Organochlorine Pesticides In Sediments Research Articles

Pharmaceuticals and organochlorine pesticides in sediments of an urban river in Florida, USA

Sediments from a rural to urban gradient along the Alafia River in Florida, USA, were collected to determine the risk of environmental contamination with legacy (organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) and new contaminants (pharmaceuticals). Bed sediments (0–10 cm) collected from rural and urban sub-basins of the Alafia River were analyzed for OCPs and pharmaceuticals using standard gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Three most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in sediments were carbamazepine (100 % of samples), trimethoprim (89 % of samples), and pseudoephedrine (63 % of samples). While acetaminophen, diphenhydramine, lidocaine, and nicotine were detected in <30 % of samples. The detection of caffeine in all sediment samples suggests that domestic wastewater from wastewater treatment plants and/or septic systems may be a contributing source at all the sites. Among the OCPs, endosulfan I was most frequently detected (37 % of samples), followed by δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (15 % of samples), γ-chlordane and endosulfan II (both in 11 % of samples), and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and methoxychlor (both in 7 % of samples). The lower concentrations of OCPs (sum 0–16.1 ng g−1) than pharmaceuticals (sum 0.5–61.9 ng g−1) in sediments are probably due to the historic use of OCPs since these were banned for use in the USA in the 1970s, while pharmaceuticals are still used. The variability in detection and concentrations of legacy and new compounds in rural and urban stream sediments is likely due to the different magnitude of input sources, site characteristics, and chemical properties of individual compounds. Significant positive correlations between OCPs and sediment properties (organic matter, silt, and clay) suggest that sediments are a major sink of various contaminants in the Alafia River. We conclude that the concentrations of both pharmaceuticals and OCPs in sediments of this urban river are relatively lower than existing literature; however, these can still be of environmental concern to aquatic organisms.

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and nine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46ng/g dry weight (dw), and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65ng/gdw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) ranged from n.d. (not detected) to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10ng/gdw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were 5.62±4.35, 2.43±3.12 and 1.55±4.17ng/gdw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea: Implication of transport, sources and trends

Thirty-eight surface sediments and two sediment cores were collected from Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and adjacent East China Sea (ECS) to study the distribution patterns, origins, potential transport and burden of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marginal sea. Residues of OCPs ranged from 0.190 to 5.17ngg−1 dry weight with a distinct “band type” pattern under the control of Yangtze River inputs and ECS circulation system. Differences in transmission media and redox conditions in situ respectively resulted in the divergent distributions of α/β-HCH and DDD/DDE. The compositional pattern analysis implied that OCPs in the inner shelf of ECS were derived from both “weathered” and fresh sources, whereas those in the outer shelf of ECS had undergone high metabolism. Concurrent with the land–sea migration, vertical profiles of sediment cores showed increasing trends or rebound since the 1990s, characteristic of two evident “jumps” of DDE+DDD/DDT and DDT/DDE ratios. Moreover, the primary distribution pattern founded for HCHs and the considerable mass inventories calculated (6.20 metric tones for OCPs) together suggested that the contaminated sediments in the studied area to be a potential source of OCPs to the global ocean.

Levels of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Water and Sediment from Selected Agricultural Sectors of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India

The levels of 19 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water and under water sedimentsfrom tanks located nearby the prime agricultural areas of Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India wereinvestigated to evaluate their pollution risks. A total of 36 surface water samples at 9 sampling sites and27 sediment samples at 9 sampling stations were collected from tanks, which were the water sources forcultivation. The total OCPs concentration in surface water and sediments were 5.68–25.12 ng/L and 17.7–58.59 ng/g dry weight (dw), respectively. Among the OCPs, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs),dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and heptachlor epoxide were the most dominant compounds inthe sediment as well as surface water. The dominant OCPs in sediment and water were β-HCH in HCHs,p,p′-DDD in DDTs and heptachlor epoxide in other OCPs. Distribution of HCHs, DDTs and other OCPswere different indicating their different sources. Composition analysis in sediments indicated a recent usage of lindane.

