British Origin Research Articles

Russian Cognitive Terms as a Result of Integration Processes in Scientific Discourse

The term system of cognitive linguistics is formed from different areas of knowledge and discursive practices. These terms are usually of English origin. But this system also includes Russian-language words of a commonly used nature, which, as a result of systemthesaurus connections with other terms in scientific communication, acquire the status of a cognitive term. The paper discusses the methodological foundations for understanding these integration processes, which is possible only when considering a system of terms as a form of explication of knowledge at the mental and linguistic levels. The nationwide existence of Russian-language words, possible shades of meaning, which allowed such lexemes to move into a group of terms and replenish the cognitive terminological system, are analyzed. The object of analysis is the original Russian lexemes knowledge and consciousness. The subject of analysis is the components of semantics that have become the basis of the terminological meaning of the indicated lexemes; new systemic connections that arose in the words knowledge and consciousness already as in terms of Russian origin when entering the cognitive terminological system: synonymous, antonymic, hyper- and hyponymic, derivational-epidigmatic. Observation of the functioning of the lexemes knowledge and consciousness in popular and scientific discourses, as well as analysis of the interpretation of these terms in scientific discourse, made it possible to clarify the process of terminology of the commonly used vocabulary of the Russian language. The paper presents the results of using corpus and software tools for modeling the functionality of this knowledge format. The collected information is supported by the results of an associative experiment to verify the data sources obtained through automatic processing. The revealed frequency and specificity of the use of cognitive terms on modern material will allow us to draw meaningful conclusions about a qualitatively new state of cognitive terminology.

Video games lexicon included in Spanish language: a multiple case study

In our current society, the lexical treasure that Spanish has is made up of numerous words that recognize the expressions of a group of speakers. Due to technological development, this reality is present in the Internet space and among consumers of online content, who discover and learn, from this multimodal tool, new terms that arise daily, giving rise to new words. For this reason, in this dissertation, we aim investigate and treat those terms of Spanish and English origin and even neologisms that make up the world of video games, with a viewing of 50 youtubers and an experimentation of 3 successful video games from which it will be obtained, terms which will be later collated to see how they are treated in the different dictionaries. Thirdly, the percentage of these terms will be obtained through the words collected in the reference corpus of Spanish and English. It will also be addressed what attention video games receive recently as a didactic multimodal tool for learning vocabulary.

Translation and the tabloidization of the New York Times in Spanish

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyse the role of translation in the tabloidization of the New York Times in Spanish. Drawing on the findings of a previous study that compared the English, Chinese and Spanish versions of the online newspaper, I hypothesise that the Spanish version focuses on human-interest news items translated from English originals and, therefore, translation may be used in a tabloidization process of the source texts in order to cater for the needs of the target audiences, that is, Spanish speakers of Spanish-speaking origin living in the United States or in Latin America. To study the process, I gathered two constructed weeks, a methodology widely used in communication studies, to analyse the differences between the two versions both in terms of content and format. The analysis, shows a tendency towards the ‘diminution of seriousness’, which can be explained as the result of the attempts to attract a readership belonging to different news traditions.

The Philosophical Relationship Between the Origin of English and Chinese Affixes and Their Word Format

Western scholars believe that the difference between Chinese and Western languages is a conceptual gap in their traditions, apply the Western phonetic-centered language philosophy theory to study Chinese and Chinese characters, and put forward a series of ideas and views on the comparison of Chinese characters and Western languages, believing that Chinese characters as a thinking tool are far inferior to languages with perfect grammatical forms, and that Chinese remains in the childhood stage of human language development. This paper aims to reveal how Western scholars based on phonetic centrism and logocentrism ignore the particularity of Chinese characters, and should not copy the western language philosophy theory when understanding the nature of Chinese characters, but should pay attention to the characteristics and advantages of Chinese characters in the process of historical development.

