Original Form Research Articles

Prevelence of temporomandibular joint dysfunctions (TMDs) and depressive symptoms and feelings of stress in physiotherapy students with type D personality

Background. Recent scientific reports in dentistry and psychology tend to emphasize the role of various personality traits in temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) multimodal etiology. Since type D personality is a new construct, there has not been much research published regarding this subject. It encompasses both the tendency to experience negative emotions and the tendency to refrain from expressing them. The impact of this combined effect on the increase in stress intensity and the development of somatic and psychiatric illnesses is clearly highlighted. The data presented in the scientific report complement previous insights during ongoing research on Type D personality in people with TMD predisposing factors. Aim. The aim of this article was to assess the influence of type D personality and its two dimensions on the prevalence of symptoms located in TMJ and adjacent tissues, predisposing factors, depression, and levels of perceived stress. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 240 physiotherapy students. The study group (G1) comprised of 120 students with DS. 14 type D personality. The control group (G2) consisted of the same number of people without Type D personality. Data obtained included symptoms of TMJ symptoms, and predisposing factors according to original questionnaire form developed for the study; PSS10 stress severity questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were also used. Results. In the study group, TMD symptoms significantly positively correlate with type D personality (with NE a stronger correlation than with SI), PSS10 and BDI, and negatively correlate with age. Students with type D personality had significantly more frequent and higher TMD symptoms than those without stress personality (p = 0.000). The exception was the symptom of increased muscle tension which showed no statistical difference (p = 0.222). People with Type D personality are more than 6 times more likely to clench their teeth (OR = 6.76) and 3 times more likely to have TMJ acoustic symptoms (OR = 3.35) and teeth grinding (OR = 3.27). In the study group, as the level of perceived stress and degree of depression increased, the number of TMJ and preauricular area complaints reported were also on the rise. In the group of students with type D personality, depression was significantly more frequent than in the group without stress personality (p = 0.000). Conclusion. Students with Type D personality risk experiencing more TMJ and preauricular area issues, while coping with more stress and depressed mood.

Exploring Quality in Higher Education: An Introduction and Theoretical Framework

Purpose: This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the diverse dimensions that contribute to educational excellence, encompassing factors like teaching methodologies, curriculum design, assessment practices, and institutional culture. This exploration establishes a foundational framework for evaluating, enhancing, and ensuring the delivery of high-quality education, guiding institutions toward continuous improvement, and meeting the evolving needs of students and society. Methodology: Exploratory research involves the collection of information as per the keywords identified using various websites and search engines like Google, Google Scholar, and AI-based GPTs using original, review, and AI-generated focus group information this relevant information are analysed as per the research framework used and suggestions are derived. Results/Outcome: A concise summary of the paper's objectives, methodologies, key findings, and implications regarding quality in higher education are presented. This includes an exploratory analysis of the introduction and theoretical frameworks in quality in higher education. This includes the importance of quality in higher education within the contemporary educational landscape, the significance of exploring quality theories and frameworks in enhancing educational outcomes and institutional effectiveness, and definitions & interpretations of quality in higher education from scholarly perspectives. Originality/Values: Several issues like various Dimensions of Quality, Principles, and applications of Total Quality Management (TQM) in HEIs, Quality Assurance and Accreditation, Benchmarking and Continuous Improvement, Challenges in Implementing Quality Measures, and Some of the potential strategies and recommendations for addressing the challenges and advancing quality in higher education. Type of Paper: Exploratory Research.