Distribution and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from four lakes of Heilongjiang Province, China

There is growing concern for the lake environment because polluted sediments may cause ecotoxicological effects. In the current study, persistent organochlorine compounds (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and cyclodienes, were analyzed in core sediments taken from Huoshaohei Lake, Xihulu Lake, Wanghua Lake and Keqin Lake, Heilongjiang Province, China. The total OCPs concentrations ranged from 0.92 to 7.09, 0.15 to 9.95, 0.19 to 1.84 and 0.06 to 3.52ng/g, respectively. The most dominant pollutants were the HCHs, high proportions of γ-HCH isomer indicating the recent input of lindane. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH of four lakes are all lower than that in technical HCH mixtures indicating that there was input of lindane in the past several years, and the mean ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDTs are all <0.5, suggesting recent release of DDT compounds. Compared with the corresponding ecological environmental quality guidelines from Ingersoll and base on the model of risk based corrective action environmental health risk assessment, the sediments from the four lakes poses a lower potential hazard to human health and the environment but still should be taken into account.

Residues and enantiomeric profiling of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Xinghua Bay, southern East China Sea

The spatial distribution and chiral signatures of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface sediments of Xinghua Bay, southern East China Sea, were investigated. The total OCP concentrations ranged from 9.15 to 40.5 ng/g dry weight, with a predominance of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs). The isomer ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH (less than 1.0) and the predominant β-HCH implied that HCH residues were derived not only from historical technical HCH use but also from the additional use of lindane in this area. The isomer ratios of p,p′-DDT/(p,p′-DDD + p,p′-DDE) and o,p′-DDT/p,p′′-DDT, and a strong correlation (R = 0.83, P < 0.001) between p,p′-DDE and o,p′-DDT depicted a cocktail input pattern of dicofol-type DDT and technical DDT. Moreover, the fact that only cis-chlordane was detectable for all sampling stations suggested the past application of technical chlordane. Based on the sediment quality guidelines (SQG), γ-HCH is the main OCP species of ecotoxicological concern in Xinghua Bay. Enantiomeric analysis showed that the (+)-enantiomers of α-HCH and o,p′-DDT were more prevalent than the (−)-enantiomers in most samples, whereas both racemic and nonracemic residues existed for o,p′-DDD. These results implied that the SQG of chiral OCPs should be reassessed using concentrations of their individual enantiomers.

Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the Xiangjiang River, south-central China

The Xiangjiang River (XR), the second largest tributary of the Yangtze River, is mainly located in Hunan province in south-central China. Nineteen surface sediment samples (the top 3-cm layer) collected from XR were analyzed to determine the concentrations, distribution, sources, and ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations of OCPs were 3.0-29.8 ng/g (dry weight) with a mean of 12.6 ± 7.7 ng/g. The widely detected compounds included HCHs, DDTs, HCB, and dieldrin. Overall, the dominant OCPs in the sediments were mainly composed of residual and degradation products, e.g., β-HCH with a mean of 42.2% in HCHs and p,p'-DDE with a mean of 43.5% in DDTs, implying that OCPs in the sediments had suffered from long-term aging without fresh inputs in XR. However, there was a high proportion of p,p'-DDT to DDTs in three sites, suggesting that there was use of technical DDT from their surrounding areas at present. The ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH and p,p'-DDD + p,p'-DDE/DDTs increase from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of XR, suggesting sediments enriched with α-HCH and metabolites DDD and DDE during sediment transport process and could be attributed to the transformation of γ-HCH to α-HCH and DDT to DDE or DDD. The assessment of the ecological risk indicates that the OCPs in the sediments of XR have a moderate adverse biological effect on organisms.

Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the coastal East China Sea

Forty-two surface sediment samples collected from the southern coastal East China Sea (ECS) were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The results showed high concentrations of DDTs and parent DDT fractions in the nearshore area, suggesting that there is still a fresh input of these species from non-point sources, probably due to the recent usage of relevant products. However, for HCHs, the high concentrations with elevated β-HCH fraction were focused at the local major river estuaries, indicating that soils-released HCH input was mainly from the major river runoffs. The distribution and composition of OCPs in the coastal ECS could be more prominently controlled by the direct regional inputs rather than the general natural sorption process on particulate organic carbon. DDTs and chlordane are more important for their potential ecotoxicological risk on neighboring benthic community in the nearshore region and the local major river estuaries.

Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sediments of the Wanzhou Section of the Yangtze River

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls content can be obtained By measuring Wanzhou of the Yangtze River and Wanzhou Zhuxi River in sediment : Sediment content of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls are increased the river down. Organochlorine pesticides in sediments are β-HCH&gt; δ-HCH&gt; α-HCH&gt; γ-HCH, and pp'-DDE&gt; pp '-DDD&gt; op'-DDT&gt; pp'-DDT. Organochlorine pesticides and PCBs of Wanzhou of the Yangtze River sediment in the distribution of the sampling points are similar characteristics. The main source of pollution is the direct discharge of industrial wastewater, agricultural pollution and soil erosion of farmland. Although OCPs and PCBs in water environment are very low, the impact on human health can not be ignored. Therefore certain measures are taken to clean emissions from industrial wastewater and agricultural non-point source pollution control.

Levels and distribution of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from the lower reaches of the Haihe River basin, China

The concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments from the lower reaches of the Haihe River basin, northern China, were determined by high-resolution gas chromatograph-high-resolution mass spectrometer. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and total OCPs [sum of hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs)] in 17 sediment samples were in the ranges of 11.6-1,180,924 pg/g dry weight (dw), 18.7-50,017 pg/g dw, and 1.7-35,280 ng/g dw, respectively. The contamination levels in the samples varied significantly between the different sites. Abnormally high concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and some OCPs were found in sediments from the lower reaches of the main channel of the Haihe River and the Dagu Drainage River, which were attributed to the historical production of pentachlorophenol and other pesticides near these locations. High levels of DDTs were detected in the Yongding New River sediment, which were likely to have originated from the discharge of wastewater from a dicofol factory upstream. In samples taken from other sites, the concentrations of these pollutants were at levels comparable to those documented in other areas of China. This preliminary investigation suggests that historical pesticide production in the Haihe River basin has contributed significantly to the contamination of this aquatic ecosystem and that further attention to this issue is warranted.

Automated Sample Clean-up and Fraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments Using the SPE–GPC–VAP System

This paper describes an automated sample clean-up and fraction method using the SPE-GPC-VAP system for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments. The method is based on a simultaneous extraction/clean-up step to reduce analysis time and solvent consumption. The parameters of a solid-phase extraction procedure, a gel permeation chromatography procedure and an AccuVap procedure were optimized to obtain maximum recovery of the target analytes with minimum presence of matrix-interfering compounds. The detection limits ranged from 0.03 to 0.13 ng g(-1) and the recovery ranged from 50.05% to 104.39%. The relative standard deviation was lower than 19.34% when OCPs concentrations in sediments ranged from 1.25 to 125 ng g(-1).

Potential Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediments from the Ebro River Basin in Spain

This study was carried out to estimate the potential toxicity of 8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 5 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments in the Ebro River Basin (20 sampling points) according to different methodologies. Detection limit (DL) concentrations were used for compounds reported below the DL (worst-case scenario). The majority of PAH concentrations were found to be below their method detection limit. DL concentrations for OCPs were above the threshold values set by one guideline. In such cases, no toxicity assessment was carried out. It should be noted that no sediment is expected to cause adverse effects on the benthic species living in these sediments according to the methodologies applied.

Organochlorine pesticides in sediments of Laizhou Bay and its adjacent rivers, North China