William Langland: Piers Plowman, The A Version by Michael Calabrese

Reviewed by: William Langland: Piers Plowman, The A Version by Michael Calabrese Arvind Thomas michael calabrese, trans. William Langland: Piers Plowman, The A Version. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2020. Pp. xlvii, 160. isbn: 978-0-8132-3343-7. $34.95. Michael Calabrese's new translation of, and introduction to, the A-version of Piers Plowman reimagines medieval England's great vernacular poem for our own time. As a translator, Calabrese animates the poem in its much-neglected A-version in ways that will undoubtedly hold the attention of contemporary readers and scholars, and especially those with little or no background in medieval studies. As someone who values reading texts in their original languages and tends to view translators as traditores, I was not only pleasantly surprised but also deeply moved by Calabrese's translation. Far from betraying Langland's poem, Calabrese delivers it in all its complexity and poetic beauty in an idiom that in many ways stylistically approximates and, in places, even enacts that of the original Middle English. To be sure, Calabrese's translation may call to mind several notable translations of the poem. The translations of Covella, Donaldson, and Schmidt are all, as Calabrese generously notes, works that he has studied, taught, or otherwise enjoyed; however, his translation stands apart from previous ones in at least two significant respects: 1) it is crafted to enable student readers to enjoy and understand Langland's poem and 2) it foregrounds a version of the poem that has thus far been largely neglected by students and scholars of Piers Plowman. So, what makes Calabrese's translation of Piers Plowman appeal more directly or even viscerally to modern students and scholars than any other translation of the poem? First, Calabrese takes care to render into modern English the rich variety of Langland's rhetorical registers in Middle English ranging from the demotic to the formal. Second, as Calabrese explains in his stimulating introduction to the poem and to the principles of his translation, he regards the A version of the poem as informed by conflict. Consider, for instance, the lines describing Waster's anger and pugnacity. Line 139 of Passus 7 reads thus: 'Then Waster got himself all angry, aching for a fight.' At first sight, we may not see much by way of poetic form apart from the alliteration. But when we listen to the line or hear it read out with a New York accent, the words 'all angry' come vibrantly, almost viciously alive, and sound like what one might hear on a subway platform. Likewise, the very next line 'Then some loud braggart burst forth as well' would call to mind or, more precisely, echo the opening line of the song 'Be True to Your School' by the Beach Boys. What we hear in such lines is Langland transposed or translated into North American cultural and linguistic settings ranging from New York to Southern California. Or, consider a few lines about Glutton's confession in Passus 5 (alliteratively entitled 'I'm sorry, so sorry'). Glutton finds himself in a bar amidst company that Calabrese translates in a way that renders them as much medieval as modern: Little Davie the ditchdigger and a dozen others—a fiddle player, a rat-catcher, a street-cleaner from Cheapside;a rope seller, a personal assistant, and Rosie who sells dishes,Godfrey from Garlic-heath, Griffin the Welsh guy, [End Page 150] and a big table of salesmen, doing some early morning drinkin'. (Passus 5.165–69) The diction and alliteration apart, the tone of voice, especially in the last half-line 'doing some early morning drinkin'' resonates with that of a New Jersey rhetoric in a bar, especially when one reads it aloud without enunciating the 'g' in 'drinkin'.' Such examples may suggest that Calabrese merely renders Langland into a demotic key. Far from it. Calabrese's translation exemplifies the wide range of linguistic registers that we find in Langland. For instance, in Passus 6, the register in which the tower of truth is introduced and described is stately and dignified: All the dwellings within, halls and chambers, are tiled notwith lead but with love and lowness...

Spanish Translation, Validation, and Factor Structure of the Religious/Spiritual Struggles Scale With Puerto Rican Adults

Religious/spiritual struggles (RSS) have been reported as a risk factor for mental health. Therefore, it is justified to explore how this construct may manifest among religious/spiritual people from diverse origins. The aims of this study were to: (1) translate and adapt the RSS Scale from English to Spanish; (2) examine its internal consistency (using α and ω coefficients); (3) explore its concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity; and (4) examine its factor structure via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a sample of 225 Puerto Rican adults. The Spanish RSS Scale showed excellent psychometric properties. In CFA with robust maximum likelihood estimation, a 25-item Spanish version of the instrument replicated the six-factor structure of the original 26-item English version and showed excellent reliability. The 25-item RSS scale also presented adequate concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. This work advances the development of measures of religious and spiritual aspects in Puerto Ricans.