한국어 준말의 표기 규범과 사용 양상 연구

Chapter 4, Section 5, Paragraphs 32 to 40 of the Hangul Orthography, which is the Korean language norm, provides detailed regulations on the spelling of Korean abbreviations. However, actual Korean speakers show usage patterns that are significantly different from the norms when it comes to spell and use of abbreviations, or experience a lot of confusion about normative usage. In addition, words that are not commonly used in the Korean language appear to be included in the norms. Accordingly, there is a need to systematically organize the norms for Korean abbreviations and examine the gap with actual usage patterns.
 To summarize what I learned about the writing norms and usage patterns of Korean abbreviations in this paper, it is as follows. First, there were forms that used the normative abbreviation with significantly lower frequency. Examples include ‘‘mwosi, mue, bwaeseo, ssaeeo, pyeda’, etc.
 Second, there were forms of both normative abbreviation and incorrect abbreviation that showed a certain degree of usage frequency. For example, ‘didyeo:*dideo’, seopseopji:*seopseopchi’, etc.
 Third, there were examples in which the original forms of some abbreviations was rarely used in real use. Examples include ‘gaatda, seoeotda, pyeoeotda’, etc.
 Fourth, among the same type of abbreviations, there were some examples where the normative form was used frequently, while there were also examples where the incorrect form was used frequently. For example, even though it is an abbreviation of the same type, ‘yokeondae:*yogeondae’ has a high frequency of use in the normative form, but the frequency of use of the two forms of ‘ganpyeonke:*ganpyeonge’ was similar.
 It is hoped that this discussion in this paper will reduce confusion among Korean users regarding abbreviated spelling and help foreign learners learn Korean. In addition, it is believed that it will be a reference in establishing liguistic norms for Korean abbreviations.

Representation Of Woman In Urdu Literature

In the early period of literature, the concept of woman was completely traditional i.e. she had an exhibition status. Early Urdu poetry consisted of imaginations. In which woman appears as a lover. Here, the woman was either a queen or a princess. If she was a maidservant, she was so beautiful that men fell down and fainted as soon as they saw her. In Urdu poetry too, the poets distorted the original form of woman. Here, woman were limited to the limits of lovers and prostitutes, thus, in Urdu poetry and literature, woman came to be seen as an unfaithful concubine and the most important source of luxury and sensual pleasure for men. There is no mention of a woman from an average noble family because even taking a woman's name was considered bad during that time. Western education changed the makeup of the Indian woman to some extent. She realized her inferiority. He realized for the first time that there was a world outside the home.

세계 물귀신설화 연구

Water demons are beings that have an inseparable relationship with water, seducing people through their voices and eventually leading them to death. Water demons are dual beings, both human and ghost, and the mechanism of seduction and death through their voices is emphasized. Even to this day, ''‘Water ghost’ stories'' stands out among ''modern ghost stories'' more than any other story, and is actively handed down. In addition to beings called ''Water ghosts'', there are also monster-like water fairies, feminine beings with ''恨'' who seduce and eat people. It is found all over the world, including Germanic mythology, Slavic mythology, and Indonesian legends. They are people and ghosts, and monsters and fairies. Until now, this linguistic gap could not be resolved because the standards and foundations for storytelling had not been established. Now these Water ghost types need to be sorted out and redefined.
 We have experienced various symbolic dimensions of nature through the presence of water ghosts in the story. The archetype of the Water ghost changes over time, from the Water ghost who tempts people to death with voices from the past to the mermaid princess who sacrifices herself for love. In this paper, I have newly introduced the “Water ghost' stories” and have attempted to establish the types and prototype meanings of new theory of “Water ghost' stories” around the world. In addition to comparing stories from Korea and abroad, focusing on stories in which water ghost appear, we will also consider women's ‘Seizure’ and death through their voices. I would also like to classify the types and clarify the meaning of the original form of the World Water ghost.

On Education and Economic Growth: Whether Education Contributes to Economic Growth

Education is an important issue in economic growth studies since, presumably, educational attainment increases the level of human capital. Hence, there is a huge economic literature that analyze and explain the relationship between education and economic growth. To understand whether education contributes to economic growth, the purpose of this paper is to explain and critically review a selection of some of the most important and seminal literature on the issue. After introducing the subject of the study, the paper explains the relationship between education and economic growth, starting with the earlier, original form of growth models, and then continuing on to some of the more recent models that incorporates human capital formation. The literature is divided according to the majority and the minitory views. The paper, then, deals with the issue of education as an indirect factor of growth, through the effects on fertility, income inequality, and intergenerational productivity. The paper also considers the dissenting, or minority view on the issue.

