Origin Of Petroleum Research Articles

Spatial analysis of major industrial risks of petroleum origin in urban areas - The case of the city of Hassi-Messaoud

Aiming at an efficient management of its oil sector and ensuring safety for its population and property, Algeria is currently engaged in all-out assessment approach. Efficient management and safety prove to be crucial parameters in oil-related activity. The major risks degree of the severity of whatever nature have impacts of various and diverse dimensions. The current study presents an occasional paradox case that which combines all high-risk elements and specific factors associated with them in an urban environment, which is made fragile and vulnerable due to its heavy exposure to a highly probable danger. The city of Hassi-Messaoud, the most important component of the Country's economy, witnesses an alarming spatial development driven by an exceptional population growth. The latter is primarily expressed through the incessant influx of immigrants attracted by promising job prospects in the oil industry sector. Coupled with the uncontrolled population movement, the urban expansion lends itself to the most dramatic aspect of Hassi-Messaoud and eventually exposes it to certain dangers all the more as Hassi-Messaoud is located in an area subject to significant potential oil-based risks.

Use of biofuels in marine diesel engines for sustainable and safe maritime transport

The article presents results of research on the use of fuel mixtures, containing with biodiesel fuel. The research was carried out on specialized sea vessels with a deadweight of 10,820 tons and 29,420 tons, which made passages in the waters of South America and the Caribbean, as well as in the Sulphur Emission Control Areas of Northern Europe. The operation of the ship's power plants (main and auxiliary engines) was provided both on marine fuel of petroleum origin and on a fuel mixture that consisted of petroleum fuel and biodiesel fuel. The experiments were carried out on marine medium-speed diesel engines 5DC-17A Daihatsu Diesel, 16V32 Wärtsilä-Sulzer and Volvo Penta TWD1645GE. Various kinds of marine fuels and as biodiesel fuel Fatty Acid Methyl Esters B99.9 FAME and B99.6 FAME were used. The concentration of biodiesel fuel in the fuel mixture was 5–20 %. The environmental friendliness of the work of sea vessels was assessed by the value of the emission of nitrogen oxides, sulphur, and carbon. As a result of the research, a variant of adjusting the sea crossing was proposed to ensure the continuous operation of the ship's power plant using biodiesel fuel.

Evaluation of Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus subtilis Using Glycerol

There is a constant concern about the environmental impacts due to the increase in industrial activity. The leading causes of these impacts come from chemicals, especially organic compounds such as hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which companies often use. In search of long-term solutions, biosurfactants have gained significant prominence regarding their cost-benefit. It is favorable when compared to surfactants of petroleum origin. In order to lower costs and reduce the impacts on the environment caused by industries, this work aims to evaluate the production of biosurfactants by Bacillus subtilis using glycerol in different concentrations.

The content and composition of organic compounds in the bottom sediments of the Norilsk-Pyasina water system one year after the accidental spill of diesel fuel

One year after the emergency diesel fuel spill in Norilsk, hydrocarbon concentrations in bottom sediments of the Norilsk-Pyasina water system decreased. However the average concentrations of hydrocarbons in surface sediments decreased in the same sequence (μg/g) as in 2020: the mouth of the Ambarnaya R. (835, σ = 1788) > Bezymyanny Cr.–the Daldykan R.–the Ambarnaya R. (306, σ = 273) > the Pyasina R. (23, σ = 20) > the Pyasino Lake (12, σ = 8). Concentrations decreased due to degradation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 2021 also changed in a smaller range (0–1027 ng/g) than in 2020 (0–3865 ng/g). Petroleum origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Ambarnaya R. (including the mouth), Bezymyanny Cr. and the Daldykan R. is confirmed by the dominance of alkylated naphthalene homologues in their composition. Hydrocarbons accumulation in some layers of the sedimentary column is caused not only by the spill of diesel fuel, but also by the organic matter from the surrounding swamps, from wetlands and floodplain lakes, as well as by the burial of the surface layer by the 2021 flood.

