Original Language Research Articles

Characteristics of Chinese translation of drug names in advertisements

In recent years, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, cooperation among countries in the medical field has become increasingly important. Cooperation continues to develop, and more and more foreign products are appearing in the pharmaceutical market. This has led to an increasing interest in changing drug names to another language, especially Chinese. This article analyzes four methods for translating traditional Chinese medicine terminology in advertising: phonetic method, semantic method, hybrid method, and semantic method, while considering the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine. The research object is the particularity of translating foreign medical terms into Chinese. This article aims to analyze the methods of translating medical terminology into Chinese. In addition, a new translation method – a semantic approach with the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine – has been proposed. The research materials include medical terms and their Chinese translations. This article provides an example of a method for translating medical terminology into Chinese and proposes a new method for translating medical terminology – a semantic approach that takes into account the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine.People have found that names translated using phonetic methods are usually associated with Latin words. When using semantic methods, select these hieroglyphs to indicate the exact action of the drug. The use of hybrid methods to translate drug names not only preserves the sound of the original language, but also includes information about the usefulness of the product. When translating into Chinese, English words with traditional Chinese medicine characteristics are usually added. When translating European drug names, considering the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine, the reality of Chinese language and culture is often added to make the operation of drugs easier for consumers to understand. Translation is usually supported through visualization, which refers to Chinese idioms and traditional cultural images.

Hard-to-reach schools? Discrimination experienced by parents with a migrant background. A participatory research approach

ABSTRACT This study investigated the discrimination experienced by parents with a migrant background in German schools. For this, we shifted the perspective from speaking about to speaking with parents using the critical incident technique as a participatory research approach. The sample included 40 parents from 20 countries of origin, with different languages of origin who had lived in Germany for between two and ten years. The most frequently reported experiences were of low expectations of competence, stereotypical attributions and the deliberate withholding of information. Parents described the pathologising of behaviours due to their family backgrounds that was equated with problem behaviour and the need for treatment. Additionally, school staff alleged that parents were unable or unwilling to support their children in academic matters, giving their ‘migrant status’ as justification. Schools did not offer opportunities for clarification or made it a requirement to seek expert opinion on a child’s mental health before providing opportunities for clarification. Further discriminatory effects, such as the outcomes of self-fulfilling prophecies; feelings of humiliation, helplessness and exclusion; and the fear of being disadvantaged, became evident, which exhausted families mentally and physically. The discussed implications aim at establishing concepts that raise awareness of discrimination and the consequences.

WAR IN UKRAINE: A PUSH FOR RESHAPING GERMAN SLAVIC STUDIES

The article examines the transformative impact of the war in Ukraine on Slavic studies in the German academic environment. German universities, traditionally focused on Russian studies, have identified an urgent need to reassess both educational programs and approaches to teaching, as well as their own perspective on the development of Slavic studies. Scoping meetings, workshops, conferences, and seminars held in the German academic environment over the past two years are intended to update and systematize the achievements of German Slavic studies and outline new perspectives for its development. The aim of the research is to outline the main aspects that are identified as priorities for the development of Slavic studies in the academic environment of Germany and to trace the changes in the development of Slavic studies reflected in open information platforms, particularly university websites. In addition, special emphasis is made on the changes that have affected Ukrainian studies after the full-scale invasion. During joint meetings, German scholars identified significant limitations in the functioning of Slavic studies and difficulties with representation of all (or almost all) branches of Slavic studies in Slavic departments. Analyzing the information provided on university websites, it can be concluded that Russian studies dominate: the majority of universities offer the study of the Russian language in courses offered by Language Centers (95.7%), almost all educational programs for Slavic studies are aimed at preparing specialists on Russian studies (96.7%), and finally, students choose Russian as a pedagogical component, allowing them to qualify as teachers (88.7%). Polish and Czech are also represented in universities, but to a much lesser extent: as language courses: 36.2% – Polish, 17.2% – Czech; within educational programs: 90% – Polish and 70% – Czech; for teacher qualification: 16.7% – Polish, 10% – Czech. The Ukrainian language was insufficiently represented both as a language to be studied in courses (1.7%) and as a language that could be studied as a first/main language – 2 universities (Greifswald, Munich). Ukrainian language was not offered and is not offered for teacher qualification: in primary and secondary education institutions (schools, gymnasiums) Ukrainian language is impossible to study neither as a language of origin nor as a foreign language, although some initiatives exist. After the full-scale invasion, the situation has changed; Ukrainian language has been included in the proposals for study by 12 universities, in addition, there is an opportunity to learn not only Ukrainian language (at level B2 and above) but also literature and history within educational programs. However, German scholars still do not see the possibility of introducing Ukrainian as a component for teacher qualification, despite the extremely large number of Ukrainian children in German educational institutions. Instead, there is a proposal to develop an additional certification program for teachers of Russian to Polish, which also seems unrealistic. German scholars emphasize the need to expand their boundaries in order to offer “full Slavistics” in universities, but they highlight insufficient funding and the lack of interest among applicants in Slavic studies as major problems. Key words: Slavic studies in German universities, Ukrainian studies in German universities, Language Centers, degree programs in Slavic studies.

FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION OF UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE WEBSITES

To make Ukrainian sites be perceived by the world community, they have to be translated and in a certain way adapted to existing rules and traditions, which determines the relevance of the problem of globalization of Ukrainian language websites. Various aspects of the Internet linguistics are regarded by scientists. But the problems of globalization of Ukrainian language sites are not yet sufficiently covered. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main features of the globalization of well-known Ukrainian language sites by comparing their Ukrainian and English versions. The research material was the websites of the Roshen Corporation, the AVK company, and Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. The difficulty in translating a website starts with translating a company or product name. The header is considered the most important element of the site. When translating a website, it is very important to consider the recipient of the translation. The translator should note that the information on the site will be viewed by users with different knowledge in a certain field, therefore, thematic vocabulary should be used in the translation language, which will be understandable not only to a person who is knowledgeable in a certain field, but also to an average reader. The main rule of translation of this part of the site is meaningfulness and brevity. The next characteristic feature of the text of websites is the presence of elements of advertising text, expressed in emotionally colored vocabulary, which attracts the attention of the addressee and forms a positive image in their minds. The lack of some menu items in the translation is due to the irrelevance of the information for foreign users. When translating a site, it is not enough to only translate the text presented in the original language, it is necessary to analyze the provided information and adapt the site for foreign users. Therefore, for the globalization of websites, English is the most acceptable language because it is spoken by a large number of the population. The translator should use commonly used vocabulary and simple grammatical constructions, as this greatly simplifies the understanding of the text. The English and Ukrainian versions of the websites almost completely duplicate each other (both in terms of design and content). We see the prospects for further research in the expansion of the research base, which will make it possible to reach more generalized conclusions. Key words: translation, Internet, site, globalization, localization.

Cultural, Clinical, and Sociolinguistic Considerations in the Neurocognitive Assessment and Care in Arabic-speaking Patients with Dementia

Abstract Recent research from many Arabic-speaking countries indicates that the aging population is more prone to certain neurodegenerative diseases. This increased vulnerability implies exploring the specific needs and challenges faced by individuals with dementia within these communities. Neurocognitive interventions and assessment-based protocols for dementia have recently shifted from a disease-centered approach to a person-centered care model, which recognizes people with dementia as psychosocial individuals who live and interact in a particular sociocultural and linguistic context. This shifting paradigm embraces a more holistic approach, acknowledging the significant impact of their psychosocial functioning as well as their experience of the disease. In this context, we provide an overview of dementia in Arabic-speaking people with Alzheimer’s disease, with a focus on sociolinguistic and sociocultural profiles. We detail the cultural aspects that should be incorporated into cognitive testing and care for their home or host countries if they are migrants. We discuss the limits of diagnosis, neurocognitive testing, and therapeutic interventions in this context. We formulate a set of recommendations for clinicians dealing with neurocognitive disorders, related to the acculturation and diglossic differences between the dialect spoken by the clinician and the client. However, limited access to interpreters and the lack of adapted resources can reveal deeper issues which require systemic solutions. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of cultural differences in language, culture, and country of origin. Many so-called “ethnic, translinguistic, and diglossic misunderstandings” are linked to poor linguistic comprehension, language barriers, and illiteracy.