The Trauma-informed education knowledge survey: Validation study

Trauma-informed education is an approach used by school staff to support students affected by trauma. A number of training programs have been developed to promote the use of trauma-informed practices in schools. A key outcome of these training programs is increased knowledge about trauma and trauma-informed practices, however a standardized measure of this knowledge has yet to be established. The Trauma-Informed Education Knowledge Survey is among the first scales designed to provide a standardized measure of educators' knowledge about trauma in students. The present study aimed to assess evidence of validity for this survey. Using responses from 170 American educators, the Trauma-Informed Education Knowledge Survey demonstrated good evidence of validity when compared with the commonly-used Attitudes Related to Trauma-Informed Care scale, which purports to measure attitudes towards trauma-informed approaches. It maintained moderate internal consistency for the scale as a whole, as well as for the two hypothesized subscales, and appears to be best used in its original form, consisting of a single factor. The Trauma-Informed Education Knowledge Survey is currently the only non-program specific measure available of educators’ knowledge of trauma-informed approaches. It demonstrates adequate validity and reliability enabling its use in future studies and program evaluations of trauma-informed education training.

Mise en poeme: Epic (Auto)reflexivity and South Slavic Poetry in the Age of Romanticism

This paper deals with the discursive phenomenon of reflexivity in the epic poetryof South Slavic romantic poets around the middle of the 19th century. Reflection is here understood as a kind of poetic self-formation procedure of romantic literary subject and his efforts to renovate epic mode in its original form. Starting with concept of “epic Romanticism”, in a way specific to South Slavic literatures, the author proceeds by distinguishing basic modes: explicit, implicit, and intertextual reflexivity. While the first two are related to typical romantic affectivity (D. Demeter, F. Prešeren) and/or rhetoric identification with oral folk rhapsodists’ tradition (P. P. Njegoš), the third one is marked with so-called “integration story” (I. Mažuranić), or mise en abyme, i.e. “the mirror in the text” effect as a medium of artistic auto-perspectivization and possible creative invention which leads to indications of the early pro-modern poetic procedures.

Super flexible, self-healing, and self-adhesive double network hydrogel reinforced by okara cellulose nanofibrils

Inspired by the mussel, tannic acid (TA) was modified onto the surface of self-made cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to prepare TA@CNFs, which was introduced into borax crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare PTC double-network hydrogel with self-healing properties. Through the comparative observation of TEM images and infrared spectra before and after tannic acid modification, the formation of TA@CNFs was proved. The introduction of TA@CNFs greatly increases the fracture stress of PTC hydrogel, which is more than 10 times higher than that of PVA hydrogel without TA@CNFs, and has high fracture strain (1723 %). Moreover, PTC hydrogel has the ability of rapid self-healing, which can heal to the original form within two minutes. In addition, the temperature response ability of PTC hydrogel makes it capable of reshaping. The self-adhesion ability of PTC hydrogel enables it to adhere to the human epidermis to detect motion signals, as sensitive and as stable as a flexible sensor.

Efficiency analysis of apple and grape producers

In recent years, the world has experienced unforeseen events that have greatly affected the population and the economy. It is important to analyze how the agricultural sector has responded to these events and assess its effectiveness as its performance is always vital, in peaceful periods but even more during the highly uncertain period we have been facing these last years. In Hungary, the most significant fruit production is the cultivation of apples. The specificity of apples, compared to other fruits, is that they can be stored and consumed in their original form all year round. Over the years, however, the final use of apple production has changed, as today most of it is intended for industrial processing in Hungary. The grapes are also consumed as a fruit during a short period of the year. However, a minimal proportion of the grapes are consumed freshly, and most of it is used instead to make the products of the winery. Overall, the country's apple and grape fields have been steadily decreasing over the years. The yield is fluctuating for both apples and grapes, however, the grape yield has been steadily decreasing over the past 5 years. How do these two sectors operate in 2021, one year after the start of Covid-19? This research aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the apple and grape growing sector and then to specifically analyze the financial efficiency of Hungarian small and medium-sized enterprises operating in those two sectors in 2021.

