Organochlorine Pesticides Compounds Research Articles

Effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of organochlorine pesticide compounds on adipogenesis and adipocyte function in an immortalized human adipocyte model

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine (OC) pesticide POPs, has been associated with the increased prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms through which exposure to these compounds may promote obesity and metabolic dysfunction remain an area of active investigation. To this end, the concentration dependent effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of OC pesticide POPs on adipocyte function was explored utilizing a translationally relevant immortalized human subcutaneous preadipocyte/adipocyte model. Briefly, immortalized human preadipocytes/adipocytes were exposed to a mixture of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane (DTO) then key indices of preadipocyte/adipocyte function were assessed. Exposure to DTO did not alter adipogenesis. However, in mature adipocytes, exposure to DTO slightly increased fatty acid uptake whereas isoproterenol stimulated lipolysis, basal and insulin stimulated glucose uptake, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cellular ATP levels were all significantly decreased. DTO significantly increased Staphylococcus aureus infection induced increases in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and Mcp-1 as well as the adipokine resistin. Taken together, the present data demonstrated exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of OC pesticide compounds can alter mature adipocyte function in a translationally relevant human adipocyte model which further supports the adipose tissue as an effector site of OC pesticide POPs action.

Occurrence and diffusive air-seawater exchanges of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

We report the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in seawater and air, and the air-sea dynamics through diffusive exchange analysis in Fildes Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, between November 2019 and January 30, 2020. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the most abundant compound in both air and seawater with concentrations around 39 ± 2.1 pg m−3 and 3.2 ± 2.4 pg L−1 respectively. The most abundant PCB congener was PCB 11, with a mean of 3.16 ± 3.7 pg m−3 in air and 2.0 ± 1.1 pg L−1 in seawater. The fugacity gradient estimated for the OCP compounds indicate a predominance of net atmospheric deposition for HCB, α-HCH, γ-HCH, 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDE and close to equilibrium for the PeCB compound. The observed deposition of some OCs may be driven by high biodegradation rates and/or settling fluxes decreasing the concentration of these compounds in surface waters, which is supported by the capacity of microbial consortium to degrade some of these compounds. The estimated fugacity gradients for PCBs showed differences between congeners, with net volatilization predominating for PCB-9, a trend close to equilibrium for PCB congeners 11, 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, and 153, and deposition for PCB 180. Snow amplification may play an important role for less hydrophobic PCBs, with volatilization predominating after snow/glacier melting. As hydrophobicity increases, the biological pump decreases the concentration of PCBs in seawater, reversing the fugacity gradient to atmospheric deposition. This study highlights the potential impacts of climate change, through glacier retreat, on the biogeochemistry of POPs, remobilizing those compounds previously trapped within the cryosphere which in turn will transform the Antarctic cryosphere into a secondary source of the more volatile POPs in coastal areas, influenced by snow and ice melting.

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface-mixed layer water and intertidal sediments of Lagos lagoon, Gulf of Guinea

Organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) were analysed in intertidal sediments and surface-mixed layer water of Lagos lagoon in Nigeria in order to elucidate the contamination levels, sources and distribution characteristics, and potential human and ecological health risks associated with exposures to OCPs. The total ∑ OCPs in sediments ranged from 222.35 to 2585.30 μg/kg dw, with a mean concentration range between 13.08 and 172.35 μg/kg dw, respectively. The most dominant OCP compounds in the sediments were dichlorodiphenylethanes (40%), chlors (26%), cyclodienes (17%), HCHs (9%), and endos (8%). The concentration (μg/kg) of individual ∑OCP groups in sediment decreased in the following order: ∑ dichlorodiphenylethanes > ∑ Chlors > ∑ Cyclodienes > ∑ HCHs > ∑ Endos. The ∑ OCPs in water ranged from 23.63 (mean concentration: 1.97 ng/L) to 172.05 ng/L (mean concentration: 13.23 ng/L). Dichlorodiphenylethanes (46%), cyclodienes (21%), chlors (14%), HCHs (12%), and endos (7%) were the most prevalent OCP compounds in investigated water samples. These locations are pollution hotspots for potential wastes arising from industrial effluents, heavy shipping activities, municipal wastes and discharges of transformer oil from abandoned power generation and transmission facilities. The total composition and β-, γ- and δ-HCH isomeric ratios suggest recent anthropogenic introduction of the HCHs into the lagoonal ecosystem compared to historical deposits. Dichlorodiphenylethanes (p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, and methoxychlor) were ubiquitous except p,p′-DDT. Results indicate historical inputs of technical DDT with considerable biodegradation and photochemical transformations. Generally, the ∑ chlors in sediments and surface-mixed layer water samples decreased following heptachlor > heptachlor epoxide > α-Chlordane > γ-Chlordane. The α-chlordane/γ-chlordane ratios indicate a mix of recent commercial and historical chlordane contamination sources. Concentrations of most OCPs significantly exceeded sediment quality guidelines suggesting that toxicity to benthic-dwelling faunas is estimated to be likely.