Laura Wright:The multilingual origins of Standard English(Topics in English Linguistics 107)

Article Laura Wright: The multilingual origins of Standard English (Topics in English Linguistics 107) was published on October 1, 2022 in the journal Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics (volume 8, issue 2).

Semantic Shift in Middle English: Farming and Trade As Test Cases

AbstractThis paper presents a study undertaken as part of the Technical Language and Semantic Shift in Middle English project. Our dataset (totalling 4,628 words and 2,215 senses) is drawn from an expanded corpus of the Bilingual Thesaurus of Everyday Life in Medieval England. This lexis has been arranged into a semantic hierarchy, based on the categories devised for the Historical Thesaurus of English, in order to address a much discussed feature of language change that has not been investigated using a lexical corpus. The project aims to use this digitised hypernymic framework to track shift at various levels of technicality, collate data on borrowing and obsolescence, and examine the linguistic ecology of the Middle English period from a semantic‐hierarchic viewpoint.Autohyponyms from two domains (Farming and Trade) were collated and compared with the wider corpus for specificity, lexicalisation and language of origin. Our findings suggest that terms which narrow or broaden in meaning tend to start off at the more general levels of the hierarchy and shift from semantic spaces which have a higher than average number of co‐hyponyms. Autohyponyms appear more likely to be of French than of Old English origin, prompting further questions about borrowing and sense development.

Retro-fitment of an oxygen system in a transport aircraft of Indian Air Force: Decompression chamber trials to assess system functionality

The aeromedical concerns of sudden onset hypoxia and rapid decompression are an omnipresent threat to flight safety when flying over 10,000 ft. The concept of Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) provides the aircrew a window to correct his predicament. The issues of hypoxia are mitigated in transport aircraft with cabin pressurization. However, the requirement of an oxygen system in these aircraft is considered essential in an emergency in case of cabin failure of cabin pressurization or rapid decompression, despite adequate TUC, as it provides immediate succor from anxiety, and subtle performance decrements, especially in VIP carriage or casevac roles. With this background, a requirement for retro-fitment of a functional oxygen system of a small transport ac of Indo-German origin into a pressurized medium-lift cargo aircraft of British Origin was envisaged. Toward this, ground-based simulator trials were conducted on the oxygen system to assess its functionality before undertaking flight trials in the aircraft. The assessment consisted of the ground trial of the test oxygen system in the Explosive Decompression Chamber with three experiment protocols. The experimentation involved exposure to a simulated altitude of 15,000 ft for 25 min and rapid decompression from 7000 to 15,000 ft. Physiological parameters, endurance, and flow of oxygen in the system were evaluated. The trial results indicated that the physiological parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation [SpO2], and end-tidal carbon dioxide [EtCO2]) were within normal limits during the entire duration of exposure to 15,000 ft and decompression from 7000 ft to 15,000 ft. In addition, the physiological parameters were also within normal limits during exposure to 1 min of simulated hyperventilation. Neither any subjective or objective symptoms of hypoxia were observed nor any appreciation of increased breathing resistance reported by the subjects. The endurance of the system in terms of delivering continuous oxygen flow at 15,000 ft was assessed to be 73 min. From the trials, it was inferred that the oxygen system in a single crew configuration could be used satisfactorily up to the operational ceiling altitude specified for the subject aircraft.

The Self-Possessed Girl in Golden Age Girls’ Books

This article explores the meanings of girls’ silence in three popular late nineteenth-/early twentieth-century novels: Susan Coolidge’s What Katy Did (1872), Johanna Spyri’s Heidis Lehr- und Wanderjahre (Heidi, 1880), and L.M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables (1908). These three classics of girls’ fiction are international bestsellers; all three novels are available in Nordic languages as well as their original English or German. Often read as taming narratives in which wild girls are forcibly shaped into compliant young women, these texts allow us to see how the girls’ book has struggled with conformity and agency since its beginnings. As influential early girls’ books, these novels help us disentangle the patterns early examples of the genre offer us as twenty-first-century readers and critics. Though a girl’s silence can indicate trauma and social repression (as we see in What Katy Did and Heidi), withholding speech can be a voluntary decision that girls make for themselves (as in Anne of Green Gables). In this article, we draw on disability theory to propose a model for thinking about the distinction between silence and silencing. While silence can be a form of repression, paralyzing the thoughts as physical injury paralyzes the body, it is also linked to prayer and the concept of self-possession. Silence is not always a marker of the loss of voice or physical autonomy; by appealing to the idea of self-possession, we can move beyond a dichotomy of speech as positive and silence as negative.

