Relative Orientation Research Articles

Experimental demonstration of positioning the cooperation terminal for underwater wireless optical communication based on visual navigation

Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) is a useful way to transmit a large volume of data in ocean engineering. In application, one of the UWOC terminals is usually carried on an underwater robot to actively adjust its orientation and position to establish an optical link, which requires the mobile terminal to locate the cooperation partner. At a short communication distance, visual navigation is a preferred method to measure the position. In this method, a camera is installed on the mobile terminal while several light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are in the cooperation one. In the image of the camera, by capturing the pattern formed of LEDs light spots, the relative position and orientation between terminals could be calculated. However, in a UWOC system, visual navigation is interfered with by the UWOC transmitter since it forms an additional light spot in the camera’s image. To solve this issue, we present a UWOC-compatible visual navigation method, in which the UWOC light spot is distinguished with the hue, saturation, and value (HSV) color model. Then, we experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in a pool, applying signals with different bitrates and power on the transmitter. The results show that, while the distance between terminals is within 350 cm and the yaw angle is within 5°, the measured errors are within 1.77 cm and 0.92°, respectively, which is accurate enough for most UWOC applications. The method presented in this paper is simple, pragmatic, and useful for establishing a UWOC link.

Domain Swapping in Abiotic Foldamers

AbstractFoldamer sequences that adopt tertiary helix‐turn‐helix folds mediated by helix‐helix hydrogen bonding in organic solvents have been previously reported. In an attempt to create genuine abiotic quaternary structures, i.e. assemblies of tertiary structures, new sequences were prepared that possess additional hydrogen bond donors at positions that may promote an association between the tertiary folds. However, a solid state structure and extensive solution state investigations by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Circular Dichroism (CD) show that, instead of forming a quaternary structure, the tertiary folds assemble into stable domain‐swapped dimer motifs. Domain swapping entails a complete reorganization of the arrays of hydrogen bonds and changes in relative helix orientation and handedness that can all be rationalized.

German and Italian validation of the Dyadic Coping Inventory-Sexual Minority Stress (DCI-SMS) scale.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals (hereafter people with minoritized sexual orientation and/or gender identities) have limited legal rights and access to resources because of their marginalized status in society. These limitations are associated with notable health disparities and increase experiences of minority stress. For those in a romantic relationship, being able to communicate and cope with one's partner-dyadic coping-can help buffer stress' deleterious effects on well-being. Given the promise of understanding how dyadic coping can mitigate experiences of sexual minority stress, the Dyadic Coping Inventory-Sexual Minority Stress (DCI-SMS) was recently created and validated with those living in the United States to assess how partners cope with sexual minority stress. Answering a global call to expand psychological science beyond a U.S. centric perspective, the purpose of this study was to validate the DCI-SMS in German and Italian using samples from Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis results, along with tests of convergent and discriminant validity, and measurement invariance, suggest that the DCI-SMS is a valid measure of stress communication and dyadic coping behaviors for those in a same-gender relationship in the countries sampled. Important future directions include examining its efficacy in other countries, such as those with more adverse sociopolitical climates for people with minoritized sexual orientation and/or gender identities in a same-gender relationship. Limitations and future directions for research and clinical practice are presented. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Traversing the digital divide in concept and effect: Relative interpretations and orientations

AbstractThis discussion offers a general framing and positioning statement for identifying and considering principal analytical dimensions and policy concerns in relation to the deep and persistent digital divide that marks today's increasingly digitalized world. The digital divide encompasses various socio‐technological inequalities and inequities apparent within and across different groups, organizations, and geographic areas. Also linked to the growing Internet of Things, the digital divide generally refers to differences in information and communications technologies access and artificial intelligence applications and usage within social systems and among the countries of the world. Indicating different types and levels of socio‐technological engagement and impact, it is an issue of social, cultural, institutional, economic, and political inequality and stratification processes in which disadvantage and vulnerability, as well as privilege and power, are distributed. Related digital asymmetries are considered here in conceptual, theoretical, and applied terms relative to various issues as critical representations of relative divides characterized by socio‐spatial inequalities, inequities, and disparities in information and knowledge creation, access, opportunities, usage, and benefits. Also considered are aspirational goals for mitigating such asymmetries in related policy dialogues and directives, asserting possibilities for enhancing well‐being across sectors and peoples.

