Orientation Mismatch Research Articles

Racial Minorities Face Discrimination From Across the Political Spectrum When Seeking to Form Ties on Social Media: Evidence From a Field Experiment

We conducted a preregistered field experiment examining racial discrimination in tie formation on social media. We randomly assigned research accounts varying on race (Black, White) and politics (liberal/Democrat, conservative/Republican, neutral) to follow a politically balanced sample of Twitter (i.e., X) users (N = 5,951) who were unaware they were in a research study. We examined three predictions from the social and political psychology literatures: i) individuals favor White over Black targets, ii) this tendency is stronger for conservatives/Republicans than for liberals/Democrats, and iii) greater discrimination by conservatives/Republicans is explained by the assumption that racial minorities are liberal/Democrat. We found evidence that individuals were less likely to reciprocate social ties with Black accounts than White accounts. However, this tendency was not moderated by individuals’ political orientation, shared partisanship, or partisan mismatch. In sum, this work provides field experimental evidence for racial discrimination in tie formation on social media by individuals across political backgrounds.

Optimized EBSD-TEM method for the investigation of Al/Al2O3 interfacial orientation mismatch

The combined electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method has been commonly applied to investigate material interfaces, from the perspectives of orientation and atomic structure. However, the loose combination is inadequate to capture some slight deviation from the ideal mismatch of interface, which limits an in-depth understanding of the interface. In this study, the combined EBSD-TEM method was systematically optimized and applied to investigate Al-Al2O3 heterogeneous nucleation interface. In this optimized EBSD-TEM method, the cylindrical equidistant projection was employed to illustrate the orientation mismatch relationship instead of the widely used pole figure. Lattice planes and directions from two phases are systematically presented in one figure, which provides a thorough perspective to identify all the potential matching features within the interface, meanwhile ensures a precise guidance for TEM sampling and observation. Such guidance is crucial for interface investigations, thereby this optimized EBSD-TEM method has great potential to be widely applied. Complex interface configurations of Al-Al2O3 interfaces were revealed, including the tilting of Al phase low-indexed planes relative to the interface and the deviations of matched lattice direction pairs between two phases. The complex interface configurations urge further development in the theory of nucleation interface mismatch.

Marital Conflict and Healthy Dietary Habits Among Preschoolers: A Study of the Experience of Coupled Women in Urban Mexico

ABSTRACT In Mexico social dynamics are changing toward less traditional arrangements. With a qualitative interview study, we explore the link between marital conflict and mothers’ ability to foster healthy dietary habits. Sample consisted of 21 middle-class cohabitating mothers of preschoolers. Results suggests that marital conflict leads women to experiences of tension, ambivalence, or inaction on fostering healthy eating habits. Parents’ mismatch in gender beliefs, food preferences, time orientation, and risk aversion play a role in creating disagreements. When men participate, women feel “helped” and grateful, but the forms and extent of desired participation may vary among traditional, ambivalent and non-traditional women.

Overcoming Protein Orientation Mismatch Enables Efficient Nanoscale Light-Driven ATP Production.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-producing modules energized by light-driven proton pumps are powerful tools for the bottom-up assembly of artificial cell-like systems. However, the maximum efficiency of such modules is prohibited by the random orientation of the proton pumps during the reconstitution process into lipid-surrounded nanocontainers. Here, we overcome this limitation using a versatile approach to uniformly orient the light-driven proton pump proteorhodopsin (pR) in liposomes. pR is post-translationally either covalently or noncovalently coupled to a membrane-impermeable protein domain guiding orientation during insertion into preformed liposomes. In the second scenario, we developed a novel bifunctional linker, trisNTA-SpyTag, that allows for the reversible connection of any SpyCatcher-containing protein and a HisTag-carrying protein. The desired protein orientations are verified by monitoring vectorial proton pumping and membrane potential generation. In conjunction with ATP synthase, highly efficient ATP production is energized by the inwardly pumping population. In comparison to other light-driven ATP-producing modules, the uniform orientation allows for maximal rates at economical protein concentrations. The presented technology is highly customizable and not limited to light-driven proton pumps but applicable to many membrane proteins and offers a general approach to overcome orientation mismatch during membrane reconstitution, requiring little to no genetic modification of the protein of interest.