Az Az Sık Sık Yeme: Otlanma Tarzı Yeme Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Research indicates a close association between grazing, classified as disordered eating, and both obesity and eating disorders. This study aims to adapt the Grazing Questionnaire into Turkish. The research encompassed exploratory (N= 181) and confirmatory (N= 180) factor analyses with a sample of 361 community-based participants aged 18 to 30. Principal component analysis revealed a two-factor structure (uncontrollability, grazing behaviors) explaining 63.40% of the total variance, with eigenvalues surpassing 1. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient stood at .86. In assessing construct validity, the Grazing Questionnaire exhibited meaningful correlations with the Binge Eating Scale (r= .60, p< .01), body mass index (r= .23, p< .01), and subscales of the Leahy Emotional Schema Scale. Discriminant validity, evaluated through independent samples t-test analysis, showcased significant distinctions between groups with an eating disorder diagnosis or psychological support and those without such diagnoses or support in terms of grazing behaviors. These findings affirm that the Turkish version of the Grazing Questionnaire serves as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating individuals’ grazing behaviors and the feeling of loss of control during eating within a community-based sample. Moreover, the scale's structure aligns closely with its original form. Psychologists and psychiatrists can employ the the Grazing Questionnaire as an effective measurement tool to assess and identify distinctive features associated with eating behaviors.

Pouring the Past

One of the first questions asked of ancient ale recreations is whether or not the beer is ‘authentic’. In the subtext of this question is an unwavering belief that a single, original form actually existed and is attainable in a modern ale inspired by millennia-old archaeological traces. This desire for an idealized authenticity comes even before curiosity about how the beverage tastes, which begs the question: what is actually being consumed? The ‘authentic’ circumstances of ancient beer brewing differ with each archaeological investigation. Many of the earliest brews would require some form of hygienically questionable open boils in large ceramic vessels in order to be recreated, and were designed to be drunk through straws made of… straw. Under this burden of proof, an ancient-inspired ale would only be deemed genuine if not viable in a craft beer market. Yet this consumer desire for an authentic experience or product has been groomed for decades through tourism. Consumers believe that the authentic exists, is packageable, and can be purchased. Today, the question of authenticity is compounded with the serious issues of cultural appropriation, decolonizing tourism, and global, migratory work forces. All of this leads to the very real need for an exploration of authenticity in experimental and sensory archaeology. Towards that goal, we discuss authenticity and its implications for ancient beer recreations, its implications for experimental archaeology, and how to best unpack this topic for the broader audiences for whom these recreations are made.

Non-intrusive load identification method based on GAF and RAN networks

Non-intrusive load identification can improve the interaction efficiency between the power supply side and the user side of the grid. Applying this technology can alleviate the problem of energy shortage and is a key technique for achieving efficient management on the user side. In response to the cumbersome process of manually selecting load features and the low accuracy of identification in traditional machine learning algorithms for non-intrusive load identification, this paper proposes a method that transforms the one-dimensional reactive electric signal of the load into a two-dimensional image using Gram coding and utilizes the Residual Attention Network (RAN) for load classification and recognition. By transforming the one-dimensional electrical signal into a two-dimensional image as the input to the RAN network, this approach retains the original load information while providing richer information for the RAN network to extract load features. Furthermore, the RAN network effectively addresses the poor performance and gradient vanishing issues of deep learning networks through bottleneck residual blocks. Finally, experiments were conducted on a public dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

AESTHETICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DECORATED WOODEN COVERS OF THE MANUSCRIPTS UNDER JAIN SCHOOL OF PAINTING IN THE MEDIVAL PERIOD

Jain school of paintings has a special feature in the wider perspective of Indian painting. The rich form of Jain art started in the form of sculptures and cave wall paintings. Later on, a new original form of Jain art started in the form of manuscript painting, which is based on various motifs of miniature style, such as - illustrated palm leaves, illustrated cloth paintings and illustrated paper books etc. Illustrated examples of Jain painting have been found in the handwritten texts made in all these motifs, along with these, the wooden covers which were kept above and below the manuscripts for the protection of these texts, have also been collected from private Collection and museums. These wooden covers were made to keep the palm leaves safe. Along with manuscript paintings, painters used to decorate these panels with beautiful figures and stories. The free expression of the painter can be seen in the depiction of these wooden covers. Like manuscripts, these plates also hold a special place in art history.There is a wonderful depiction of Indian animals and birds, geometrical shapes, design of bellflowers, columbines and religious symbols on these illustrated wooden covers of manuscripts. In addition to decorations, these panels also depict various contemporary events and cultural themes. Due to the uniqueness of designs and the amazing depiction of these wooden book covers it can be inferred that the painters who created them must have been highly skilled. These wonderful examples of paintings from Jain school of paintings have special importance in art history and Jain culture. The objective of the research is to do artistic analysis of these wooden manuscripts covers. Although analyzing all the collected data from the museums and manuscript centers was a challenging task for the researcher but eventually efforts were made to publicize the facts in detail.