Carbon Additives of Petroleum Origin in Coal Charges and Prospects of Their Industrial Production

Carbon Additives of Petroleum Origin in Coal Charges and Prospects of Their Industrial Production

CHANGES IN CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE NORILO-PYASINSK WATER SYSTEM A YEAR AFTER THE EMERGENCY DIESEL FUEL SPILL

One year after the emergency diesel fuel spill in Norilsk, hydrocarbon concentrations in bottom sediments of the Norilo-Pyasinsky water system decreased. But on average in the areas they decreased in the same sequence (µg/g) as in 2020: the mouth of the Ambarnaya R. (835, σ = 1788) Bezymyanny Cr. – the Daldykan R. – the Ambarnaya R. (306, σ = 273) Pyasina R. (23, σ = 20) Lake Pyasino (12, σ = 8). Concentrations decreased due to degradation of low molecular weight hydrocarbons. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 2021 also changed in a smaller range (0–1027 ng/g) than in 2020 (0–3865 ng/g). Petroleum origin of hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Ambarnaya R. (including the mouth), Bezymyanny Cr. and Daldykan R. confirms the dominance of alkylated naphthalene homologues in their composition. Hydrocarbons accumulation in some horizons of the sedimentary strata is caused not only by seepage of diesel fuel, but also to the introduction of organic matter from the surrounding swamps from wetlands and floodplain lakes, as well as the burial of the surface layer by the 2021 flood.

DENSITY OF HYDROCARBONS AND DEEP HEAT FLOW OF THE TERRITORY (SOUTHEAST OF WESTERN SIBERIA)

Link for citation: Krutenko D.S., Isaev V.I., Isaev S.G. Density of hydrocarbons and deep heat flow of the territory (southeast of Western Siberia). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр. 148-163. In Rus. The relevance. According to the ruling theory for organic origin of petroleum, geothermal regime is considered to be the main factor, which is responsible for realization of potential for oil generation. Therefore, it is not irrelevant to develop geothermics as a method of exploration geophysics for forecasting and evaluating oil and gas potential. Forecast tasks are reduced to detection local geothermal anomalies and establishing its relation to hydrocarbon deposits. This method may make a good showing while supplementary exploration in the territories with well-developed infrastructure and a large amount of wells as it is based on modelling and analysing of available data and does not propose additional field works. The main aim: establishing qualitative and quantitative relations between deep heat flow and oil and gas potential, also between gradient zones of heat flow and localization of hydrocarbon fields in the west of Tomsk Region. Objects: thermal field and oil and gas potential in the west of Tomsk Region. Subjects. The thermal field is described with such parameters as deep heat flow density and horizontal gradient of heat flow. Hydrocarbon fields are divided depending on fluid type into oil, oil-gas-condensate and gas-condensate. Methods. The deep heat flow was determined through paleotemperature modelling. The grid with cells of 20×20 km was set on study territory in increments of 10 km. Heat flow values were determined in the centers of each cell using Kriging interpolation method. The absolute horizontal gradient of heat flow was calculated on the same grid using five spot formula. Quantitative parameter of oil and gas potential – hydrocarbon density – was determined on the same grid. Quantitative relations were investigated by correlation and regression analysis. Relationships of heat flow density and horizontal gradient of heat flow with localization of hydrocarbon fields of different fluid type were detected by one-way ANOVA test. Results. The main results of this study are established distribution patterns for deposits of different fluid type in thermal field. Correlation analysis showed highly significant correlation coefficients. The conclusion. Oil and oil-gas-condensate fields tend to the average heat flow values (52 mW/m2), while gas-condensate are associated with high heat flow values (57 mW/m2). The value of the absolute horizontal gradient of heat flow increases in row oil fields – oil-gas-condensate fields – gas-condensate fields. The difference between average values of gradient for all of field types is statistically significant. Therefore, we indicate appearance of geothermal quantitative criterion for forecasting fluid type of deposits in areas of high potential for hydrocarbons. Quantitative relation of high significance (r=0,53) between heat flow density and hydrocarbon density is established for high heat flow values (>56 mW/m2). Weak correlation (r=0,3) was indicated between horizontal gradient of heat flow and hydrocarbon density.

Compositional nature and geochemical implications of acidic and neutral NSO compounds in oils from the Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China

Acidic and neutral NSO compounds in oils from the Baiyun Sag were directly identified by negative ion ESI FT-ICR-MS, to investigate their characteristics and potential applications in the petroleum system there. These oils were dominated by oxygen species (58.1–87.1%) but included no sulfur-containing compounds, indicating they were derived from source rocks deposited in oxidizing, freshwater lacustrine settings. Oils from different regions show significant variations in the relative abundances of heteroatomic classes, as well as the compositions and distributions of some heteroatomic species (i.e., N1, N1O1, and O1), revealing different family groups. The NSO compound-based indices could further determine the source, maturity, and migration direction of oils in the Baiyun Sag. Our results demonstrate that NSO compounds could be used to assess the origin and evolution of petroleum that can help for oil and gas exploration.