Preferential ordering of incommensurate-length guest particles in a smectic host.

Using density functional theory, we study the preferential ordering of rod-like guest particles immersed in a smectic host fluid. Within a model of perfectly aligned rods and assuming that the guest particles do not perturb the smectic host fluid, simple excluded-volume arguments explain that guest particles that are comparable in length to the host particles order in phase with the smectic host density layering, whereas guest particles that are considerably shorter or longer order in antiphase. The corresponding free-energy minima are separated by energetic barriers on the order of the thermal energy kBT, suggesting that guest particles undergo hopping-type diffusion between adjacent smectic layers. Upon introducing a slight orientational mismatch between the guest particles and the perfectly aligned smectic host, an additional, smaller free-energy barrier emerges for a range of intermediate guest-to-host length ratios, which splits the free-energy minimum into two. Guest particles in this range occupy positions intermediate between in-phase ordering and in-antiphase ordering. Finally, we use Kramers' theory to identify slow, fast, and intermediate diffusive regimes for the guest particles as a function of their length. Our model is in qualitative agreement with experiment and simulation and provides an alternative, complementary explanation in terms of a free-energy landscape for the intermediate diffusive regime, which was previously hypothesized to result from temporary caging effects [M. Chiappini, E. Grelet, and M. Dijkstra, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 087801 (2020)]. We argue that our simple model of aligned rods captures the salient features of incommensurate-length guest particles in a smectic host if a slight orientational mismatch is introduced.

Modeling the interaction between intra and interlaminar cracking in FRP composites using phase-field regularized interface fracture

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs) exhibit a complex range of failure mechanisms, including matrix cracking, fiber breakage, fiber–matrix debonding, and delamination. Among these failure modes, interlaminar fracture or delamination across the interfaces between the different layers (plies) is commonly observed in experiments. Hence, the fracture behavior of these interfaces plays a critical role in determining the overall fracture performance of the FRPCs. In this work, our aim is to model the effect of interface on the final failure of FRPC laminates. Specifically, the present work focuses on modeling the complex interactions between the bulk FRPC damage and interfacial delamination in the carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) within the realm of phase-field fracture. In the present formulation, the phase fields smear the sharp interface between FRP plies as regularized cohesive zones and also describe the bulk crack surface density eventually allowing interaction between bulk damage and interfacial delamination. For the composite’s constitutive description, the FRPC is treated as a homogenized material, with effective mechanical properties depending on the properties of the individual matrix and fibers with their respective volume fractions. The elastic matrix is assumed to be isotropic, while the fibers are characterized by their orientations. Further, an anisotropic modification is considered in the fracture energy of the FRPC to promote crack growth along the fiber direction. The model is implemented in a commercial finite element package and several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the complex crack path behavior in CFRP. Specifically, crack growth and interactions are simulated when there is a mismatch in the fiber orientation between the adjacent plies, resulting in dissimilar material properties on either side of the interface. The utilization of the regularized interface phase field model in an anisotropic framework to account for the mismatch in fiber orientation and hence material properties between the laminas makes it capable of predicting complex modes of fracture in FRPC laminates as demonstrated in the numerical simulations. We have also compared the model predictions with the experiments to validate their accuracy.