Long-term vinasse application enhanced the initial dissipation of atrazine and ametryn in a sugarcane field in Tucumán, Argentina.

The production of sugarcane bioethanol generates large volumes of vinasse, an effluent whose final disposal can produce an environmental impact that is of concern. The long-term disposal of vinasse in sugarcane fields could challenge crop management, such as the performance of traditional herbicides, by changing soil properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term vinasse application on the field and the dissipation of atrazine and ametryn herbicides in a subtropical sugarcane agroecosystem, and to discuss the potential processes involved in it. Vinasse affected soil properties by increasing pH (12%), electrical conductivity (160%), and soil organic carbon (25%) at 0-10 cm depth of soil. Differences in the herbicide calculated sorption coefficient (Kd) varied according to the pedotransfer function applied and the herbicide type (atrazine or ametryn). During the first seven days after herbicide application, the soil underwent long-term vinasse application and increased atrazine and ametryn dissipation 45% and 33%, respectively, compared with the conventional fertilization scheme (control). The Pesticide Root Zone Model revealed that dissipation was mediated mainly by the degradation process rather than transport or other processes. The long-term application of vinasse in a typical sugarcane field of Tucumán, Argentina decreased the potential groundwater pollution of triazines and, adversely, reduced their bioavailability for weed control. For this, the present study presents original information about how long-term treatment with vinasse may require an adaptation of conventional management practices such as the application of herbicides in Argentina and other sugarcane-producing regions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1075-1086. © 2023 SETAC.

Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by a mutation in the SPTLC2 gene: case presentation

Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare group of motor neuron diseases, with the age of onset up to 25 years. Juvenile ALS more commonly has genetic origin vs. sporadic forms of ALS that develop in adulthood. Genetic analysis of these cases with early onset makes it possible to identify the genes responsible for the disease. Here we present a case of a rare variant of juvenile ALS caused due to the SPTLC2 gene mutation.
 Cases with early disease onset are characterized by slow progression and variable phenotype, which often makes accurate diagnosis challenging. Therefore patients with combined upper and lower motor neuron disorders aged under 25 years should undergo comprehensive examination, in particular to identify gene mutations.

Variational encoding based on factorized temporal-channel fusion and feature fusion for interpretable remaining useful life prediction

The Prognostics Health Management (PHM) of modern equipment typically employs Remaining Useful Life (RUL) prediction to assess health status. Existing mainstream RUL prediction methods have improved prediction performance by adopting data-driven approaches based on deep learning. However, most methods overlook the impact of noise interference caused by the redundancy of sensor data across channels, leading to a decrease in RUL prediction performance. Furthermore, these methods lack transparency and interpretability, which are crucial for maintenance personnel in accurately diagnosing the degradation process of equipment RUL. Therefore, we propose a Factorized temporal-channel fusion and Feature fusion based Variational Encoding (FFVE) for interpretable RUL prediction. By utilizing the factorization operation, we construct the Factorized Temporal-Channel Fusion (FTCF) block to learn temporal and channel dependencies, thereby reducing redundancy between channels. Through the feature fusion operations which mix original information with extracted feature information, we augment the original information that is lost during the deep network learning process, consequently avoiding performance degradation caused by increasing network depth. Through the above encoding process, sensor data is effectively compressed into a 3D latent space for predicting and interpreting the equipment degradation process. Extensive experiments were conducted on two datasets of the C-MAPSS turbofan aircraft engine and the NASA lithium-ion battery. The results demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of prediction accuracy. Additionally, our study provides a novel visual means of assessing turbofan engine health status, elucidating the engine RUL degradation process learned by our method.