The evolution of microstructure and micro-texture in a metastable Fe45Co35Cr10V10 medium-entropy alloy subjected to cold rolling

Microstructure and micro-texture evolution in a Fe45Co35Cr10V10 medium-entropy alloy under 10‐–88% cold rolling was investigated by electron backscattering diffraction. The variant graph method reconstructed parent γ grain orientations at 20, 30 and 40% thickness reduction to determine the operative orientation relationships (ORs) with the child ε and α′-martensite phases and to study variant selection. The parent γ phase accommodates deformation by faulting, slip, shear banding and martensitic phase transformation via the γ→ε→α′and γ→α′pathways. The ε and α′ -martensite variant selection occurs within individual parent γ grains but not in the bulk microstructure. Variant pairing in α′-martensite shifts from a preference for the same crystallographic packet group to the same Bain group with increasing thickness reduction.The development of the Brass-type micro-texture in the parent γ phase beyond 40% thickness reduction is attributed to Cuγ and Sγ orientations transforming to ε and α′-martensite, along with shear banding. The micro-texture of ε-martensite records maximum intensities for ∼011¯537¯42ε and ∼112¯61¯1¯21ε on the hkil-fibre and originating from ∼Cuγ and Sγ via the Shoji-Nishiyama OR. The α′-martensite micro-texture is characterised by the αα′, γα′ and βα′ fibres. The βα′ -fibre forms between 20% and 60% thickness reduction and rotates towards stable orientations along the αα′-fibre at higher thickness reductions. Modelling shows that orientations along the βα′ and γα′ - fibres stem from ∼Brγ and ∼Sγ and those along the αα′-fibre originate from Gγ, Brγ, Cuγ, and Sγ.

Dissolution behaviour of WC particles and evolution of precipitated phases in the plasma transfer arc Ni-based composite coating reinforced by 30 wt% WC particles

Ni-WC composite coating was prepared on Q235 steel substrate by plasma transfer arc (PTA) with welding current ranging from 70 A to 85 A. The results show that the dissolution behaviour of WC particles and the elemental diffusion at the interface promoted by the increased welding current promote the formation and evolution of precipitates, including M7(B, C)3 and M6C. The increased current reduced the volume fraction of WC particles in the coating, but increased that of the precipitates. At welding currents of 75 A and 80 A, dendritic-like M7(B, C)3 presented a regular distribution at the bottom of the coating. At a welding current of 80 A, M6C phase began to form at the bottom of the coating. When the welding current reached 85 A, the dendritic structure was broken, and the M6C phase aggregated and grew. The Ni-WC coating had visible delamination. WC particles at the upper part of the coating dissolved more severely compared to those at the middle and bottom of the coating. Ni3Si compound was formed at the upper and middle of the coating, and it had a crystal orientation relationship of [011]Ni3Si∥[011]γ-Ni, (11-1)Ni3Si∥(11-1)γ-Ni, (−200)Ni3Si∥(-200)γ-Ni, (-11-1)Ni3Si 1.3° from (-11-1)γ-Ni with γ-Ni. The average hardness of the coating decreased slightly due to the dissolution of WC, but the hardness at the interface increased, showing an improved bonding of the interface. The newly formed high hardness precipitates can share the load coming from the friction paired ball, thus reducing CoF and wear loss of the coating.

Achieving stable coherent pure Y nanoprecipitates in a Mg-Y alloy

The introduction of stable nanoprecipitates in magnesium (Mg) alloys is challenging. Herein, densely dispersed pure Y nanoprecipitates are successfully introduced into a binary Mg-Y alloy via in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope. Two reproducible orientation relationships between the nanoprecipitates and the Mg matrix are unraveled, which are confirmed to be energetically favorable by crystallographic matching calculations. The characteristic shape and size of the nanoprecipitates warrant the interfacial coherency to avoid easy coarsening. The nucleation and growth of the nanoprecipitates are further revealed at the atomic scale. Our findings provide new insights into strengthening strategies for Mg alloys.