Triumfetta cordifolia Gum as a Promising Bio-Ingredient to Stabilize Emulsions with Potentials in Cosmetics.

The cosmetics industry is searching for efficient and sustainable substances capable of stabilizing emulsions or colloidal dispersions that are thermodynamically unstable because of their high surface energy. Therefore, surfactants are commonly used to stabilize the water/oil interface. However, the presence of a surfactant is not always sufficient to obtain stable emulsions on the one hand, and conventional surfactants are often subject to such controversies as their petroleum origin and environmental concerns on the other hand. As a consequence, among other challenges, it is obvious that research related to new-natural, biodegradable, biocompatible, available, competitive-surfactants are nowadays more intensive. This study aims to valorize a natural gum from Triumfetta cordifolia (T. cordifolia) as a sustainable emulsifier and stabilizer for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, and to evaluate how the nature of the fatty phase could affect this potential. To this end, O/W emulsions were prepared at room temperature using three different oils varying in composition, using a rotor-stator mixer. Resulting mixtures were characterized using optical microscopy, laser granulometry, rheology, pH and stability monitoring over time. The results demonstrated good potential for the gum as an emulsifying agent. T. cordifolia gum appears efficient even at very low concentrations (0.2% w/w) for the preparation and stabilization of the different O/W emulsions. The best results were observed for cocoglyceride oil due to its stronger effect of lowering interfacial tension (IFT) thus acting as a co-emulsifier. Therefore, overall results showed that T. cordifolia gum is undoubtedly a highly promising new bio-sourced and environmentally friendly emulsifier/stabilizer for many applications including cosmetics.

Експериментальні випробування легкового автомобіля з дизелем за роботи на дизельному паливі та дизельному біопаливі

Realizing the problems that constantly accompany the use of road transport, against the background of the increasing shortage of liquid fuels of petroleum origin in Ukraine and other countries, serious attention has long been paid to the use of alternative, more environmentally friendly types of motor fuels, which include biofuels, natural gas and hydrogen. At the same time, the issue of reducing environmental pollution by road transport is an important component of the general environmental problem, the severity of which increases every year. With the significant growth of food industry facilities, there is a need to dispose of food products, namely food fats, which create a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a possible way to solve the problem of disposal of edible fats can be their processing into diesel biofuel. The use of biodiesel fuel from recycled food fat waste does not require significant changes in the engine design, at the same time, it will allow to expand the fuel base of diesel vehicles and reduce their harmful impact on the environment. The article presents the results of bench tests of a passenger car with a diesel engine when operating on diesel fuel and diesel biofuel, namely: emissions of harmful substances and fuel consumption by cycle, comparative load characteristics of a diesel engine in a passenger car. The possibility of using diesel biofuel from recycled food fat waste in diesel engines of modern cars has been confirmed. The conducted studies proved the reduction of the total mass emissions, reduced to carbon monoxide emissions, for work on diesel biofuel. Keywords: diesel, diesel biofuel, passenger car, experimental tests, fuel consumption, harmful emissions.

Можливості підвищення екологічної безпеки транспортних засобів з дизелями застосуванням альтернативних палив