See think act scale: Validation of the Dutch version of a measure of relational security in high secure forensic psychiatric care

Relational security is considered an essential form of security in forensic psychiatric care. Research on relational security is important, but is hampered by the lack of instruments to assess and monitor this concept in clinical practice. Within this current study the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the See Think Act (STA) scale, an instrument designed to measure relational security as perceived by forensic staff members within secure settings, was studied. Results show that the internal consistency of the STA total scale was good. However, the internal consistency of the subscales was relatively low compared to other studies using the original English or the Chinese version of the STA scale. The factor structure found in the original English version of the scale was not confirmed within this sample. With regard to the validity of the instrument results were promising, finding relationships with aspects of ward climate and team reflexivity. Further research and development is needed regarding the STA scale, making it more suitable for monitoring and studying this clinically relevant concept in forensic care.

The Tastemakers: British Dealers and the Anglo-Gallic Interior, 1785-1865, by Diana Davis

Reviewed by: The Tastemakers: British Dealers and the Anglo-Gallic Interior, 1785–1865 by Diana Davis Pamela Fletcher (bio) The Tastemakers: British Dealers and the Anglo-Gallic Interior, 1785–1865, by Diana Davis; pp. xii + 308. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute, 2020, $65.00. Late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century elite interiors in Great Britain were decorated in a variety of opulent styles, many of which adapted historical visual idioms. The most famous today may be the gothic revival fashion seen at Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill or William Beckford's Fonthill Abbey; yet the so-called Louis XIV style was adopted at least as widely and in the very highest of social circles, including at George IV's Carlton House and in the homes of many in his inner circle, before moving into more mainstream circulation as the century progressed. This adoption of ancien régime French style fell out of favor by midcentury, ridiculed as overly ornate, historically incoherent, and filled with fakes. In The Tastemakers: British Dealers and the Anglo-Gallic Interior, 1785–1865, Diana Davis argues that our understanding of those interiors and the objects that filled them is still hampered by this change in taste, and offers a persuasive alternative reading of what she calls Anglo-Gallic style as a particularly British invention, knowingly combining old and new objects of both French and British origin. The first part of the book is dedicated to defining the aesthetics of the Anglo-Gallic interior and locating its emergence and popularity in historical, political and—especially—economic contexts. Davis situates the style within both the larger currents of nineteenth-century historicism and the fraught military and political exchanges with France in the period, and she suggests that Anglo-Gallic opulence was a visual statement of "Britain's dominance in the new Europe," though she does not generally emphasize the question of what these interiors meant to their owners and viewers (7). Instead, she shifts attention from collectors to sellers, positioning art dealers as the primary tastemakers behind this design fashion and arguing that "the Anglo-Gallic style was driven by commerce" (56). To make this case, Davis traces the British market for French decorative arts from the Revolutionary period's influx of objects, artisans, and aristocratic refugees to London through the mid-nineteenth century expansion of the market with public exhibitions and catalogs aimed at a wider audience. This work is an important contribution to recent scholarship on the scope and scale of nineteenth-century London's robust art market. The focus on the decorative arts is particularly welcome, not only because it was a very financially lucrative subfield of the art market but also because those who sold decorative arts were often also, as Davis emphasizes, makers of furniture, metalwork, and [End Page 526] other items of home decor. This fact productively complicates a narrative in which the fine art dealer in paintings and sculpture sheds a background in home furnishings as the role of the dealer achieved more status. The second part of the book is devoted to discussions of individual dealer-makers and their work, including Boulle marquetry furniture, ornamental metalwork, and redecorated and mounted porcelain. The section begins with the argument that to identify nineteenth-century recreations or refurbishings of older objects as fakes is to fundamentally misunderstand Anglo-Gallic taste. Using a stricter definition of the term fake to refer only to objects created with the intent to deceive, Davis argues that dealers and patrons alike valued refashioned objects and styles as a desirable and distinctly modern mode. This point, however, is only a prelude to her primary interest in these objects. As she explains, the dealers "were creating a new Francophile decorative style for the contemporary interior to suit British taste. If we accept this, we can then move on to the question of just how good the dealer's workmanship was" (155). Accordingly, the second half of the book consists of close visual readings of individual objects, revealing fascinating details of technique, fabrication, and materials. Davis does offer some interpretive gloss on individual objects and trends, but the main focus is making a connoisseur's case for the objects as the...