NEUTRAL AND CONTEXT-DEPENDENT PHRASEOLOGISMS CONTAINING A SOMATIC COMPONENT IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE AND THEIR TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN SERBIAN

One of the crucial reasons underlying the analysis conducted herein pertains to insufficiently explored mutual phraseological relations between Albanian and Serbian, coupled with a rather interesiting concept of existence of the neutral and context-dependent semantic fields. The subject of the paper includes contrastive formal-structural, semantic and conceptual analysis of phraseological units containing constituents of somatic origin in the Albanian language, which are contrasted with their translation equivalents in Serbian. The analysis is performed on the corpus excerpted from various monolingual and bilingual general and phraseological dictionaries, and it is performed on phraseological units containing the following somatic components: sy [eye], kokë [head], dorë [hand] / krah [hand, shoulder, wing], and këmbë [leg]. The degree of concordance between the observed somatic phraseologisms in Albanian and Serbian is determined by formal and semantic analysis, yielding three basic and generally accepted categories of inter-phraseological equivalence: complete (absolute), partial and zero. Moreover, further elaboration of the corpus through conceptual analysis and the pertinent postulation of conceptual metaphors or metonymies in addition to identifying other processes of phraseologization have been performed so as to determine neutral and context-dependent semantic fields and domains which gather the largest number of such phraseologisms. Since semantic neutrality (ambivalence) or context-dependence (bivalence) have so far not been considered by cognitive-linguistic research studies to a large extent, the purpose of this paper is to determine, inter alia, whether the addition of this category to the standard conceptual analysis is methodologically and scientifically justified.

Pendampingan Pembuatan Kamus Mufrodat dan Sinonimnya di Madrasah Diniyyah Nurul Huda Balung Jember

The aim is to introduce students to actual mufrodat according to existing needs in Indonesia and its mufrodat to become a provision for academic careers, especially at Madrasah Diniyyah Nurul Huda Tutul Balung. The strategy adopted for this assistance is through the PAR (Participatory Action Research) method. This dictionary is generally suitable for beginners and anyone who wants to learn Arabic even if they are not fluent in Arabic. In this dictionary, apart from including new Arabic words, there are meanings that cannot be understood which cannot be known using the rules of sharaf science (wazan-wazan), but must come from the original Arabic language (sama'i words) which are remembered and heard. . In its structure, this dictionary defines mufrodat entries in the form of isim which is associated with the content of sentences and mufrodat entries are associated with fi'il sentences in the form of fi,il. By paying attention to the first letter of the vocabulary you want to search for and readers don't need to look for the root words of the vocabulary

THE BOOK COVER AS A NON-VERBAL MEANS OF NARRATIVE CREATING (BASED ON J. K. ROWLING’S “HARRY POTTER AND THE GOBLET OF FIRE”)

This scientific research is devoted to the analysis of book covers of the fourth part of septology about the little sorcerer by the British author J. K. Rowling "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire". The purpose of the study is to identify the patterns of creation of illustrative images (on the cover) depending on the language of the work of fantasy literature and the target readership. The sample consists of publications in English (in the UK and the United States of America) and in Ukrainian. Particular attention was paid to the methods of creating covers by illustrators, their vision of the work and the target readership to which the publication was directed. The object of the study is a series of covers of the Harry Potter narrative in the English-speaking and Ukrainian-speaking society. The subject of the research is the process of influence of the book cover on the popularity of its narrative among readers in different countries and among different age groups. The issue of differences in the depiction of the novel by English-speaking illustrators in the original language (Bloomsbury Publishing House) and in American translation (Scholastic Publishing House), as well as by Ukrainian artists in the Ukrainian edition (A-BA-BA-HA-LA-MA-HA Publishing House) is considered. The results of the study are, on the one hand, the confirmation of the hypothesis regarding the dependence of the creation of illustrations by artists according to the language and the reader; on the other hand, it is found that the worldview of the illustrator himself is the basis for the depiction of the main characters on the cover of the novel.

Recent Trends in Plastic Surgery: A Network Analysis of the Abstract Titles of the Largest German Plastic Surgery Congress 2023.

Every year, German-speaking experts in plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery gather to discuss the latest developments at Germany's largest conference for plastic surgery, the joint annual meeting of the German Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (DGPRÄC) and the Association of German Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (VDÄPC). Since the topics of the conference have a lasting impact on the practice and research of plastic surgery, an examination of the presented content provides insight into the driving developments in plastic surgery in Germany. We conducted a retrospective network analysis of all abstract titles from the DGPRÄC and VDÄPC annual meeting in 2023. Data were extracted regarding titles, language, author, and place of origin, and the titles were categorized into the four pillars of the specialty. The titles were standardized and subjected to network analysis. A total of 299 titles from 281 lectures and 18 instructional courses were analyzed. After preprocessing the data, 2463 words with 9384 connections qualified for network analysis. The most frequently mentioned keywords throughout the congress were 'Surgery', 'Breast', 'Reconstruction', 'Flap', 'Patient', 'Tissue', and 'Therapy'. Locations contributing the highest number of abstracts were Ludwigshafen, Hanover, Leipzig, and Munich. In the era of big data, network analysis provides the ability to identify underlying structures and nodes in multidimensional, complex datasets. This study demonstrates the useful application of network analysis to identify thematic focuses and connections at the current DGPRÄC and VDÄPC annual meeting. Sites of intensified research could thus be identified.