Ilmenite phase transformations in suevite from the Ries impact structure (Germany) record evolution in pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity conditions

Abstract Aggregates of ilmenite with varying amounts of rutile, ferropseudobrookite, and pseudorutile in suevites from the Ries impact structure have been analyzed by light microscopy, analytical scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and Raman spectroscopy to constrain their formation conditions. The tens to hundreds of micrometer aggregates comprise isometric ilmenite grains up to 15 µm in diameter that form a foam structure (i.e., smoothly curved grain boundaries and 120° angles at triple junctions). Grains with foam structure show no internal misorientations, indicating a post-impact formation. In contrast, ilmenite grains with internal misorientation occurring in the core of the aggregates are interpreted as shocked remnant ilmenite originating from the target gneisses. They can contain twin lamellae that share a common {1120} plane with the host, and the c-axis is oriented at an angle of 109° to that of the host. Similarly, the new grains with foam structure display up to three orientation domains, sharing one common {1120} plane for each pair of domains and c-axes at angles of 109° and 99°, respectively. This systematic orientation relationship likely reflects a cubic supersymmetry resulting from the transformation of the initial ilmenite upon shock (>16 GPa) to a transient perovskite-type high-pressure phase (liuite), subsequent retrograde transformation to the polymorph wangdaodeite, and then back-transformation to ilmenite. Whereas, the new grains with foam structure formed from complete transformation, the twin domains in the shocked ilmenite are interpreted to represent only partial transformation. Ferropseudobrookite occurs mostly near the rim of the aggregates. An intergrowth of ferropseudobrookite, ilmenite, and rutile, as well as magnetite or rarely armalcolite occurs at contact with the (devitrified) matrix. The presence of ferropseudobrookite indicates high temperature (>1140 °C) and reducing conditions. The surrounding matrix provided Mg2+ to form the ferropseudobrookite-armalcolite solid solution. Rutile can occur within the aggregates and/or along the ilmenite boundaries; it is interpreted to have formed together with iron during the decomposition of ilmenite at lower temperatures (850–1050 °C). We suggest magnetite in the rims formed by electrochemical gradients driven by the presence of a reducing agent, where Fe2+ within ilmenite diffused toward the rim. Subsequent cooling under oxidizing conditions led to the formation of magnetite from the iron-enriched rim as well as pseudorutile around ilmenite grains. Our study demonstrates that the specific crystallographic relationships of ilmenite grains with foam structure indicate a back-transformation from high (shock) pressures >16 GPa; moreover, the presence of associated Fe-Ti-oxides helps indicate local temperature and oxygen fugacity conditions.

Coupling organic free-radical molecules to lumped-element superconducting resonators

A promising route toward the realization of a molecular spin quantum processor relies on coupling magnetic molecules to individual photons confined within superconducting resonators. As a simple approximation to such a hybrid scheme, here we explore the conditions that determine the collective coupling of DPPH organic free radicals to lumped-element LC superconducting resonators. In these chips, multiple resonators are coupled to a single readout line. This enables designing the relevant resonator properties, such as resonance frequency, cavity volume, and impedance while keeping a perfect transmission for the device. Here, we exploit these design possibilities to achieve a coherent spin-photon coupling regime. Besides, we study how this coupling depends on the relative orientation of the external dc magnetic field concerning the photon magnetic field and the spins locations concerning the chip surface.

High-order harmonic generation in liquid crystals

Thermotropic liquid crystals are versatile optical materials that exhibit a state of matter intermediate between liquids and solids. Their properties can change significantly with temperature, pressure, or other external factors, leading to different phases. The transport properties within these materials in different phases are still largely unexplored, and their understanding would enable exciting prospects for innovative technological advancements. High-order harmonic spectroscopy proved to be a powerful spectroscopic tool for investigating the electronic and nuclear dynamics in matter. Here, we report the first experimental observation of high-order harmonic generation in thermotropic liquid crystals in two different phase states, nematic and isotropic. We found the harmonic emission in the nematic phase to be strongly dependent on the relative orientation of the driving field polarization with respect to the liquid crystal alignment. Specifically, the harmonic yield has a maximum when the molecules are aligned perpendicularly to the polarization of the incoming radiation. Our results establish the first step for applying high-order harmonic spectroscopy as a tool for resolving ultrafast electron dynamics in liquid crystals with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution.