The interaction between talker head orientation, spatial separation, and extended high frequencies for speech-in-speech recognition

Speech-in-speech recognition experiments generally involve presentation of stimuli as if target and masker talkers are facing the listener. This is because speech signals are recorded with microphones located in front of the talkers. In real-world situations, masker talkers are often rotated away from the listener, facing their own conversational partners. This head orientation mismatch between the target and masker talkers provides cues that enhance speech recognition, including cues at extended high frequencies (EHFs; >8 kHz) due to the directional nature of EHFs in speech radiation. However, it is unclear how head orientation and EHF cues affect speech recognition when target and masker speech come from different spatial locations, as is the case in realistic multi-talker environments. In the present study, we investigated the EHF benefit in a complex auditory scene involving differences in target and masker head orientation and spatial location. Masker head orientation was either 0° (facing) or 90° (non-facing). Target speech location was 0° azimuth, while masker speech location was either 0° or ±45° azimuth. Preliminary analyses suggest spatial cues provide greater benefit than head orientation cues, and that the EHF benefit is diminished when talkers are spatially separated. [Work supported by NIH grant R01DC019745.]

A crystal plasticity model of low cycle fatigue damage considering dislocation density, stress triaxiality and Lode parameter

To capture the mechanical behavior and low cycle fatigue damage of metals, a crystal plasticity model combined with isotropic continuum damage mechanics model of low cycle fatigue is developed. In this constitutive model, the Lemaitre model of low cycle fatigue damage is modified accounting for the effect of stress triaxiality and Lode parameter, the slip strength is associated with the evolution of the density of statistically stored forest dislocations and debris dislocations, and a non-linear kinematic hardening rule is employed to capture the cyclic response. Simulation is implemented by applying this developed constitutive model to the Voronoi polycrystalline aggregation of 7075 aluminum alloy. The studied results show that the grains with low Schmid factor generally suffer more severe damage compared to those with high Schmid factor. In addition, due to the orientation mismatch of adjacent grains, localized stress concentrations and the resulting severe damage generate near the grain boundaries, especially near the grain boundaries with high misorientation angles. The proposed constitutive model manifests the capacity for the determination of damage evolution of the polycrystalline metals.

제2금융권의 내부마케팅이 직무만족, 감정부조화, 고객 지향성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of internal marketing on job satisfaction, emotion mismatch, and customer orientation among them for secondary financial employees. The competence and motivation of internal employees have been in the spotlight as their duties have expanded to include a wide range of tasks from simple customer service to professional guidance. The results of the study confirmed that the strengthening of internal marketing has a positive effect on job satisfaction (H1) and customer orientation (H3), but no effect on emotion mismatch (H2). In addition, it found that job satisfaction has a positive effect on customer orientation (H4) and emotion mismatch has a negative effect on customer orientation (H5). This study is differentiated from existing studies in that it focuses on the secondary financial sector, which has been under-researched compared to the primary financial sector, and is significant in that it shows through empirical analysis that internal marketing is necessary to enhance competitiveness in the secondary financial sector, and that if the secondary financial sector wants to achieve performance, it is necessary to provide information that is actually helpful to customers before strengthening efforts to increase customer orientation.

A Plug-in Type Integrated Rectenna Cell for Scalable RF Battery Using Wireless Energy Harvesting System

Microwave power transfer is employed for charging self-sustainable internet of things (IoT) devices by wireless energy harvesting (WEH) using rectenna (Rx) and dedicated RF shower (Tx). The challenges for this implementation are the diverse power requirements of different devices and polarization and orientation mismatch between Tx and Rx. Different demands need redesigning rectennas, which can be avoided by scalable designs. A novel integrated rectenna devised as a plug-in-type unit cell is proposed for scalable RF battery. The plug-in feature allows multishape assemblies for the WEH system using multiple rectenna cells. This enables multiobjective-like dynamic power harvesting and orientation-insensitive operation. The rectenna cell designed with integrated matching has a high-gain endfire radiation pattern, which avoids blocking of incident waves and mutual coupling between adjacent rectennas. To illustrate scalability, linear-stacking and cuboid-shaped assemblies are evaluated for WEH performance. The results prove that the proposed scaling scheme with rectenna cells easily adapts to the user requirements.