An Assessment of Strategies Adopted in Translating Selected Chapters of Atwans's Memoir: “A Country of Words” into Arabic

This study explored the strategies adopted in translating selected chapters from Abdelbari Atwan's political memoir A Country of Words by Husam Al-Din Mohammad. Back translation was used as a method. That is, an Arab Palestinian refugee endeavors to interpret his thoughts and transfer his experience of the Arabic culture to English as a SLT, and then the translator transfers those thoughts back into the original Arabic language as a TLT. The translation is analyzed in terms of its cultural, religious and political orientations endorsed by the researcher who seeks to identify and analyze the main problematic outcomes of the translation by means of observing the contextual and cultural concordance of the two texts. The analysis attempts to figure out if the translation retains the pragmatic and semantic orientation of each expression, the problems that the translator comes across in the process of translation, and the strategic issues adopted by the translator to retain the functional-equivalence of each expression. The study concluded that the strategies enable both the writer and the translator to preserve the Arabic language, which is the essence and the distinguishing feature of the Arabic culture. Atwan, as a bilingual writer, captured the Arabic aesthetic taste in his original text by preserving the Arabic cultural content and form in the original text.

New Political Phraseology in Bulgarian Public Speech

This text explores the potential for updating the phraseological fund of the Bulgarian language in the Bulgarian public discourse and examines the influence of different types of updates on the specifics of the functioning of the given phraseological units in public speech. The most visible updates are those that clearly introduce new elements into the meaning of the original sustained phrase, but at the same time retain the obvious connection to the original language unit. Phraseological units, which are generally distinguished by semantic indivisibility, stability of their lexical composition, invariable structure, imagery, emotionality and expressiveness, are subject to dynamic changes occurring in Bulgarian language in recent years. We direct our interest to stable expressions, in the composition of which a new component appears as a manifestation of lexical dynamics, which replaces an already established one, or an additional element appears in the structure of a phraseology, i.e. our attention will be directed mainly to the so-called lexical updates of the phraseological fund. In the text, we trace the change (structural and semantic) in a number of phraseological units in the Bulgarian language, in which the entry of the lexical component kopeyka is observed. The excerpted material is from two corpora – CLASSLA-web.bg (Bulgarian web) and the corpus of parliamentary speech ParlaMint corpus: https://www.clarin.si/ske/#concordance. The examples extracted from the corpora are relevant for tracking the changes we are interested in in the phraseological fund of the modern Bulgarian language.

تطبيق نموذج هاوس (2015) لتقييم جودة ترجمة القصص القرآني

This study is an attempt to evaluate and assess the quality of the translation of the Quranic narrative of the Yunus into English, by Marmaduke Pickthall in his work The Meaning of the Glorious Quran (1930), in light of House’s model. The analysis covers the story of Yunus, the source and target texts comparing the source text’s profile and target text’s profile at the register level i.e. (field, tenor, and mode) suggested by House’s 2015 model. The analysis of the source text and target text has revealed that there are differences lexically and syntactically but there is a great effort to maintain the poetic and literary qualities of the original Arabic language. The statement of quality at the end states no translation can fully capture the depth and richness of the Quran.

Psychometric properties and cultural adaptation of the Polish Version of the Gay Affirmative Practice Scale.

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people often face unique medical disparities, including obstacles to accessing adequate and respectful care. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties(internal consistency, reliability, and factor structure) of the Polish-language version of the Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP-PL). The study was conducted over a 6-month period in 2023, from February to June, involving 329 medical students and professionals who evaluated the GAP-PL. Before testing the psychometric properties of the original Gay Affirmative Practice Scale (GAP), it was translated and adapted from the original English language version into the Polish language. Authors then tested the psychometric properties of the tool on a sample of 329 participants. The internal coherence of the questionnaire was tested with the analysis of verifying factors (Confirmatory Factor Analysis). Cronbach alpha and the discriminatory power index were used as internal consistency measures. There were more female than male participants (55.32%). More than 53% of the participants were heterosexual, and the average age of the respondents was ~30 years. The internal consistency of the Polish-language version and its domains was strong with the overall Cronbach's alpha ranges for each subscale domains ranging between 0.936 and 0.949. The McDonald's omega coefficient was 0.963. The GAP-PL has excellent properties of factorial validity and can be used in research and clinical practice in Polish-speaking populations.

