Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure Research Articles

New findings on the risk of hypertension from organophosphorus exposure under different glycemic statuses: The key role of lipids?

Background and objectiveConsidering the widespread use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and the global prevalence of hypertension (HTN), as well as studies indicating that different glycemic statuses may respond differently to the biological effects of OPs. Therefore, this study, based on the Henan rural cohort, aims to investigate the association between OPs exposure and HTN, and further explores whether lipids mediate these associations. MethodsWe measured the plasma levels of OPs in 2730 participants under different glycemic statuses using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). A generalized linear model, Quantile g-computation (QGC), adaptive elastic net (AENET), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to assess the impact of OPs exposure on HTN, with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty regression identifying main OPs. Mediation models were used to evaluate the intermediary role of blood lipids in the OPs-HTN relationship. ResultsThe detection rates for all OPs were high, ranging from 76.35 % to 99.17 %. In the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) population, single exposure models indicated that malathion and phenthoate were associated with an increased incidence of HTN (P-FDR < 0.05), with corresponding odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.624 (1.167,2.260) and 1.290 (1.072,1.553), respectively. QGC demonstrated a positive association between OP mixtures and HTN, with malathion and phenthoate being the primary contributors. Additionally, the AENET model's Exposure Response Score (ERS) suggested that the risk of HTN increases with higher ERS (P < 0.001). Furthermore, BKMR revealed that co-exposure to OPs increases HTN risk, with phenthoate having a significant impact. Furthermore, triglycerides (TG) mediated 6.55 % of the association between phenthoate and HTN. However, no association was observed in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) populations. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that in the NGT population, OPs may significantly contribute to the development of HTN, proposing TG as a potential novel target for HTN prevention.

Organophosphorus pesticide exposure from house dust and parent-reported child behavior in Latino children from an orchard community

BackgroundOrganophosphorus pesticide (OP) exposure is known to have adverse effects on the nervous system. Children from agricultural communities are at risk of exposure to these chemicals from their indoor environments that can lead to neurological and developmental problems, including changes in behavior. ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate whether the take-home pathway exposure is associated with behavioral and emotional problems in Latino Orchid Community children. MethodThe study was implemented over a period of two years (2008–2010) in an orchard farming community with a total of 324 parents who had children between the ages of 5–12 years old. Mothers of the children were asked to complete the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and dust from their carpets was collected. Emotional and behavioral deficits were assessed based on the CBCL and house dust was assessed for OP concentrations. In this study, correlations between OPs in house dust and CBCL subscales were estimated using linear regression models with total OP concentrations classified by tertiles. This study also facilitated the comparison between the agricultural and non-agricultural families in terms of behavioral deficits and house dust concentrations of pesticides. ResultsThe data from the study shows that there was a positive association between the concentration of OP residues in house dust and internalizing behavior (β=2.06, p=0.05) whereas the association with externalizing behavior was not significant after accounting for sociocultural covariates. Significant positive associations of OP residues with somatic problems (p=0.02) and thought problems (p=0.05) were also found. ConclusionThe data support a potential role of OP exposure in childhood development, with a specific focus on internalizing behavior. Future work focused on longitudinal studies may uncover the long-term consequences of OP exposure and behavior.

Oxidative stress induction by OCPs and OPPs pesticides may cause lung cancer incidence

Background and aims Pesticides are nowadays known as one of the most important causes of human disorders worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the development of lung cancer. Methods We determined the levels of seven derived OCP residues (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, 2,4 DDT, 4,4 DDT, 2,4 DDE, and 4,4 DDE) and enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers including paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), erythrocyte’s acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and non-enzymatic antioxidant biomarkers, including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein carbonyl (PC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) in the blood samples of 51 lung cancer patients and 51 healthy subjects as controls. Furthermore, the effects of OPP exposure on the development of lung cancer and oxidative stress (OS) are indirectly assessed by measuring AChE and PON-1 enzyme activities. Results The average values of all the measured OCPs were significantly higher in lung cancer patients when compared with healthy control subjects (p < 0.05). AChE, PON-1, GPx, and CAT activity levels, as well as the amounts of PC, MDA, and NO were higher in patients with lung cancer than in the control subjects (p < 0.05), while TAC values were lower in the patients. Moreover, our data showed a significant association between OCP concentrations and OS parameters (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that OCPs and OPPs may have a role in lung cancer incidence in southeastern Iran, and at least one of the mechanisms by which OCPs and OPPs may contribute to increasing the development of lung cancer in the studied area is through OS generation.