Memristive switching of nanofluidic diodes by ionic concentration gradients

We demonstrate that nanofluidic diodes exhibit a memristive behavior that can be controlled not only by the amplitude and frequency of the driving oscillatory signal but also by changing the relative orientations of the externally imposed ionic concentration difference with respect to the pore charge density gradient. Because ionic concentration differences, memristive properties, and nanofluidic pores are of broad interest to electrochemical technology and membrane bioelectrochemistry, this study can be a useful contribution to the field. In our case, the memristor is a polymer membrane with current rectifying conical nanopores. The electrical interaction between the mobile ions in the aqueous solution and the pore surface charges leads to rich physico-chemical phenomena, including memory effects and the neuromorphic-like potentiation of the membrane conductance following voltage pulses (spikes). The multipore membrane can be used in the design of electrochemical circuits for signal conversion and information processing in iontronic hybrid devices.

Relative alignment between gas structures and magnetic field in Orion A at different scales using different molecular gas tracers

Context. Magnetic fields can play a crucial role in high-mass star formation. Nonetheless, the significance of magnetic fields at various scales and their relationship with gas structures have been largely overlooked. Aims. Our goal is to examine the relationship between the magnetic field and molecular gas structures within the Orion A giant molecular cloud at different scales and density regimes. Methods. We assessed the gas intensity structures and column densities in Orion A using 12CO, 13CO, and C18O from Nobeyama observations. By comparing Nobeyama observations with Planck polarization observations on large scales (~0.6 pc) and JCMT polarization observations on small scales (~0.04 pc), we investigate how the role of magnetic fields changes with scale and density. Results. We find a similar trend from parallel to perpendicular alignment with increasing column density in Orion A at both large and small spatial scales. In addition, when changing from low-density to high-density tracers, the relative orientation preference changes from random to perpendicular. The self-similar results at different scales indicate that magnetic fields are dynamically important in both cloud formation and filament formation. However, magnetic field properties at small scales are relative complicated, and the interplay between magnetic field and star-forming activity needs to be discussed case by case.

3D octopus kinematics of complex postures: Translation to long, thin, soft devices and their potential for clinical use.

Octopuses are capable of complex arm movements. Unfortunately, experimental barriers and lack of a robust analysis method made it difficult to quantify the three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of soft, flexible bodies, such as the octopus arm. This information is not only crucial for understanding the posture of the animal's arm but also for the development of similarly designed soft, flexible devices. The primary goal of this work was to create a method to comprehensively quantify complex, 3D postures of octopus (Octopus Bimaculoides) arms in a manner that is conducive and translatable to octopus arm-inspired devices for health monitoring and rehabilitation. In this study, 3D underwater motion capture was used to collect kinematic data on both live octopuses and disembodied arms that still had neural activity. A new method was developed to define how arm curvature and regional segments were oriented relative to each other in 3D. This included identification of the bend within a segment along with the computation of the relative orientation between segments, thus permitting the complete quantification of complex arm motions. By comparing vector-based and radius of curvature-based approaches to magnitude of curvature, it was clear that the vector-based approach was less dependent on the length of a segment and that its reported ranges of motion were translatable for outcome measures associated with clinical use. The new approach for the relative orientation of each segment of the octopus arm resulted in the capability of describing the octopus arm in many unique postures, such as straight, simple bending, and complex bending as it utilized the three rotational angles. This method and its application to octopus arms will yield new information that can be used to better communicate and track not only octopus arm movements but in the development of complex, segmented, soft-bodied devices that can be used in health monitoring and rehabilitation.