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Sewage Sludge: Occurrence, Temporal Concentration Variation and Risk Assessment for Sewage Sludge Amended Soils

In this study, the occurrences, temporal concentration variations and ecotoxicological risks were determined for 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); 7 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 18 selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the anaerobically digested sewage sludge samples obtained from a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Konya, Turkey. Flowrate of the evaluated WWTP was 200,000 m3/day, with the production of 140 tons/day treated sewage sludge. Total 18 PAHs were in the range of 1,203 – 17,599 μg/kg of dry matter (dm); total PCBs were in the range of 51.26 – 561.37 μg/kg dm, and total OCPs were in the range of 4.90 – 13.11 μg/kg dm. The highest concentrations were determined for fluoranthene among PAHs, with 2445 μg/kg dm, PCB118 congener with 514 μg/kg dm, and δ-HCH among OCPs with 2.44 μg/kg dm. Considering the average daily production amounts of treated sludge, the highest mass loads were 1,785 g/day for total PAHs; 79 g/day for total PCBs; and 1 – 2 g/day for total OCPs, while the annual mass load was estimated to be approximately 7.3 kg. An ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed by estimation of risk quotients (RQs). High risk for soil ecosystem was identified due to PAHs and PCBs ingredient of sludge, while lower risk was determined for OCPs compounds. The highest RQ values were determined for pyrene (RQ: 1337) among PAHs, PCB118 congener (RQ: 7608), and γ-HCH (RQ: 5.23) among OCPs. Findings of this study show that sewage sludge can be an important source in the spread of persistent pollutants to the environment, and may pose a risk for soil ecosystem.

Concentrations and geographical patterns of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in meat from semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in Norway

The study aimed at investigating the concentrations and geographical patterns of 11 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in reindeer muscle samples (n = 100) collected from 10 grazing districts in Norway, 2009. Concentrations were examined for patterns related to geographical region as well as age and sex of animals. Concentrations measured for PCBs and OCPs in reindeer meat samples were generally low. Geographical patterns were revealed and districts with previous mining activities, military trenches, or those that were in the vicinity of the Russian border exhibited slightly elevated concentrations compared to other districts. Calves (10 months) exhibited higher concentrations than young (1.5 year) and old animals (>2 years) adjusted for sex, whereas males exhibited higher concentrations than females, adjusted for age. All PCB congeners inter-correlated strongly with each other, whereas oxy-chlordane and heptachlor epoxide were the strongest inter-correlated OCP compounds. Concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in reindeer meat were all considerably lower than the maximum levels set for those contaminants in foodstuffs for safe human consumption by the European Commission. Thus, reindeer meat is not likely to be a substantial contributor to the human body burden of persistent organic pollutants.

DDT, Chlordane, and Hexachlorobenzene in the Air of the Pearl River Delta Revisited: A Tale of Source, History, and Monsoon.

Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned for more than three decades, their concentrations have only decreased gradually. This may be largely attributable to their environmental persistence, illegal application, and exemption usage. This study assessed the historic and current regional context for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which were added to the Stockholm Convention in 2001. An air sampling campaign was carried out in 2018 in nine cities of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where the historical OCP application was the most intensive in China. Different seasonalities were observed: DDT exhibited higher concentrations in summer than in winter; chlordane showed less seasonal variation, whereas HCB was higher in winter. The unique coupling of summer monsoon with DDT-infused paint usage, winter monsoon with HCB-combustion emission, and local chlordane emission jointly presents a dynamic picture of these OCPs in the PRD air. We used the BETR Global model to back-calculate annual local emissions, which accounted for insignificant contributions to the nationally documented production (<1‰). Local emissions were the main sources of p,p'-DDT and chlordane, while ocean sources were limited (<4%). This study shows that geographic-anthropogenic factors, including source, history, and air circulation pattern, combine to affect the regional fate of OCP compounds.