Descriptions of qi deficiency and qi stagnation in traditional East Asian medicine: A comparison of Asian and Western sources

In a previous study, evidence was found of the variability of signs/symptoms (s/s) of blood stasis syndrome among texts of Chinese and Asian origin and English language texts including evidence of the differences between non-Asian and Asian patients. In the current study the diagnostic patterns of qi deficiency (QD) and qi stagnation (QS) were examined to see if similar results could be found. The study consisted of two phases – a search of libraries and a search of electronic databases, and searching for texts describing QD and QS s/s ensuring inclusion of Asian origin texts (principally Chinese) and Western origin texts. More commonly mentioned s/s were compared for each type of source and across all sources. Study one: From the 21 included QD texts, six s/s were generally agreed upon with three more commonly mentioned in Western origin texts, three more commonly mentioned in Chinese origin texts. From the 17 included QS texts, three s/s were more generally agreed upon with three more commonly mentioned in Western origin texts. Study two: Comparing s/s in 13 QD studies, five were mentioned by more than half the studies. Comparing six QS studies, six s/s were more generally agreed upon. In a comparison of s/s for QD mentioned by Western and Chinese origin texts and the Asian studies, three were mentioned by >50% sources, one more often by Chinese texts, three more often by Western texts and one more often by Asian studies. In a comparison of s/s for QS mentioned by Western and Chinese origin texts and the Asian studies, two were mentioned by >75%, two more often by Western texts and two more often by Asian studies. English language texts and studies describing QD and QS s/s were examined. Evidence of agreement on a few s/s were identified. English origin texts showed differences in texts originating from Asia, which may support the hypothesis that QD and QS may manifest differently among Western and Asian patients.

Stalking (obsessive persecution): foreign experience of criminal counteraction

During the full-scale aggressive war that Russia has waged and is waging against Ukraine and the Ukrainian people in violation of international law, committing crimes against humanity, the number of acts of violence and persecution in the temporarily occupied territories of our country has increased significantly. Globalization, including information, digitalization of virtually all spheres of life, leads to the emergence of new forms of violent crime, as well as other deviant behavior. Such neologisms as “bullying”, “stalking”, “mobbing”, “harassmient”, “hazing” and others, which denote various forms of violent deviant behavior, have become commonplace for the general population. The characterization of violence will not be complete without considering its form of persecution or stalking. The word “stalking” is of English origin from “to Stalk”, which means to walk in a special way, cautiously and stealthily. Apparently, this origin of the word “stalking” turns it into a term with a definite meaning, based on the connection between the term “stalking” and hunting and actually gives an idea of the stalker’s behavior – covert persecution of the victim by a hunter who does not take into account which is persecuted, and also points to a series of unwanted communications between them, which creates fear in the victim. That is, stalking in the understanding of human relations involves the persecution of one person by another, which is aimed at violating his personal security and causes fear, insecurity, helplessness, insecurity, anxiety, emotional discomfort, stress and complete destabilization of another person’s daily life. Today in foreign countries the problem of persecution, the consequences of persecution and the prevention of persecution is well developed. Criminalization of persecution is a worldwide practice, which testifies to the transformation of violent crime in the world with the tendency to its globalization and universalization of criminal remedies. Legislators of foreign countries define the order of public relations in different ways: personal freedom (Germany, Austria), human health (Latvia), human rights and freedoms (Georgia). Qualifying signs of persecution are considered to be the commission of an act by a criminal against a helpless minor, a disabled person or a pregnant woman; a group of people; repeatedly; by abuse of office. Obsessive persecution is characterized by the necessary degree of public danger, which is the basis for the criminalization of such illegal behavior in the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The need for such changes is due to the impact of globalization on the development of crime, current trends in the spread of violent crime in Ukraine under martial law, as well as foreign experience. Key words: stalking, obsessive persecution, violence, victim, personal freedom.