Enhanced tensile performance of ternary Fe-Ni-Ti peri-eutectic alloy through directional solidification associated with thermal processing

The microstructural evolution and tensile performance of ternary Fe66.5Ni17.6Ti15.9 peri-eutectic alloy were studied by synergetic modulation of directional solidification and thermal processing technique. The alloy after directional solidification consisted of the vertically growing α-Fe dendrites plus interdendritic γ-Fe(Ni) + Fe2Ti peri-eutectic. The in suit thermal processing promoted the precipitation transition of the α-Fe dendrites, and the lamellar Fe2Ti precipitate was formed along the α-Fe grain boundaries with different orientation relationships. Compared to the conventional solidification, the synergetic modulation not only reduced the transverse grain boundaries and hindered the crack propagation, but also introduced the second phase strengthening and impeded the dislocation movement in the α-Fe dendrites. Eventually, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of this peri-eutectic alloy were enhanced by 253 % and 72 %.

Insight into the interfacial microstructure and chemistry of hot isostatically pressed AA6061-AA6061 bonds for U-10Mo fuel cladding application

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is performed on AA6061-AA6061 plates for U-10Mo monolithic fuel cladding application and this process allows us to bond multiple plates and large surface areas in a single run. In the current work, we HIP'd several plates of AA6061 with different HIP can dimensions at 560 °C and 103 MPa for 90 min to gain insight into the interfacial microstructure, chemistry and eventually bond strength. Interfacial microstructure characterizations were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in conjunction with Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to quantify precipitate fractions and study recrystallization, grain growth, and orientation relationships across the interface. Microstructural analyses revealed the precipitation of a large fraction of Mg2Si particles and a ∼50 nm thick Al-Mg oxide layer at the interface. Further TEM analysis confirmed that the oxide layer was not continuous, and Mg2Al2O5 oxide particles with an average size of 18 nm were present in the oxide layer. The bond strength of HIP-processed samples was correlated with peel testing and the bond strength was determined to be a direct function of the Mg2Si particle size at the interface. Finite element modeling analysis was performed to study the HIP can cooldown rate after HIP processing and was correlated with the interface precipitation.

Virtual photon exchange vs electron transfer in interparticle Coulombic electron capture.

We have investigated Interparticle Coulombic Electron Capture (ICEC) using an abinitio approach for two systems, H+ + H2O and H + H2O+. In this work, we have determined the contribution of virtual photon exchange and electron transfer to the total ICEC cross section as a function of the distance between the charged and neutral particles. Furthermore, we have shown that the relative orientation of the electron acceptor and neighbor systems affects the magnitude of the ICEC cross sections by at least two orders at relatively small distances. This geometry dependence, present even for distances as large as 10 a0, is due to the electron transfer contribution. The relative magnitude of each contribution to ICEC seems to depend on the system studied. By replacing the projectile electron with a positron, we have confirmed that electron transfer also takes place in positron collisions and that the charge of the projectile has a noticeable effect on the process, particularly at low scattering energies.

Future organizational resilience capability structure: a systematic review, trend and future research directions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the resilience literature to integrate the fragmented views and provide a more comprehensive understanding. This study aims to fill the gaps in the literature by discussing scientific contributions and highlighting the main issues in previous research findings regarding the definitions, dimensions and concepts that make up organizational resilience. This research highlights organizational resilience from a capabilities perspective. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the systematic literature review method by searching all previous studies studying organizational resilience from 2014 to 2023. In total, there are 28 articles reviewed from the Scopus database. Findings This study found that resilience is a complex concept and has many definitions and dimensions. This study also conceptualizes organizational capability with a pyramid, which illustrates the basic framework of the six stages of the resilience process and hierarchically forms organizational resilience. Research limitations/implications First, the keyword search strings on the repository database are currently limited to a few keywords. Need to broaden the range of keywords so as to produce a more comprehensive review. Second, the exclusion of books, book chapters and conference papers limits research findings and results. These sources are likely to enrich resilience development from various perspectives. Even though Scopus is the largest repository database, the research findings are not yet fully generalizable. Future researchers can add data from WoS, Ebsco or other databases. Literature obtained from various databases that can provide broader results. Practical implications The practical implications of this study are to provide a basis for managers in making decisions for organizational sustainability. Managers can consider each stage in the resilience capability pyramid as a reference for making strategic plans and relational orientation toward organizational members. Originality/value This research provides a hierarchical perspective on organizational resilience capabilities. For academics and practitioners, this study provides a critical and comprehensive systematization of the limited academic literature on resilience. This study also offers opportunities for further research to overcome the limitations of empirical testing of resilience capability construction using various theories and methodologies.