Today, most motor fuels are made from non-renewable sources of petroleum origin. In connection with the environmental problems associated with the use of traditional motor fuels in motor vehicle engines, many countries are implementing strict requirements for the greening of motor vehicles.At the same time, vehicles with diesel engines are quite attractive in terms of consumption of alternative motor fuels. One of the ways to increase the environmental safety of vehicles with diesel engines is the complete or partial replacement of diesel fuel with alternative fuels. In this regard, research and development in the field of energy resource use in road transport has been significantly intensified, and new programs are being developed to expand the use of alternative fuels. The main focus of the researchers on improving environmental safety is the complete or partial replacement of diesel fuel with alternative fuels, which can be of petroleum or non-petroleum origin. Such fuels can be: liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas and associated gases, diesel biofuel, alcohols and ethers, as well as hydrogen, etc.The article examines the problem of alternative types of fuel and the use of new energy sources in the search for more ecologically clean, cheap and less scarce fuel. To solve this problem, it is necessary to perform an analysis and determine the possibilities of increasing the environmental safety of motor vehicles with diesel engines when using different alternative fuels.The analysis carried out in the work showed that the considered fuels are promising with the proper organization of the work process of motor vehicle diesel engines. However, in a number of cases, for example, when using hydrogen, alcohols, it is necessary to significantly change the design of the engine, which requires significant costs. The use of alternative, more environmentally friendly motor fuels, such as compressed natural gas, diesel biofuel of vegetable or animal origin, etc., will allow to significantly expand the fuel base of motor vehicle diesels and does not require a significant change in their design.In further research, an important task is to develop a methodology for evaluating the use of alternative fuels, which will combine a complex of functional and mathematical models to determine the energy efficiency and environmental safety of vehicles with diesel engines when using alternative fuels both in their pure form and in the form of mixed fuels.

Carbon Additives of Petroleum Origin in Coal Mines and Prospects for Their Industrial Production

The possibility of qualified use of heavy oil residues and oil refining waste as carbon additives in coal charges in the production of metallurgical coke is considered. The involvement of petroleum coke fines and coking additives in coal charges can significantlyimprove the operational properties of blast furnace coke. The available and promising technologies for obtaining sintering additives using heavy oil residues are considered and compared.

Оценка параметра растворимости Гильдебранда смеси растворителей нефтяного происхождения по их структурным элементам

The work is devoted to the methodological aspects of estimating the Hildebrand solubility parameter of a mixture of organic solvents using the characteristics of their structural elements. A method is proposed for calculating the solubility parameter for mixtures of solvents that differ in composition and structure depending on the ratio of components. The results of calculations make it possible to predict the optimal composition of solvent mixtures for polymers with a known Hildebrand solubility parameter. The proposed method makes it possible to estimate the solubility parameter of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons of petroleum origin, for example, the vacuum residue of oil distillation - goudron, when it is used as a polymer solvent. Based on the results of 1H NMR analysis,the structural elements of goudron were determined and its Hildebrand solubility parameter was calculatedn.

Controversial Issues of Hydrocarbon Field Formation and the Role of Geomagnetic Fields

This review paper presents controversial issues on the formation of hydrocarbon deposits. We look into the geological contradictions of the abiogenic and biogenic theories of petroleum origin, indicating the connection between hydrocarbon deposits and disjunctive dislocations, as well as present disputes about the geological period over which hydrocarbon deposits have been formed. We further overviewed the radical chain mechanism of hydrocarbon generation from organic matter as proposed by Prof. Nesterov. It is noted that the petroleum generation process in reservoir conditions occurs almost instantly in the presence of discrete geomagnetic fields and does not require a long geological time. This is explained by spin magnetic effects (spin catalysis, magnetic isotope properties). We briefly highlight the effect of magnetic fields on chemical reactions involving organic compounds and the use of magnetic fields to enhance oil recovery. We also present the leading causes of discrete magnetic fields in the sedimentary cover: Earth’s geomagnetic reversals, generation of ferromagnetic minerals in oil deposits, electromechanical effects of rock friction near faults, and intermixing of reservoir waters with different mineralization (spontaneous ion polarization). Based on the material reported, we conclude that the radical chain mechanism of petroleum generation processes explains some contradictions of the abiogenic and biogenic theories of petroleum origin. Elaborating this research area has excellent prospects for developing new criteria for hydrocarbon prospecting and devising innovative methods to enhance the oil recovery for shale oil production.

Active packaging of corn starch with pectin extract and essential oil of Turmeric Longa Linn: Preparation, characterization and application in sliced bread

The use of active packaging to reduce food waste has been a very effective alternative. An eminent concern is the use of plastic materials of petroleum origin and toxic additives in the processing of these packages. Thus, the focus on the use of biodegradable and natural raw materials that minimize waste generation and promote greater consumer safety has been preferable. The objective of the research was to investigate the effects of turmeric essential oil (TEO) on corn starch and pectin extract films manufactured by solution casting method. The antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the oil was confirmed by the tests: antimicrobial diffusion disk, determination of the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP method. The chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of active chemical constituents such as Turmerone, Ar-Turmerone and β–Turmerone. The results showed that the oil promoted a change in the color of the films, increased mechanical strength and reduced flexibility, keeping transparency, solubility, WVP and thermal stability unchanged. In the direct application test of the film as packaging for sliced bread, no visible contamination was detected during the nine weeks of analysis. Therefore, the active film with 3 % TEO was shown to be a viable solution for manufacturing biodegradable and safe active films that can be applied as food packaging.