Языковая метафора в экономическом медиадискурсе: стратегии перевода

The article deals with the research of language metaphors of English and German-language media discourse. The authors attempt to study the features of the use and translation of language metaphor in economic media discourse. The research material was collected from the economic texts of the English and German online magazines and newspapers "The Economist", "The Guardian", "The Times", " Der Spiegel", "Die Welt", "Focus Online", "Die Zeit", "Der Tagesspiegel", «Leipziger Volkszeitung». The object of this study was 240 original English and German metaphors and their translations into Russian. The importance of the research is explained by the fact that a more thorough study of the features of the expressive means of a foreign language in the texts of a special discourse when performing professionally oriented translation is needed. A review of studies of metaphor in a special discourse is carried out, its structure, functions and semantic classifications in the texts of newspaper publications of an economic orientation are given. The authors point out the most frequent structural (verbal, substantive and adjectival) and semantic (anthropomorphic, nature-morphic, sociomorphic and artifact) classifications of metaphors of this type of publicistic discourse. The results of a comparative analysis of translations of English and German metaphors in economic media articles into Russian are presented in the article. The authors note that in most cases, in the texts of a special discourse, it is possible to transmit a metaphorical image of a foreign language lexical unit by means of the Russian language. The authors draw a conclusion that the successful transfer of foreign language means of expression into Russian in this type of text requires not only the use of the translator's technical arsenal, but also a creative approach to the translation of the studied linguistic phenomenon.

An analysis of written English: assessing characteristics of English writing by Japanese university students through perspectives of World Englishes and English as a lingua franca

Abstract This paper investigates distinct characteristics of written English by Japanese L1 (first language) speakers of English and compares them with common features of English as a lingua franca (ELF). Utilizing categories drawn from the literature, I have analyzed 92 writing samples by Japanese university students in order to assess whether there are any distinct characteristics shared among L1 Japanese speakers of English, particularly as to (i) lexico-grammar, (ii) lexis, (iii) semantics, and (iv) pragmatics. I have then examined whether there is any overlap between Japanese characteristics and ELF. The phenomenon of extending a sense of the original English word in Japanese and of then using the extended sense in English has supplied evidence of L1 seeping into L2 (second language) English use. In addition, the use of certain expressions has been found to be tightly connected with the Japanese language and culture (e.g., ‘study society’) in this study. This study has also shown a clear overlap between the writing of Japanese university students and common ELF properties and features, including extra use and regularization – in particular, the extra use of the particle and the pluralization of uncountable nouns – and explicitness and neutrality in word choice.

X-ray Computed Tomography Analysis of Historical Woodwind Instruments of the Late Eighteenth Century.

In this work, two historical flutes of the late eighteenth century were analysed by means of X-ray computed tomography (CT). The first one is a piccolo flute whose manufacturer is unknown, though some features could suggest an English or American origin. The second musical instrument is a baroque transverse flute, probably produced by Lorenzo Cerino, an Italian instrument maker active in Turin (Italy) in the late eighteenth century. Analyses carried out provided information on manufacturing techniques, materials and conservation state, and are suitable to plan restoration intervention. In particular, through the CT images, it was possible to observe the presence of defects, cracks, fractures and previous restorations, as well as indications of the tools used in the making of the instruments. Particular attention was directed towards extracting metrological information about the objects. In fact, this work is the first step of a study with a final aim of determining an operative protocol to enable the making of precise-sounding copies of ancient instruments starting from CT images, that can be used to plan a virtual restoration, consisting in the creation of digitally restored copies with a 3D printer.