Prospect of texture engineered ferroelectric ceramics

Texture engineering offers an approach for achieving enhanced properties in bulk ceramics by introducing crystallographic anisotropy. Recent developments on texture engineering have enabled the fabrication of highly aligned ferroelectric ceramics with single-crystal-like electromechanical properties. In this paper, we review the history and recent progress of texture-engineered ferroelectric ceramics. We expect that more explorations on template-related issues, including orientation mismatch, physical models of the textured grain growth, and micromorphology–property relationship, will advance the development of texture-engineered ferroelectric ceramics with further improved properties.

Key role of plastic strain gradient in hydrogen transport in polycrystalline materials

Hydrogen transport by moving dislocations is one of the key mechanisms for hydrogen embrittlement, which is considered responsible for local hydrogen accumulation at preferential crack initiation sites. Although numerous experiments corroborate this mechanism, there are few theoretical models for it available. In the present work, a novel hydrogen transport model is developed within the coupled framework of crystal plasticity and hydrogen balance. The hydrogen transport flux in the present model is divided into two parts: the first-order hydrogen transport flux driven by plastic strain and the second-order hydrogen transport flux driven by plastic strain gradient. With the calibrated parameters by fitting experimental results, the first-order hydrogen transport flux is negligible even for nickel with a low hydrogen diffusivity. In polycrystals, due to the intrinsic plastic heterogeneity induced by grain orientation mismatch, the second-order hydrogen transport flux results in significant dynamic hydrogen segregation at grain boundaries during deformation, which is expected to drive the hydrogen-induced intergranular cracking as observed in experiments. This dynamic segregation behavior is related to the evolution rate of geometrically necessary dislocations, depending on the grain boundary characters. The roles of grain refinement in hydrogen transport are clarified with the present model. This study shows the vital role of plastic strain gradient induced by grain boundary constraint in hydrogen transport, which is essential in understanding hydrogen migration and accumulation in deformed polycrystalline metals.

Examination of crack path in silicon multi-crystals

Dynamic fracture of silicon multi-crystal merits a systematic investigation given the complexity induced by microstructure defects, in particular grain boundaries. How crack selects its path in the presence of substantial grain boundaries is an issue still under debate in literature. In this work, fracture behavior of multi-crystalline silicon is carefully examined through bending tests, bringing to light new crack propagation scenarios. In the case of multi-cracking, massive branching events emerge, and crack paths are heavily affected by burst waves. When a single crack propagates across grain boundaries, orientation mismatch between cleavage planes generates an important constraint effect, leading the crack to eventually propagate along (112) plane, i.e., a path scarcely seen in single crystal. Perfect crack propagation along coherent Σ3 twin boundary can hardly be achieved, presumably due to the crack inertia effect. Moreover, crack is found to incessantly deviate at the two sides of high order grain boundaries, resulting in a zigzag crack path. The observations suggest that grain boundaries are not prone to break up but significantly affect crack path in silicon multi-crystals.

Independent Component Analysis for the Multitag Detection of Frequency-Coded Chipless RFID

A multitag detection technique is proposed for frequency-coded chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) to achieve minimum separations of tags, enhanced data capacity, and calibration-free features. Previous attempts for multitag detection include signal processing, comparisons with a database, and space-division multiple access (SDMA); nevertheless, these techniques rise to the challenges of large separations of tags, reduced capacity, and the complexity due to a phased array or beamforming technology, respectively. In contrast, the proposed technique overcomes these limitations by a new framework that integrates signal processing and SDMA. The capability is derived from the independent component analysis (ICA), which transforms mixing backscattering fields into an optimization model; by using the Newton method to maximize non-Gaussianity, the original resonances of each tag can be recovered. Furthermore, the proposed technique eliminates the procedure of calibration. An 8 bit system is designed and tested over 2.0–5.0 GHz. When two tags are separated by 0, 10, and 20 mm, ICA shows average reliability of 80.4%, 90.4%, and 91.5%, respectively. Thus, closely adjacent tags can be detected without calibration even for a high-density system. Real-world implementation issues, including four-tag detection, orientation mismatch, and a displacement of tags, are also analyzed to validate the proposed technique.