Research on knowledge construction and analysis of pesticide exposure to children based on bibliometrics.

Pesticide exposure is a major health problem that cannot be ignored, and children are particularly vulnerable and sensitive. As a result, the study of health damage in children caused by pesticide exposure has gradually developed into an important cross-disciplinary research topic. In this study, we reviewed the current state, characteristics, and trends of existing research findings and summarized them comprehensively and systematically through bibliometrics. We collected and examined a large number of studies using Citespace and Vosviewer, employing a clustering method to analyze the effects of pesticide exposure on children and to highlight the hot keywords in the research field. Through an analysis of the active time of high-frequency keywords, we found that the research field is in a hot spot, and the occurrence value of keywords was used to judge the innovation of the research results, thereby highlighting the frontier and key directions of future research in this field. We conclude that in addition to core pesticides, children, exposure, and other malaria and polychlorinated biphenyls also appear as high-frequency keywords in the research field of pesticide exposure effects on children. The core issues of concern in this field include occupational pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia, history of pesticide exposure during pregnancy and childhood leukemia, environmental factors and dietary intake and organophosphorus pesticide exposure in children, and pyrethroid pesticide exposure and neurobehavioral development in children. Future research may focus on how to control the safe use of pesticides, quantitative research on pesticide hazards, and potential effects on children's health.

Co-exposure of organophosphorus pesticides is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population

ObjectiveThe epidemiological evidence of human exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes (PDM) is scarce. We aimed to examine the association of T2DM/PDM risk with single OPP exposure and multi-OPP co-exposure. MethodsPlasma levels of ten OPPs were measured using the gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) among 2734 subjects from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. We used generalized linear regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) or β with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and constructed quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to investigate the association of OPPs mixture with the risk of T2DM and PDM. ResultsHigh detection rates ranged from 76.35% (isazophos) to 99.17% (malathion and methidathion) for all OPPs. Several plasma OPPs concentrations were in positive correlation with T2DM and PDM. Additionally, positive associations of several OPPs with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were observed. In the quantile g-computation, we identified significantly positive associations between OPPs mixtures and T2DM as well as PDM, and fenthion had the greatest contribution for T2DM, followed by fenitrothion and cadusafos. As for PDM, the increased risk was largely explained by cadusafos, fenthion, and malathion. Furthermore, BKMR models suggested that co-exposure to OPPs was linked to an increased risk of T2DM and PDM. ConclusionOur findings suggested that the individual and mixture of OPPs exposure were associated with an increased risk of T2DM and PDM, implying that OPPs might act an important role in the development of T2DM.

Association between organophosphorus insecticides exposure and the prevalence of sleep problems in the US adults: An analysis based on the NHANES 2007–2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) exposure and sleep problems. MethodsIn this study, data from 6295 participants aged 18 years or older were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The dialkyl phosphate compounds (DAPs) metabolites, OPPs exposure biomarker, were examined using solid phase extraction-high coupled with isotope dilution-ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data on short sleep duration (SSD), self-reported trouble sleeping and self-reported sleep disorder were collected from the database. Weighted generalized logistic model, weighted quantile sum (WQS) model, and quantile-based g calculation (QGC) methods were used for analyzing the collected data. ResultsThe prevalence of SSD, self-reported trouble sleeping and self-reported sleep disorder in this study were 28.91 % (1814/6274), 25.31 % (1593/6294), and 9.05 % (289/3195), respectively. After confounding factors adjustments, the prevalence of SDD in participants with high log-transformed DETP, DMTP, DEDTP, and DMDTP were 1.19 times (OR: 1.11–1.28, P < 0.001), 1.09 times (OR: 1.03–1.15, P = 0.003), 1.26 times (OR: 1.17–1.37, P < 0.0001), and 1.10 times (OR: 1.04–1.17, P = 0.003) than in participants with low showed, respectively. A non-linear relationship was noted between SSD with the urinary concentration of DEP (P for nonlinearity < 0.001), DMP (P for nonlinearity < 0.001), DMTP (P for nonlinearity = 0.006), and DMDTP (P for nonlinearity = 0.001). The WQS results showed that the prevalence of SDD was 1.28 times (95 % CI: 1.17–1.40, P < 0.001) higher in participants with high co-exposure to OPPs than in those with low co-exposure, with DEDTP having the enormous weights (0.50). The QGC results also revealed a significant positive association between the co-exposure of DAPs and SSD (OR: 1.08, 95 % CI:1.02–1.16, P = 0.01) with DETP having the most positive weight (0.44). As for the association between DAPs with self-report sleep disorder, only DEP was detected that it was positively associated with self-reported sleep disorder with all confounding factors adjusted (OR: 1.17; 95 % CI: 1.07–1.29, P = 0.001). However, all DAPs have not detected a significant association with the prevalence of self-reported trouble sleeping. Besides, there was no significant association between co-exposure to OPPs with self-reported trouble sleeping and self-reported sleep disorder. ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that high levels of single or mixture urinary DAP, indicating for OPPs exposure, were associated with an increased prevalence of SSD in general adults, which has significant implications for preventing OPPs pollution and protecting sleep health.

Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure at 17 Weeks' Gestation and Odds of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study.

Prenatal organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are ubiquitous and have been linked to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, few studies have examined prenatal OPs in relation to diagnosed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with only two studies exploring this relationship in a population primarily exposed through diet. In this study, we used a nested case-control study to evaluate prenatal OP exposure and ADHD diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). For births that occurred between 2003 and 2008, ADHD diagnoses were obtained from linkage of MoBa participants with the Norwegian Patient Registry (N = 297), and a reference population was randomly selected from the eligible population (N = 552). Maternal urine samples were collected at 17 weeks' gestation and molar sums of diethyl phosphates (ΣDEP) and dimethyl phosphates metabolites (ΣDMP) were calculated. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between prenatal OP metabolite exposure and child ADHD diagnosis. Additionally, multiplicative effect measure modification (EMM) by child sex was assessed. In most cases, mothers in the second and third tertiles of ΣDMP and ΣDEP exposure had slightly lower odds of having a child with ADHD, although confidence intervals were wide and included the null. EMM by child sex was not observed for either ΣDMP or ΣDEP. In summary, we did not find evidence that OPs at 17 weeks' gestation increased the odds of ADHD in this nested case-control study of ADHD in MoBa, a population primarily experiencing dietary exposure.

Exploring the effects and mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticide exposure and hearing loss.

Many environmental factors, such as noise, chemicals, and heavy metals, are mostly produced by human activities and easily induce acquired hearing loss. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) constitute a large variety of chemicals and have high usage with potentiate damage to human health. Moreover, their metabolites also show a serious potential contamination of soil, water, and air, leading to a serious impact on people's health. Hearing loss affects 430 million people (5.5% of the global population), bringing a heavy burden to individual patients and their families and society. However, the potential risk of hearing damage by OPs has not been taken seriously. In this study, we summarized the effects of OPs on hearing loss from epidemiological population studies and animal experiments. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms of OP-induced hearing loss are elucidated from oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory response. Overall, this review provides an overview of OP exposure alone or with noise that leads to hearing loss in human and experimental animals.

Association between organophosphorus pesticide exposure and depression risk in adults: A cross-sectional study with NHANES data

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are widely used pesticides, and previous studies showed that OPPs can increase the risk of central nervous system disorders (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease). However, few studies have comprehensively explored their association with depression in general adults. We analyzed data from 5206 participants aged 20 years or more based on four National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles. OPPs exposure was estimated using measures of urinary concentrations for six OPPs metabolites. Survey-weighted generalized linear regression model (SWGLM) was used to explore the association of OPPs metabolites with depression. Subgroup analyses were performed by age (≦60 years and >60 years) and gender. The weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression model was used to explore the overall association of six OPPs metabolites with depression. In addition, The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was applied to investigate the interaction and joint effects of multiple OPPs metabolites with depression. The SWGLM showed that dimethyl phosphate (DMP) and dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), whether taken as continuous or quartile variables, had a positive correlation with depression. Diethyl phosphate (DEP) and dimethyl dithiophosphate (DMDTP) in the highest quartile were positively associated with depression compared to the lowest quartile. In subgroup analysis, we found that the effects of the above chemicals on depression existed in the male and young middle-aged population, while DMP was present in the female. There was a significant combined overall effect of six OPPs metabolites with depression [OR = 1.232, 95%CI: (1.011, 1.504)] in WQS. Furthermore, the BKMR model also showed a positive trend in the overall effect of six OPPs metabolites with depression. In conclusion, our results suggest that exposure to OPPs may increase the risk of depression in US adults. Men and young and middle-aged populations are more vulnerable to OPPs and the mixture of OPPs metabolites may induce depression.

Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides and Preschool ADHD in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.

Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) exposure has been associated with child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in agricultural communities and those that are exposed to residentially applied insecticides. To examine this association in populations that are exposed primarily through diet, we estimate the associations between prenatal OPP exposure and preschool ADHD in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), and describe modification by paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene variants. We used participants from the MoBa Preschool ADHD Sub-study (n = 259 cases) and a random sample of MoBa sub-cohort participants (n = 547) with birth years from 2004 to 2008. Prenatal urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites (total diethylphosphate [∑DEP] and total dimethylphosphate [∑DMP]) were measured by an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight system and summed by molar concentration. Maternal DNA was genotyped for coding variants of PON1 (Q192R and L55M). We used a multivariable logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals, adjusted for maternal education, parity, income dependency, age, marital status, ADHD-like symptoms, pesticide use, produce consumption, and season. We found no associations between DAP metabolite concentrations and preschool ADHD. The adjusted ORs for exposure quartiles 2–4 relative to 1 were slightly inverse. No monotonic trends were observed, and the estimates lacked precision, likely due to the small sample size and variation in the population. We found no evidence of modification by PON1 SNP variation or child sex. Maternal urinary DAP concentrations were not associated with preschool ADHD.

Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide exposure and executive function in preschool-aged children in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)

IntroductionPrenatal exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) has been associated with neurodevelopmental deficits in children, however evidence linking OPPs with specific cognitive mechanisms, such as executive function (EF), is limited. ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to OPPs with multiple measures of EF in preschool-aged children, while considering the role of variant alleles in OPP metabolism genes. MethodsWe included 262 children with preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 78 typically developing children, from the Preschool ADHD substudy of the Norwegian, Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. Participants who gave birth between 2004 and 2008 were invited to participate in an on-site clinical assessment when the child was approximately 3.5 years; measurements of EF included parent and teacher rating on Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P), and three performance-based assessments. We measured OPP metabolites in maternal urines collected at ∼17 weeks' gestation to calculate total dimethyl- (ΣDMP) and diethyl phosphate (ΣDEP) metabolite concentrations. We estimated multivariable adjusted β′s and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) corresponding to a change in z-score per unit increase in log-ΣDMP/DEP. We further characterized gene-OPP interactions for maternal variants in PON1 (Q192R, M55L), CYP1A2 (1548T > C), CYP1A1 (IntG > A) and CYP2A6 (-47A > C). ResultsPrenatal OPP metabolite concentrations were associated with worse parent and teacher ratings of emotional control, inhibition, and working memory. A one log-∑DMP increase was associated with poorer teacher ratings of EF on the BRIEF-P (e.g. emotional control domain: β = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.74), when weighted to account for sampling procedures. We found less consistent associations with performance-based EF assessments. We found some evidence of modification for PON1 Q192R and CYP2A6 -47A > C. Association with other variants were inconsistent. ConclusionsBiomarkers of prenatal OPP exposure were associated with more adverse teacher and parent ratings of EF in preschool-aged children.

A comparative study: rural versus urban children as regard exposure to organophosphorus pesticides using cholinesterase enzyme activity

BackgroundThe uncontrolled long-term exposure to organophosphorus (OP) pesticides is hazardous to health especially in children. The present study aimed to determine the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme serum level in exposure and non-exposure children groups, to explore other clinical and laboratory outcomes of organophosphorus pesticides exposure on children living in rural versus urban areas, and to establish the hemotoxic alterations as a result of the exposure. A ninety clinically free children—forty-five from rural areas and forty-five children from urban areas—were assessed, and the clinical and laboratory effects of their exposure to organophosphorus pesticides were evaluated via measuring acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity.ResultsSignificant differences between the two areas of residence were found in weight %, visits to the field, eating vegetables without washing, presence of insecticides at home, and previous organophosphorus pesticides toxicity of the patients and their families. Eye, respiratory, cardiac, nervous, muscle, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms were more common in the rural residence group which shows more exposure to pesticides. The mean level of the AChE enzyme was less in the rural residence group than the other one, and it showed significant correlations with the anemia indicating parameters. A weak positive correlation was found with platelets count.ConclusionsChronic organophosphorus toxicity that is more prevalent in rural areas may result in many transient neglected symptoms, unrevealed acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme deficiency, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. Acetyl cholinesterase enzyme serum level can be used as a screening test for organophosphorus pesticides exposure.

Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure at 17 Weeks’ Gestation and Odds of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study

Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure at 17 Weeks’ Gestation and Odds of Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis in the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study

Association between Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Depression Risk in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study with Nhanes Data

Association between Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Depression Risk in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study with Nhanes Data

Effect of organophosphorus pesticide exposure on the immune cell phenotypes among farm women and their children

Epidemiological studies suggest suppression of the lymphocytes function through cholinergic stimulation due to organophosphorus pesticide exposure. The study aimed to assess the alteration in the levels of immune cell phenotypes among farm women (FW) and farm children (FC) who were occupationally exposed to pesticides and age/gender-matched control subjects belonging to Rangareddy district (Telangana, India). A total of 129 FW, 129 FC and 268 age/gender-matched controls were recruited. Blood samples were collected from the selected subjects to estimate the levels of nine organophosphorus pesticide residues and CD (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+ and CD19+) cell markers using LC-MS/MS and flow cytometry, respectively. Independent t-test analysis was conducted to compare the immune cell phenotypes between exposed and control groups. Spearman’s rank correlation test was further carried out to identify any possible correlation between the pesticide residues and CD markers. The mean percentage for CD4+, CD8+ and CD16+ was found to be significantly low, while for CD19 + itwas significantly high in the FW as compared to the CW group (p < 0.01). Further, the residues of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos among FW were found to be significantly correlating with the mean percentages of CD19+ and CD8+ markers, respectively. The cell marker subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ were significantly low in FC children 9–12 years and 13–15 years age groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, these levels were significantly correlating with the residues of malathion and monocrotophos. The present study could indicate an alteration in the lymphocytes’ subpopulations, which may thereby infer the toxicity in the first phase assessment of immunotoxicity. Therefore, further studies may be conducted to understand the suspected pesticides’ mechanism along with various other factors in causing immune suppression coupled with nutritional and other related disorders.

Triazophos and its metabolite diethyl phosphate have different effects on endocrine hormones and gut health in rats

Organophosphorus pesticide (OP) residues present in food can be metabolized into diethylphosphate (DEP) in vivo. Epidemiological studies of OPs have usually focused on these metabolites, while animal studies mainly assessed the OPs. Here, we compared the health risks of a frequently detected OP, triazophos (TAP), and its major metabolite, DEP, in rats. Levels of serum lipids and, sex hormones were measured using immunoassay kits. Gut hormones and inflammatory cytokines were assessed using a multiplexing kit, and the gut microbiota was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After a 24-week exposure period, both TAP and DEP significantly decreased serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and IL-6 (p < 0.05). However, DEP exposure had a stronger effect on serum estradiol (p < 0.05) than TAP, whereas only TAP inhibited the secretion of gut hormones. Both TAP and DEP enriched the pathogenic genera Oscillibacter, Peptococcus and Paraprevotella in the gut, and TAP also enriched enteritis-related genera Roseburia and Oscillibacter, which may affect the secretion of gut hormones. These findings indicate that the use of dialkyl phosphates as markers of OPs to examine the correlations of OP exposure with diseases may only provide partial information, especially for diseases related to gut health and the endocrine system.

Investigation of Serum and Leukocyte Ascorbic Acid, Plasma and Intra-Erythrocyte Cholinesterase Levels in Obese Persons