Properties and Analysis of Liquid Alternative Fuels I: Fatty Acid Esters

The importance of alternative fuels is constantly growing due to environmental reasons, saving fossil fuels and reducing the dependence of the world countries on the supply of fossil raw materials from politically unstable regions. This article is further in a series of review articles focused on an overview of technical requirements and testing methods for selected alternative fuels. It is also the first in a series of papers focused on liquid alternative fuels. The aim of this series of articles is to provide an overview of the required properties of individual alternative fuels, the possibilities of their analysis and the importance of the individual analyzes. This article focuses on fuels containing fatty acid esters.Biodiesel can be burned in diesel engines either in a mixture with conventional diesel or as an individual fuel. Unlike conventional diesel, which is composed of hydrocarbons of petroleum origin, biodiesel contains fatty acid methyl esters. In addition to this main component, glycerol (by-product of transesterification), methanol, free fatty acids, glycerides (mono-, di- and tri-), catalyst residues, water, and possibly other components can be present also. These contaminants can, in certain concentrations, cause some undesirable properties both in pure biodiesel and in biodiesel/diesel blends. Compared to conventional diesel, biodiesel has a higher density and viscosity, but a slightly lower higher heating value, and considerably worse oxidation stability. In terms of pollutant emissions, the combustion of biodiesel produces less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and solid particles, but slightly more nitrogen oxides than the combustion of mineral diesel. Gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, titration methods, and atomic spectroscopy methods have typically been used for the evaluation of these fuels. In addition to the properties monitored by these methods, conventional fuel parameters such as density, viscosity, low-temperature properties, oxidation stability, corrosion properties, flash point, cetane number, and others are monitored for biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. In general, it can be stated that the analysis of fuels containing biodiesel is well managed. Instrumental equipment and (modified) analytical methods used for the analysis of conventional liquid fuels can be used to analyze these fuels.

Usage of Rapeseed Oil and Ethanol in a Diesel Engine

Introduction. Alternative fuels in IC-engines make it possible to reduce the harmful effects of exhaust gases on the environment without the use of expensive cleaning systems, diversify the fuel market, and reduce the consumption of non-renewable energy recourses, while research aimed at studying the use of alternative fuels makes it possible to find optimal options for replacing non-renewable raw materials. The purpose of the work is to study the effect of using ethanol in a standard tractor diesel engine with volumetric mixing and combustion from flare resulting from the autoignition of a rapeseed oil pilot portion and to optimize separate cyclic fuel deliveries to obtain maximum energy and environmental effect. Materials and Methods. The article deals with the description of the results of the use of rapeseed oil and ethanol in a serial tractor diesel engine of dimension 2F 10.5/12.0 with separate fuel injection directly into the combustion chamber. In the course of experimental studies, the working process was indicated by a piezo quartz pressure sensor installed in the cylinder head, fuel and air consumption were measured, and samples of exhaust gases to study the gas composition and determine the content of toxic components and smokiness were taken. Results. The exact ethanol and rapeseed oil delivery was determined; the values of the average effective pressure, the average temperature of gases in the cylinder, and active and full heat generation were obtained. It is shown that with an increase in the cyclic ethanol delivery, the proportion of heat from kinetic combustion increases, while the diesel process is characterized by an increase in the proportion of diffusion combustion when the load increases. The analysis of the processes inside the cylinder when the engine runs on ethanol and rapeseed oil in comparison with the traditional diesel process is carried out. Discussion and Conclusion. The use of rapeseed oil and ethanol can completely replace the traditional fuel of petroleum origin for an operating diesel engine by installing additional fuel equipment and modifying the head of cylinder block through mounting an additional nozzle. In this case, the environmental performance of the diesel engine improves significantly.