A protocol for a systematic review of social dimensions of resilience in older adults.

Populations are ageing, making the quality of old age a crucial issue. Some adversity in old age, such as loss of loved one or loss of physical function, is often experienced, as is the need for recovery from such adversity. Resilience in later life has become an important topic and has accumulated much empirical research. However, the research has mainly centred on individual factors, such as personality, rather than social factors, such as family relationships or community engagement. There is no systematic review of the social dimensions of resilience in old age, a focus that should be especially important for policy and practice seeking to create supporting environments. Our review comprises quantitative and qualitative empirical original English language studies, published 2013-2023, using predefined search phrases including 'resilience' and various terms for old age and social dimensions. Titles and abstracts are screened by the first two authors using registered exclusion criteria. Final inclusion, based on full-text reading, is decided using registered inclusion criteria, and verified by co-authors. Qualitative articles are read by authors specialized in qualitative research and quantitative articles by authors specialized in quantitative research. Due to large expected heterogeneity, meta-analysis is not conducted, but weighted effect sizes or funnel plots may be prepared if parallel quantitative studies are encountered. Qualitative studies are synthesized using meta-aggregation. The risk of bias is evaluated with applicable Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for each study design. A narrative synthesis brings together the qualitative and quantitative studies. Methodological strengths and weaknesses of the included studies are reported to assess the quality of the research. Summary of the most significant social dimensions of resilience in old age is prepared, emphasizing interactions between contexts, stressors, mechanisms and outcomes; and research gaps are identified. Protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023412532).

A MIXED METHOD APPROACH IN GRAMMAR TEACHING (BUKOVYNA, THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY)

The unique aspect of studying other languages is not only the acquisition of basic information, but also the development of communicative competency abilities, which are practical skills required in everyday practice or communication with representatives of foreign-speaking societies. Our present research focuses on the devlopment and implementation of a mixed method of learning for teaching grammatical material in English and German in Bukovyna schools during the first half of the twentieth century. The purpose of our research is to compare the prerequisites for the development and formation of the methodology of teaching English and German grammatical competence in Bukovyna schools between 1932 and 1940, as well as to reveal the peculiarities of the formation of reproductive and receptive grammatical skills in the specified territory and within the defined time for further study of listening, reading, and speaking. Consequently, instructional tactics demonstrated the right selection and organization limits. The development of fundamental grammar abilities is seen as critical in teaching foreign language grammar, since it serves as a foundation of grammatical information. The explanation of grammatical phenomena in German and English was given in the original language, supported by examples from the texts, and strengthened by the completion of exercises. The structure of the grammar appendices, which included extra exercises to reinforce grammatical constructions and the authors' personal explanations of the textbooks in addition to rules and tables, also made a difference in the way the grammatical material of the languages mentioned was taught. The most recent strategy in textbooks at the time was to promote communicating with native speakers (for example, via correspondence), which improved grammatical and lexical mastery of a foreign language. It came to light that acquiring grammatical content using a mixed technique was an approach for producing grammatically and lexically correct spoken speech. Practical application (speaking) demonstrates comprehension of the fundamental principles of grammar and their proper application. Authentic literary reading was essential for developing grammatical knowledge. Translation exercises examined different languages' grammatical structures, with the goal of improving the capacity to use them in context and accurately acquire them when speaking.

Equality between citizens. language as criterion of discrimination

Equality is a trivalent constitutional principle. It can be regarded both as a general principle of rights, as a fundamental right and as an additional guarantee for the exercise of fundamental rights, freedoms and duties. Respect for the principle of equality for all persons irrespective of race, nationality, ethnic origin, language, religion, sex, opinion, political affiliation, wealth or social origin excludes discrimination and is a catalyst for human dignity. Non-discrimination is a basic rule in human rights law and a resonance of the principle of equality. All relevant international human rights treaties and declarations contain references to discrimination. In national domestic legislation, especially at constitutional level, equality between citizens and discrimination also feature prominently. Language discrimination is based on one of the criteria for discrimination laid down in the constitutional norm: the criterion “language”.