Evaluation of the Parkinson's Remote Interactive Monitoring System in a Clinical Setting: Usability Study.

The fastest-growing neurological disorder is Parkinson disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects 10 million people worldwide. PD is typically treated with levodopa, an oral pill taken to increase dopamine levels, and other dopaminergic agonists. As the disease advances, the efficacy of the drug diminishes, necessitating adjustments in treatment dosage according to the patient's symptoms and disease progression. Therefore, remote monitoring systems that can provide more detailed and accurate information on a patient's condition regularly are a valuable tool for clinicians and patients to manage their medication. The Parkinson's Remote Interactive Monitoring System (PRIMS), developed by PragmaClin Research Inc, was designed on the premise that it will be an easy-to-use digital system that can accurately capture motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD remotely. We performed a usability evaluation in a simulated clinical environment to assess the ease of use of the PRIMS and determine whether the product offers suitable functionality for users in a clinical setting. Participants were recruited from a user sign-up web-based database owned by PragmaClin Research Inc. A total of 11 participants were included in the study based on the following criteria: (1) being diagnosed with PD and (2) not being diagnosed with dementia or any other comorbidities that would make it difficult to complete the PRIMS assessment safely and independently. Patient users completed a questionnaire that is based on the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Interviews and field notes were analyzed for underlying themes and topics. In total, 11 people with PD participated in the study (female individuals: n=5, 45%; male individuals: n=6, 55%; age: mean 66.7, SD 7.77 years). Thematic analysis of the observer's notes revealed 6 central usability issues associated with the PRIMS. These were the following: (1) the automated voice prompts are confusing, (2) the small camera is problematic, (3) the motor test exhibits excessive sensitivity to the participant's orientation and position in relation to the cameras, (4) the system poses mobility challenges, (5) navigating the system is difficult, and (6) the motor test exhibits inconsistencies and technical issues. Thematic analysis of qualitative interview responses revealed four central themes associated with participants' perspectives and opinions on the PRIMS, which were (1) admiration of purpose, (2) excessive system sensitivity, (3) video instructions preferred, and (4) written instructions disliked. The average system usability score was calculated to be 69.2 (SD 4.92), which failed to meet the acceptable system usability score of 70. Although multiple areas of improvement were identified, most of the participants showed an affinity for the overarching objective of the PRIMS. This feedback is being used to upgrade the current PRIMS so that it aligns more with patients' needs.

Origins of twin boundaries in additive manufactured stainless steels

316L and 304L stainless steels and a compositional gradient of both are fabricated using the same processing parameters via laser directed energy deposition additive manufacturing. In those alloys, the increase in chromium-to-nickel ratio is accompanied with grain refinement and formation of a high density of twin boundaries, i.e. Σ3 boundaries. By means of electron microscopy, crystallographic and thermodynamic calculations, we demonstrate that two mechanisms arising from the ferrite-to-austenite solidification mode are at the origin of twin boundary formation and grain refinement: (1) inter-variant boundaries emerging from the encounter of pairs of austenite grains formed from a common ferrite orientation with Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship; (2) icosahedral short-range-ordering-induced (ISRO) nucleation of twin-related γ grains directly from the solidifying liquid. These findings define new routes to achieve grain boundary engineering in a single step in FeCrNi alloys, by tailoring the solidification pathway during the AM process, enabling the design of functionally graded materials with site-specific properties.

Interaction Rules Supporting Effective Flocking Behavior.

Several simulation models have demonstrated how flocking behavior emerges from the interaction among individuals that react to the relative orientation of their neighbors based on simple rules. However, the precise nature of these rules and the relationship between the characteristics of the rules and the efficacy of the resulting collective behavior are unknown. In this article, we analyze the effect of the strength with which individuals react to the orientation of neighbors located in different sectors of their visual fields and the benefit that could be obtained by using control rules that are more elaborate than those normally used. Our results demonstrate that considering only neighbors located on the frontal side of the visual field permits an increase in the aggregation level of the swarm. Using more complex rules and/or additional sensory information does not lead to better performance.