Intragranularly misoriented grain boundary evolution affected by local constraints and grain size in micro-scale deformation of ultra-thin metallic sheets

Multi-stage micro-scale deformation-based processing of ultra-thin metallic sheets has been widely used in the manufacturing of light-weight parts with complicated structures. Because only a few grains are distributed along the thickness direction of ultra-thin sheets, the grain size effect on the in-grain microstructure evolution must be understood. Moreover, the intragranular orientation mismatch induced by prior processing needs to be studied to accurately describe the additional deformation resistance and anisotropy in the step-by-step fabrication. In this study, 0.1-mm-thick SS 316L sheet samples with different mean grain sizes were deformed to two strain levels, with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) used to characterize the microstructures of the deformed samples. Based on the EBSD data and crystal plasticity finite element simulations, the effects of local constraints and grain size on intragranularly misoriented grain boundary (IMGB) evolution was statistically analyzed. The IMGB patterns were organized into four categories, and the characteristics of local constraints near the grain boundary triple junctions were delineated. The formation of IMGBs was found to be induced by the concentration of high local strain, which was governed by local constraints, including the geometrical and deformation-related factors. Because of the higher intragranular strain and longer dislocation moving distance before annihilation, the IMGBs accumulate more easily inside large grains. The collected local constraint characteristics and the linear correlation between IMGB length and grain area were applied in a proposed three-step procedure for estimating the IMGB patterns and magnitudes of the micro-scale deformation of ultra-thin sheets. This comprehensive and quantitative description of IMGB evolution provides a fundamental basis for understanding the grain-level deformation mechanisms and for the constitutive modelling of the mechanical responses of ultra-thin sheets in complex deformation.

Orientation-Insensitive Chipless RFID Achieved in Multiple Rotational Degrees of Freedom

Frequency-coded chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) suffers from resonant frequency detuning caused by misaligned orientations. The literature has employed topological symmetry to prevent shape variations; however, this scheme is effective only for the orientation in roll and cannot address other rotational degrees of freedom, including pitch and yaw. This study takes the first step to cope with the orientation mismatch against arbitrary roll, pitch, and yaw angles. The proposed technique requires the design of tag and new reader architecture, eliminating complex signal processing. The tag comprises resonators with the pattern of a short dipole. Two reader antennas are placed orthogonally and fed with equal power, illuminating co-polarized electromagnetic waves toward the tag. Based on the Pythagorean trigonometric identity, the sum of the backscattering power is unvarying against the rotations in pitch or yaw. The proposed technique is experimentally validated using a 6.97 bit system. When orientation mismatch in yaw appears, the proposed scheme improves the read reliability from 54.3% to 93.5%. Moreover, when mismatch in both roll and yaw occurs, the reliability is improved from 43.8% to 91.8%. Practical aspects, including various detection zones and the loading effect, are also analyzed.

Heterogeneous deformation and damage mechanisms in multi-phase TA15 Ti-alloy: Insights from experiments informed damage-crystal plasticity modelling

Understanding the mesoscale heterogeneous deformation and its induced material damage is significant to enhance the mechanical properties of polycrystalline aggregates. In this work, a damage-coupled crystal plasticity finite element (DC-CPFE) model based on high-fidelity microstructure was developed to investigate the heterogeneous deformation and damage behavior of TA15 Ti-alloy with tri-modal microstructure composed of globular alpha (αp), lamellar alpha (αl) and transformed beta (βt). A three-step procedure combining the nanoindentation test, stress relaxation test, and uniaxial tensile test was proposed to determine the material parameters in the crystal plasticity constitutive and damage models of the three constituent phases. Based on the developed DC-CPFE model, the heterogeneous slip modes and traces of tri-modal microstructure were predicted and analyzed. The heterogeneous deformation of tri-modal microstructure was found to be mainly caused by the heterogeneous deformation in α phases, which was featured by the deformation bands and local shear bands. Deformation bands occurred in both of the deformation-preferential and -lagged αp grains and the hard-to-deform αl grains. Local shear bands only produced in αl grains, which were related to both of the soft geometry orientation and the activation of prismatic slip systems. Meanwhile, the formation of deformation bands and local shear bands could be promoted by the local lattice rotation. The above heterogeneous deformation led to four types of damage, which were caused by the slip band intersection, the slip transfer impedance, the local shear band, and the property and orientation mismatches among the adjacent grains, respectively.