Ukrainian historical terminology designating social and military status in Old Rus': Examining their counterparts in English

The article researches translators' challenges in rendering domain-specific terms which include culture-specific items. The study has been carried out using Old Rus' historical terminology employed to designate social and military status. It was selected en masse from academic texts, using monographs and academic articles in both languages. 82 language units representing culture-specific historical terms related to social, political and military organisation of the society of that period were chosen and described in terms of appropriate translation. Our hypothesis has been tested as to the unacceptability of approximation (analogous translation and generalisation) in rendering culture-related terms that designate highly specific concepts of the defined period in Ukrainian history. The research establishes that approximate translation fails to meet the requirements of strict definition and accuracy demanded by professional terminology. Our study underlines the importance of secondary term formation, descriptive translation, and the method called combined renomination (transcription and description combined). For a translation to be accurate, the shift in translation should follow the shift in concept. The specific term may have wider, more general semantics, and in each particular context it should be specified. The use of the description or combined renomination helps to make the meaning of the concept clearer. The study demonstrates that the most accurate and effective secondary term formation usually follows the pattern of term formation in the original language.

Primary and specialist care interaction and referral patterns for individuals with chronic kidney disease: a narrative review.

Timely referral of individuals with chronic kidney disease from primary care to secondary care is evidenced to improve patient outcomes, especially for those whose disease progresses to kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy. A shortage of specialist nephrology services plus no consistent criteria for referral and reporting leads to referral pattern variability in the management of individuals with chronic kidney disease. The objective of this review was to explore the referral patterns of individuals with chronic kidney disease from primary care to specialist nephrology services. It focused on the primary-specialist care interface, optimal timing of referral to nephrology services, adequacy of preparation for kidney replacement therapy, and the role of clinical criteria vs. risk-based prediction tools in guiding the referral process. A narrative review was utilised to summarise the literature, with the intent of providing a broad-based understanding of the referral patterns for patients with chronic kidney disease in order to guide clinical practice decisions. The review identified original English language qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods publications as well as systematic reviews and meta-analyses available in PubMed and Google Scholar from their inception to 24 March 2023. Thirteen papers met the criteria for detailed review. We grouped the findings into three main themes: (1) Outcomes of the timing of referral to nephrology services, (2) Adequacy of preparation for kidney replacement therapy, and (3) Comparison of clinical criteria vs. risk-based prediction tools. The review demonstrated that regardless of the time frame used to define early vs. late referral in relation to the start of kidney replacement therapy, better outcomes are evidenced in patients referred early. This review informs the patterns and timing of referral for pre-dialysis specialist care to mitigate adverse outcomes for individuals with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. Enhancing current risk prediction equations will enable primary care clinicians to accurately predict the risk of clinically important outcomes and provide much-needed guidance on the timing of referral between primary care and specialist nephrology services.

MULTIMEDIA FRAMING OF BRECHTIAN CHIMERISM

Brecht's epic theater in its artistic diversity includes works that, having received multimedia interpretation, not only do not lose their artistic and aesthetic significance but also enhance it. This refers to B. Brecht's use of photo-epigrams from "Kriegsfibel", which became emblems of war. "Kriegsfibel" is the title of the second part of the great oratorio "Deutsches Miserere", which emerged as a result of Bertolt Brecht's creative collaboration with the composer Paul Dessau. Twenty-nine photo-epigrams formed the basis of the concert, which Brecht called "Deutsches Miserere" – "the great repentance of the German people". In this article, we examine the basic principles of the construction of "Deutsches Miserere", focusing on the functional features of the alienation effect in the work through multimedia and intermedia means. The focus lies on the interconnection and combination of different types of art: fiction, photography, cinematography, and music aimed at creating an original author's language. The article claims that the unifying principle that connects them is chimerism, which contributes to the effect of alienation and serves to provocatively and paradoxically comprehend and embody a certain theme or idea. In the triad of "principle – technique – medium", the leading artistic principle is the effect of alienation, one of the techniques of artistic transformation of reality is chimerism, and the medium is multimedia. The introduction of multimedia amplifies the alienation effect, and this allows us to consider the interaction of chimerism with intermedial means of expression, namely, it makes intramediality the sphere of existence of chimerism.

An open window into politics: A structured database of plenary sessions of the European Parliament

The uniqueness of the European Parliament, as well as the magnitude of impact its decisions wield over member states, are elements that capture researchers’ attention. However, several of this institution’s particularities have made broad analysis of the textual content it produces difficult. This research note presents Vitrine Démocratique, a new, publicly accessible, and centralized database structuring interventions made in the European Parliament starting in 2014, both in their original languages and translated to English. The process by which this high-velocity database was created is presented, as well as a descriptive overview of the contents of this data source, which is continuously updated on a daily basis.