Organochlorine pesticides (HCHs, DDTs and HCB) have been investigated in sediments of Laizhou Bay and its adjacent rivers. The average concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCBs are 0.09ng/gdw, 0.59 and 0.05 for marine sediments and 0.55, 8.6 and 1.1 for riverine sediments, respectively. Laizhou Bay is less contaminated by HCHs and DDTs in comparison with other coastal regions around the world, including the other two biggest bays in Bohai Sea. Fresh input of lindane and dicofol-type DDT were found in several riverine sites. Relatively strong TOC-dependence of HCB distribution in the entire studied area suggested no point source existed and/or water–sediment equilibrium achieved. No significant difference of α/γ-HCH ratios have been observed between marine and riverine sediments. However, o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT ratios varied largely between the two regions.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in harbor sediments from Sea Lots, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in nearshore marine surficial sediments from three locations in Trinidad. Sediments were sampled at Sea Lots on the west coast, in south Port-of-Spain Harbor, south of Sea Lots at Caroni Lagoon National Park, and on Trinidad’s east coast at Manzanilla. Total PCB concentrations in Sea Lots sediments ranged from 62 to 601ng/g (dry weight {dw}), which was higher than at Caroni and Manzanilla, 13 and 8ng/g dw, respectively. Total OCP concentrations at Sea Lots were ranged from 44.5 to 145ng/g dw, compared with 13.1 and 23.8n/g (dw), for Caroni and Manzanilla respectively. The concentrations of PCBs and of some OCPs in sediments from Sea Lots were above the Canadian interim sediment quality guidelines. To date, this data is the first report on the levels of PCBs and other organochlorine compounds from Trinidad and Tobago.

아산만해역 어류체내와 퇴적물중의 PCB와 유기염소계농약 분포

Distribution of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides in sediments, seawater and fish tissues were examined. Concentrations of ΣPCBs and ΣDDTs in the intertidal sediments of Asan Bay ranged from 1.90~3.27 ng g ?1 dw (dry weight) and 0.51~1.26 ng g ?1 dw, respectively. ΣPCBs concentrations in the tissue of greenling (Hexagrammos otakii), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and finespotted flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) were 1.27±0.55, 1.30±0.71 and 1.19±0.43 ng g ?1 ww (wet weight), respectively. The profile of PCBs in the sediments and the 3 species of fish differed as witnessed by the dominance of tetra- to penta-chlorinated congeners in sediments while penta- to hexa-chlorinated congeners dominated in fish. ΣDDTs concentrations were 0.67±0.52, 0.79±0.61, 1.58±1.05 ng g ?1 ww respectively in the tissue of greenling, olive flounder and finespotted flounder. The p,p’-DDE appeared to be the most important metabolite of DDT in studied fishes. The concentrations of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides measured in this study for fish were generally lower than those of previous studies. Compared to the pollutant concentration quality guidelines in marine fish, the environment of Asan Bay appears to be in a healthy state.

The role of shelf mud depositional process and large river inputs on the fate of organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the Yellow and East China seas

[1] The distribution and fate of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in sediments from the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) were compared and studied in this work. The ECS has directly large river-dominated inputs of sediment-associated pollutants while the YS does not. The results indicated that these mud deposits of the YS and ECS were the sinks of land-originated DDTs and HCHs. The consistence of these OCP species and total organic carbon (TOC) and the sediment grain size in the YS indicated that the shelf mud depositional process was the dominant factor in controlling the distribution and fate of these organic compounds under the more homogeneous and hydrodynamic-based sedimentary conditions of the YS. The distribution of these chemicals in the coastal ECS, however, showed a much different pattern where the concentrations of DDTs and HCHs decreased with distance from the coast, and the correlations between DDTs and HCHs with TOC were very poor. This indicates that the continuous transferring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) into the coastal ECS by the direct riverine inputs and surface runoffs play a key role on the occurrence and fate of OCPs within this more heterogeneous environmental system.

Residues and chiral signatures of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea

Residual levels and enantiomeric signatures of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in surface sediments from Xiangshan Bay, East China Sea were investigated. The concentrations of ∑HCHs (sums of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) and ∑DDTs (sums of p, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD,p, p′-DDE, o, p′-DDT, and o, p′-DDD) ranged from 0.14 to 0.67 ng g−1 and 0.61 to 22.38 ng g−1, respectively. A slight potential health risk to the organism was then indicated for the residual levels of DDTs according to the ERL/ERM guidelines. Moreover, the predominant β-HCH implied that the technical HCH contamination was mainly due to the historical usage. But the high ratio of DDT/∑DDTs depicted a cocktail input pattern of fresh and weathered DDTs. The enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of α-HCH, o, p′-DDT, and o, p′-DDD were also determined. The degradation of α-HCH was enantioselective in all sediments samples, resulting in an enrichment of (–)-enantiomers. However, the racemic residues of o, p′-DDT and o, p′-DDD were observed in all sediments samples.