Beamforming-Based Mitigation of Hovering Inaccuracy in UAV-Aided RFET

Hovering inaccuracy of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) degrades the performance of UAV-aided radio frequency energy transfer (RFET). Such inaccuracy arises due to positioning error and rotational motion of UAV, which lead to localization mismatch (LM) and orientation mismatch (OM). In this paper, antenna array beam steering based UAV hovering inaccuracy mitigation strategy is presented. The antenna beam does not accurately point towards the field sensor node due to rotational motion of the UAV along with pitch, roll, and yaw, which leads to deviation in the elevation angle. An analytical framework is developed to model this deviation, and its variation is estimated using the data collected through an experimental setup. Closed-form expressions of received power at the field node are obtained for the four cases arising from LM and OM. An optimization problem to estimate the optimal system parameters (transmit power, UAV hovering altitude, and antenna steering parameter) is formulated. The problem is proven to be nonconvex. Therefore, an algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly mitigates the hovering inaccuracy; compared to reported state-of-the-art the same performance can be achieved with substantially less transmit power.

Role of orientation relationship for the formation of morphology and preferred orientation in NiAl-(Cr,Mo) during directional solidification

In order to reveal the role of orientation relationship for the formation of morphology and preferred orientation in directionally solidified NiAl-(Cr,Mo) eutectic alloys, a unique in-situ X-ray diffraction setup was utilized. Comprehensive analyses of the solidification front during processing demonstrate that the eutectic alloys crystallize with preferred crystallographic orientation of both phases with respect to the growth direction. These orientations of the eutectics prevail during growth of the fibrous or lamellar colonies and subsequent cooling as determined by ex-situ microstructural analysis. Depending on the composition and growth velocity, different preferred orientations were obtained resolving the ambiguity in literature regarding the reported components, e.g. strong 〈001〉 and 〈111〉 directions parallel to the growth direction but also additional minor 〈110〉 components. By the aid of in-situ experiments excluding the superimposed effect of different thermal expansion of the phases in comparison to previous experiments, a correlation between the evolving preferred orientation and lattice mismatch during solidification was found for alloys with low Mo content. Remarkably, no change in morphology between fibers and lamellae was associated to the transitions in preferred orientation. For larger Mo contents, two distinct orientation relationships between the A2 (Cr,Mo) solid solution and the B2 NiAl intermetallic phase were identified by ex-situ microstructural analysis, namely (1) cube-on-cube and (2) a 60° rotation about 〈111〉 in different colonies of one and the same sample. The morphology of these colonies were fibrous and lamellar, respectively. For the 60° relationship, the growth direction of both phase is unique, namely 〈111〉. Thus, morphology and preferred orientation are determined by the orientation relationship in this case.

Atomistic Mechanics of Torn Back Folded Edges of Triangular Voids in Monolayer WS2.

Triangular nanovoids in 2D materials transition metal dichalcogenides have vertex points that cause stress concentration and lead to sharp crack propagation and failure. Here, the atomistic mechanics of back folding around triangular nanovoids in monolayer WS2 sheets is examined. Combining atomic-resolution images from annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy with reactive molecular modelling, it is revealed that the folding edge formation has statistical preferences under geometric conditions based on the orientation mismatch. It is further investigated how loading directions and strong interlayer friction, interplay with WS2 lattice's crack preference, govern the deformation and fracture pattern around folding edges. These results provide fundamental insights into the combination of fracture and folding in flexible monolayer crystals and the resultant Moiré lattices.