Obesity is a complicated disease, including excessive amounts of body fat. Obesity is not just an aesthetic problem. It is also a medical issue that increases your risk of other diseases and health conditions, like heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. Ascorbic acid (A.A.) produced analog enhancing effects in superoxide generation, DNA strand cutting, and cytotoxicity. In leukocytes, toxicity due to mitochondrial permeability was seen in cells exposed to A.A./peroxynitrite, and these responses were determined to occur independently of Ca2 +. Plasma cholinesterase and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activities have a long history of use, both in monitoring workers at risk for organophosphorus pesticide (O.P.) exposure and investigating accidental exposures to O.P.s. Due to the wide variation between individuals, it is necessary to establish unexposed, essential enzyme activities for correct interpretation. Forty-four females and 32 males with a mean age of 40 ± 11.4 years were included in our study. In our study, those with a BMI of 18-24 were considered as control or non-obese (group 1), those between 25 and 30 as obese (group 2), and those between 31 and 42 as extremely obese (group 3). With a moderate standard deviation of 70 and 20 % erosion rate, 76 subjects were determined for 93 % power at the 5 % level of significance. Baseline comparisons among treatment sequences were analyzed using a chi-square test for categorical variables and an unpaired t-test for continuous variables. Mean and standard deviation values were assessed using the SPSS package program, and a statistically significant difference was determined at p-level below 0.05 value. As a result; Although the increase in PCE levels and the decrease in ECE, PTA, and P.A. levels were significantly different. The difference between group 2 and group 3 revealed the importance of these differences between obese and non-obese patients. It has been determined that as obesity increases, the risk of vitamin deficiency also increases.

Organophosphorus pesticide exposure biomarkers in a Mexican population.

The organophosphate (OP) pesticides are neurotoxic compounds widely used around the world. Evaluation of OP exposure in human studies is important for enabling adequate data analyses and drawing accurate conclusions. The aim of this study was to analyze OP exposure biomarkers and their relationships in a Mexican population with different exposure levels. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD); acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), arylesterase (AREase), basal paraoxonase 1 (PONase), and β-glucuronidase activities were detected using spectrophotometric methods. The albumin content was determined in a certified clinical laboratory. The DMTP metabolite was found in the highest concentration, and a negative and significant correlation between DAP and cholinesterase activity was observed. Our results suggested that BuChE is a considerably more sensitive biomarker than AChE. In addition, β-glucuronidase was positively correlated with albumin, BuChE, and PONase. In conclusion, our data strongly support the use of two or more biomarkers of exposure in human monitoring and the application of a strong and validated questionnaire.

Distribution of eight organophosphorus pesticides and their oxides in surface water of the East China Sea based on high volume solid phase extraction method.

In this study, we reported the occurrence of eight organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the East China Sea. Forty samples were collected and analysed with a high volume solid phase extraction method (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) in the early summer of 2020. All the target OPPs were detected in the surface water at one or more stations in the East China Sea, and the concentrations of ΣOPPs were in the range 0.0775-3.09ng/L (mean: 0.862±0.624ng/L). Terbufos sulfone and fenthion were the main pollutants in this area, probably resulting from pesticide use in China and other countries. The off-shore input from coastal regions was suggested to be a major source of OPP pollution in the East China Sea, and the movement of ocean currents played an important role in their transportation because around 0.86t OPPs passed through the Tsushima Strait from the East China Sea each month. An ecological risk assessment showed that these OPPs presented a high risk to species in the East China Sea, whereas they posed no health risk to humans under both the median and high exposure scenario.

Chronic Exposure to Organophosphates Pesticides and Risk of Metabolic Disorder in Cohort from Pakistan and Cameroon.

(1) Background: Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are major chemicals used in agriculture for eradication of insecticides/pesticides. Unfortunately, the longtime exposure of human beings to OPPs could lead to metabolic disorder such as high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, overweight or dyslipidemia. The aim of this research is to evaluate the possible metabolic dysregulations as a consequence of chronic OPPs exposure to individuals in Cameroon and Pakistan. (2) Methods: Blood samples were collected from 300 participants in each country, into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes. The samples were extracted with solid phase extraction (methanol/water) for analysis of OPPs with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The spectrophotometry and Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to measure the hepatic, renal, pancreatic and cardiovascular functions. The atherogenic index (AI) was also determined in OPPs exposed and nonexposed cohorts. (3) Results: The results showed the presence of malathion, parathion and chlorpyrifos OPPs residues in Cameroonians, and malathion and chlorpyrifos in Pakistani samples, respectively. Elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), insulin, blood glucose, dyslipidemia and hypertension were noted in OPPs chronic exposed groups. In addition, dysregulated liver and kidney function profiles were observed in all participants regardless of gender and age groups. (4) Conclusions: The study concludes that both the study cohorts showed several metabolic dysregulations attributable to chronic exposure to a mixture of OPPs which may provide precursors for establishment of metabolic syndrome and other chronic diseases. Further different extended population-based studies are suggested to understand the differential metabolic dysfunctions caused by structurally different OPPs mixtures exposure.