Distribution and ecological risk evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Lake Bosten

新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药进行分析, 探讨其分布特征及来源, 并对其生态风险进行评价.结果表明, 沉积物中总有机氯农药的含量为2.15-16.80ng/g, 其中氯丹和滴滴涕的含量较高, 分别为0.12-12.08ng/g、O.42-5.13ng/g.博斯腾湖总有机氯农药的含量从入湖口到湖心呈现出下降的趋势, 说明其污染主要来源为上游开都河、黄水沟和附近农田排水的输入.沉积物中滴滴涕的组成特征表明, 滴滴涕主要来自于农田土壤的历史残留, 近期没有污染源输入;反式氯丹和顺式氯丹的比值表明该地区为氯丹的直接施用地, 近期可能仍有氯丹输入.与沉积物风险评估值相比较, 氯丹的含量超过了风险评价高值, 博斯腾湖沉积物中有机氯农药存在较高的生态风险。;The organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) were analyzed in the surface sediments of Lake Bosten in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and distribution characteristics, sources and ecological risk were evaluated.The results showed that the concentration rang of total OCPs in sediments was 2.15-16.80ng/g.Chlordane and DDTs had higher concentrations than other pesticides.The concentration range of Chlordane and DDTs were 0.12-12.08ng/g and 0.42-5.13ng/g, respectively.The total OCPs contents of Lake Bosten decreased from the entrances of the rivers to the center of the lake, which indicated that the main pollution sources were the water flowing from Kaidu River, Huangshui Ditch upstream and agricultural draining nearby.The composition of DDTs indicated that DDT compounds in sediments might be derived from the DDT-treated aged in agricultural soils, and there was no pollution source into the lake recently.The ratios of trans-chlordane/cis-chlordane for the sediments demonstrated that chlordane may still be used in Bosten basin.Compared with the ERL and ERM value of risk evaluation for sediments, the concentration of chlordane compounds was present in excess of the ERM value, which indicated that Lake Bosten would impose a high potential ecological risk.

Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China

Residues of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and their environmental risks in surface sediments collected from upper reach of Huaihe River, East China, are investigated in this paper. Based on dry weight (dw), the concentrations of ΣHCH (α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH) and ΣDDT (p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD) in sediments ranged from 1.95 to 11.05ngg−1 dw (mean 4.53ngg−1dw) and 4.07 to 23.89ngg−1dw (average 11.07ngg−1dw), respectively. Compared with some published guideline values of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments, the concentrations of HCHs were at safe levels while the residues of DDTs would pose adverse biological effects in this studied area. The distribution of OCPs in sediments indicated that the input of tributaries was important factor for Huaihe River. Levels of DDTs in the sediments were influenced by total organic carbon contents of sediments. The present study suggested that historical usage of lindane and technical DDT was the main reason for OCP residues in the sediments from both rivers and lakes. Furthermore, the composition of DDTs reflected fresh inputs of dicofol mixture in this region.

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments and mussels from the Istanbul Strait

This study was conducted to determine the status and trends of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) compounds in the sediment and mussel samples collected along the Istanbul Strait and from the coasts of an island in the Marmara Sea. The total concentrations of OCPs were found in the range of 40-13,852 pg g(-1) dry weight for sediments and 5,195-12,322 pg g(-1) wet weight for mussels. The levels of OCPs in both sediments and mussels were dominated by DDTs and HCHs; β-HCH, 4,4(')-DDD and 4,4(')-DDE were the major pollutants. The degree of sediment pesticide contamination was more severe in the inner part of the strait. OCP concentrations in sediments and mussels were compared with the sediment guideline values and legal limits for human health, respectively. The results showed that OC pesticide contamination in the strait might not pose a serious threat to the health of the marine inhabitants at most of the stations.