Classification of Different Winter Wheat Cultivars on Hyperspectral UAV Imagery

Crop phenotype observation techniques via UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) are necessary to identify different winter wheat cultivars to better realize their future smart productions and satisfy the requirement of smart agriculture. This study proposes a UAV-based hyperspectral remote sensing system for the fine classification of different winter wheat cultivars. Firstly, we set 90% heading overlap and 85% side overlap as the optimal flight parameters, which can meet the requirements of following hyperspectral imagery mosaicking and spectral stitching of different winter wheat cultivars areas. Secondly, the mosaicking algorithm of UAV hyperspectral imagery was developed, and the correlation coefficient of stitched spectral curves before and after mosaicking reached 0.97, which induced this study to extract the resultful spectral curves of six different winter wheat cultivars. Finally, the hyperspectral imagery dimension reduction experiments were compared with principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction rotation (MNF), and independent component analysis (ICA); the winter wheat cultivars classification experiments were compared with support vector machines (SVM), maximum likelihood estimate (MLE), and U-net neural network ENVINet5 model. Different dimension reduction methods and classification methods were compared to get the best combination for classification of different winter wheat cultivars. The results show that the mosaicked hyperspectral imagery effectively retains the original spectral feature information, and type 4 and type 6 winter wheat cultivars have the best classification results with the classification accuracy above 84%. Meanwhile, there is a 30% improvement in classification accuracy after dimension reduction, the MNF dimension reduction combined with ENVINet5 classification result is the best, its overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients are 83% and 0.81, respectively. The results indicate that the UAV-based hyperspectral remote sensing system can potentially be used for classifying different cultivars of winter wheat, and it provides a reference for the classification of crops with weak intra-class differences.

Species from the collection of tropical and subtropical plants of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University in need of protection

One of the current areas of work of the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro, Ukraine) is considered conservation, introduction, study of tropical and subtropical plants needed protection. The fund collection of tropical and subtropical plants in protected soil, where the total number of taxa is 830 units from 105 families, and those listed in the Red Book of Ukraine and international lists are more than 70 (28 families), among them, the vast majority of species (60) are included in the World Red List and, in particular, Adiantum capillus-veneris L. – in the Red Book of Ukraine has been studied. The geographical origin and life forms of the collection species needed protection are studied. Their habitats have been found to represent almost all areas of the tropics and subtropics; there are a large number of endemics, including the Galapagos Islands, Madagascar, and the islands of Norfolk and Rodriguez. Among the life forms, most belong to succulents (35 taxa) and trees (20). The taxonomy and systematic position of species according to the classification of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV) have been determined. It has been determined that almost all rare and endangered plants of the Laboratory of the Tropics and Subtropics of DNU have a decorative appearance and can be used in the phytodesign of various interiors, some of them are plants in which fruits, leaves, stems and other parts have a high biological value, in particular as a source of antioxidants, and are a source of physiologically active compounds and vitamins, can be raw materials for the pharmaceutical and food industries. It was found that the largest number among the species in need of protection is the life form of succulents. Among them, the family Cactaceae Juss dominates: 13 genera, 16 species and the family Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. – 7 species of Aloe L. The collection of tropical and subtropical plants of the DNU Botanical Garden is constantly used for educational work among the population, thousands of people visit it throughout the year. Protected soil plants serve as the basis for environmental education for adults and children, schoolchildren in particular from the Junior Academy of Sciences, students.

STUDY OF TRANSFORMATION OF JHAROKHA WINDOW FORM IN LAHORE

The traditional architecture of any area embodies its true character, deeply rooted in the history, geography, and culture of that region. It does not only satisfy the functional requirements but also stems from local construction techniques and materials available. Traditional architecture faces the problem of its coexistence with modern technological development everywhere. The built heritage which stands in Lahore over centuries is encroached by modern and efficient techniques. The present paper specifically focuses on the development of Jharokha windows (Bay windows) in Lahore. The Jharokha window that was used in the Indian sub-continent during and after the Mughal period was the solution to the climatic conditions of the region. This research will investigate the old Jharokha window form and how with technology and advancement it starts losing its original form. The change in Jharokha form will be studied by the existing examples from different time periods available in the city of Lahore.