western Images in the Aesthetic Representation of Food Advertising in Indonesia

Hegemony of Western Images in the Aesthetic Representation of Food Advertising in Indonesia

Contours of Thinking in Heidegger: A Dionysian Science


 
 
 Heidegger’s thinking should not be labelled rationalist or irrationalist. Because the definitions of rationality and irrationality, which can be seen as derived from Descartes’ or Cartesian philosophy, are deconstructed by Heidegger. The movement of this deconstruction is twofold: at the same time it is a thinking retrieval of the ontologico-historical origin of (Western) thought. The retrieval results in Heidegger’s notion of temporalising Being. This ‘notion’ can also be seen as informed by Nietzsche’s ‘will to power’ and, in turn, to inform its understanding or interpretation itself.