The function of recurrent word-combinations in English translations from three different languages

This article compares phraseological tendencies in translated vs. non-translated English through functionally classified 3-word sequences. The study builds on previous research that compared 3-grams in fiction texts originally written in English with fiction texts translated from Norwegian. The current investigation adds English translations from two additional languages – German and Swedish – with the aim of establishing to what extent the tendencies noted for English translations from Norwegian extend to English translations from other languages. Thus the study contributes to the discussion of translation universals and translation as a third code. At the level of 3-gram functions, it has been uncovered that English originals and translations share similar functional characteristics in eight of the fourteen categories identified. Of the remaining six, four show statistically significant differences between originals and translations, regardless of source language. Based on a more qualitative study of four specific 3-grams from two of these categories, it is concluded, in line with the previous studies, that the most likely explanations are source language(s) shining through and the (potentially universal) tendency for translators to use a smaller and more fixed set of expressions in their translations.

Borrowing of address forms for dimensions of social relation in a contact-induced multilingual community

Abstract Address forms have been studied in various contexts, and it has been assumed that the determining dimensions are solidarity, including closeness and equality, and power, including distance and hierarchy. Solidarity is indexed with singular forms while power is represented with plural forms. Using ethnography of communication framework, this study enriches this discussion by examining the use of address forms by Bima people in a multilingual community in Bima, Indonesia, where Bima, Indonesian and other languages in contact have been used for centuries. Address forms including speaker reference forms were identified and classified in 1,250 h of data collected through observation, interviews, elicitation, and recordings of conversation. The study shows that address forms from languages in contact with Bima have been borrowed to represent dimensions within the solidarity-power continuum including intimacy, closeness, equality, hierarchy and respect. The Bima forms are used to exercise traditional solidarity-power relations, but the borrowed forms of Arab, Bugis, Chinese, English, and Makassarese origins are used to negotiate more intimate, close, equal and respectful relations within the social hierarchy. Using the native and the borrowed forms according to referent’s age, gender, status, and contexts, speakers construct different social spaces of intimacy, closeness, equality, hierarchy, respect, and power.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEWEST ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

Introduction. Ukrainian language does not develop in isolation. It is influenced by other languages in all areas of linguistic communication, which is demonstrated by the presence of borrowings serving as one of the most powerful means of replenishing its vocabulary. Extensive use of loanwords and expansion of their structural and semantic types in the Ukrainian vocabulary in the beginning of the 21st century call for their continuous registration and a comprehensive study.Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to study the lexical and semantic adaptation of the latest English borrowings, to study the stages of their development, application and features of functioning in the modern Ukrainian language.Methods. In the process of researching the newest words of English origin, the thematic classification method has been used, which has contributed to the distribution of the newest borrowings into lexical and semantic groups. The newest English loanwords have been captured by the method of continuous sampling, that is, by selecting borrowings in the order of their detection in the texts of the source base of the study. A functional approach has been applied, which made it possible to identify the functioning of the newest loanwords.Results. It has been found out that the process of mastering the newest borrowings in the Ukrainian language is carried out step-by-step. Intensive introduction and functioning of the newest borrowings in the Ukrainian language is due to many linguistic and non-linguistic factors. Intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors are different in nature, impact and intensity of manifestation, but they act in any language in close interaction, rather than separately.By the type of use, the newest English borrowings form two groups in the Ukrainian language.These are lexemes with a wide scope of application and lexical units with a narrow scope of application. The widely used newest words of English origin include words with their inherent high frequency of use in Ukrainian speech. A group of English loanwords with a narrow scope of use is structured by words, the specificity of which lies in the fact that they are used by separate groups of people related by professional activities. English slangisms and occasionalisms distinguished by sentiments and stylistic markings are also part of this group.Conclusion. English loanwords prevail among neo-borrowings that have fallen into Ukrainian directly or through other languages. The dominant group in their composition is formed by direct borrowings. This is primarily due to the influence of globalization processes and increased interest of the Ukrainians in learning English. Wide introduction of newest words of English origin into the Ukrainian vocabulary has resulted in the emergence of interrelated extra-linguistic and intra-linguistic factors, though different in nature, impact and magnitude.The newest English loanwords at the present stage of development of Ukrainian society have entered almost all spheres of life. Some of them are not yet fully mastered by linguistic consciousness and are not fixed in Ukrainian dictionaries, but they are already widely used in language communication.