Sedimentary Environments of Cambrian–Ordovician Source Rocks and Ultra‐deep Petroleum Accumulation in the Tarim Basin

AbstractThe Tarim Basin is the only petroliferous basin enriched with marine oil and gas in China. It is presently also the deepest basin for petroleum exploration and development in the world. There are two main sets of marine Source Rocks (SRs) in the Tarim Basin, namely the high over‐mature Cambrian–Lower Ordovician (∊ –O1) and the moderately mature Middle–Upper Ordovician (O2–3). The characteristic biomarkers of SRs and oils indicate that the main origin of the marine petroleum is a mixed source of ∊ –O1 and O2–3 SRs. With increasing burial, the hydrocarbon contribution of the ∊ –O1 SRs gradually increases. Accompanied by the superposition of multi‐stage hydrocarbon‐generation of the SRs and various secondary alteration processes, the emergence and abnormal enrichment of terpenoids, thiophene and trimethylaryl isoprenoid in deep reservoirs indicate a complex genesis of various deep oils and gases. Through the analysis of the biofacies and sedimentary environments of the ∊ –O1 and O2–3 SRs, it is shown that the lower Paleozoic high‐quality SRs in the Tarim Basin were mainly deposited in a passive continental margin and the gentle slope of the platform, deep‐water shelf and slope facies, which has exhibited a good response to the local tectonic‐sedimentary environment. The slope of the paleo‐uplift is the mutual area for the development of carbonate reservoirs and the deposition of marine SRs, which would be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum. Due to the characteristics of low ground temperature, the latest rapid and deep burial does not cause massive oil‐cracking in the paleo‐uplift and slope area. Therefore, it is speculated that the marine reservoirs in the slope of the Tabei Uplift are likely to be a favorable area for deep petroleum exploration, while the oil‐cracking gas would be a potential reserve around the west margin of the Manjiaer Depression. Hydrocarbons were generated from various unit SRs, mainly migrating along the lateral unconformities or reservoirs and the vertical faults. They eventually brought up three major types of exploration fields: middle and lower Cambrian salt‐related assemblages, dolomite inner reservoirs and Middle and Lower Ordovician oil‐bearing karst, which would become the most favorable target of marine ultra‐deep exploration in the Tarim Basin.

Combustion dynamics of droplets of aqueous slurries based on coal slime and waste oil

This paper shows the analysis of burnout characteristics of droplets of the following slurry fuels: (i) based on coal slime with or without the addition of waste turbine oil; (ii) based on coal dust with or without the addition of waste turbine oil. The oil share in the mixtures varied from 0% to 15%. The solid component share varied in the range of 40–60%. Single droplets with an initial size of 1–5 mm were burned in a tubular muffle furnace at temperatures of 700–900 °C. The inertia of gas-phase and heterogeneous ignition and the combustion time of mixtures were estimated. Based on experimental data, the values of the linear and mass burnout rates of fuel droplets were calculated. At a furnace temperature of less than 800 °C, the characteristics of ignition and burnout of droplets of water-containing fuel mixtures and solid particles deteriorated significantly. The most preferred is the combustion of coal slime in the composition of aqueous slurry with the addition of high-reactive components (for example, waste oil of petroleum origin or vegetable oils). To intensify ignition and combustion, it is recommended to use no more than 50% of the solid component in the mixture. The maximum linear burnout rate was typical for droplets about 3 mm in size and reached values of 0.5–0.6 mm2/s. The mass burnout rates of droplets of the investigated fuels with a size of 5 mm varied in the range of 0.0005–0.0018 g/s.

Improvement in Low-Temperature Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

The European Union requirements related to the quality parameters for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are gathered in the standard EN 14214:2012 + A2:2019 that also includes reference to low-temperature properties. This paper presents studies on the obtaining of modified FAMEs, featuring improved low-temperature properties. Investigated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were subjected to a solvent dewaxing process with a methyl ethyl ketone and the mixture of methyl ethyl ketone—Toluene. It was found that the application of a process carried out under conditions similar to solvent dewaxing, used as a standard procedure for oils dewaxing and slack waxes of petroleum origin deoiling usually used in refinery industrial installations, allows us to achieve the intended goal. The modification of three different types of FAME by the dewaxing process with MEK-TOL and MEK solvents allows for the improvement of low-temperature properties of the obtained modified FAME, consistent in obtaining reduced cloud points, flow points and CFPP. The tests of fatty acid profiles show a clear increase in the content of glycerides of saturated acids in the separated sludge, as compared to the charges from the dewaxing process, which confirms that the selectivity of the dewaxing process is maintained for the atypical raw material, which are fatty acid methyl esters.