Determination of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides using isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry

建立了测定大气中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1, v/v)进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE)。通过柱洗脱实验、单柱和组合柱净化实验,最终确定样品的净化方案为弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱和石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱组合净化。样品萃取液净化后进行HRGC/HRMS分析。采用平均相对响应因子(RRF)法对样品中目标物进行定量,6点校准溶液RRF的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%。线性范围为0.4~800 μg/L,相关系数R2均>0.992。对空白样品依次进行100 pg、400 pg和15 ng水平下的加标试验,各添加水平下OCPs测定值的RSD为0.64%~16%,加标回收率为67.2%~135%。穿透试验表明,滤膜+聚氨酯泡沫/聚氨酯泡沫作为吸附介质的大体积主动大气采样器(AAS)在采集环境空气时,五氯苯极易发生穿透,有效采样模式待进一步研究。在上述采样模式下,六氯苯的有效采样体积较小,标准状态(101.325 kPa, 273 K)采样体积应≤30 m3,其他OCPs应≤1200 m3。以上述体积计算,25种目标化合物的检出限为0.002~0.7 pg/m3。对北京环境空气样品分析测定,结果显示除反式-环氧七氯、异狄氏剂、顺式-九氯和4,4'-滴滴滴在部分样品中未检出外,其他OCPs均为100%检出;六氯苯浓度在514~563 pg/m3之间,其他OCPs的浓度在0.01~18.9 pg/m3之间;替代标回收率为33.9%~155%。由于现有相关监测标准的仪器灵敏度较低、方法检出限较高,已无法满足目前空气中痕量OCPs的测定需求,因此亟待修订新的高灵敏度监测方法标准。该方法适用于目前大气中OCPs的超痕量水平分析,为新标准的制订奠定基础,也为国家履行相关国际公约提供有力技术指导。

Examination of barnacles’ potential to be used as bioindicators of persistent organic pollutants in coastal ecosystem: A Malaysia case study

Barnacles are ubiquitous in coastal ecosystems of different geographical regions worldwide. This is the first study attempting to assess the suitability of barnacles as bioindicators of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal environments. Barnacles were collected from the coasts around Peninsular Malaysia and analyzed for POPs including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Among POPs, PCBs showed the highest concentrations with elevated contributions of CB28 and CB153. As for PBDEs, BDE47 was the most frequently detected congener, while BDE209 was detected in barnacles from two stations in Port Klang and the levels reached up to >70% of total PBDE concentrations. Concentrations of OCPs detected in barnacles were in the order of CHLs > DDTs > HCHs > HCB and 4,4′-DDE and cis- and trans-chlordane were the predominant OCP compounds. A comparison with previous studies in Malaysia showed consistent levels of POPs. Green mussels collected from selected barnacles’ habitats, for the sake of a comparison, showed almost similar profiles but lower concentrations of POPs. The spatial distribution of POPs observed in barnacles and comparison of POP levels and profiles with mussels indicated that barnacles can be useful bioindicators for monitoring POPs contamination in the coastal ecosystems.

Low-concentration exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in L6 myotubes and RIN-m5F pancreatic beta cells induces disorders of glucose metabolism

We selected five substances among the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), chlordane, heptachlor, p,p’-DDT, β-HCH, and hexachlorobenzene, and investigated whether low-concentration exposure to the OCP compounds affected glucose metabolism. The exposure of L6 myotubes to the OCP compounds (1 or 5 μM) for 24 and 48 h significantly inhibited glucose uptake with an excessive production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxynitrite anions (ONOO−) compared to control cells. In contrast, the production of nitric oxide was highly reduced by exposure to the OCP compounds. The protein expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in the L6 myotubes was significantly suppressed by exposure to the OCP compounds. In addition, exposure to the OCP compounds for 1 h in RIN-m5F pancreatic beta cells remarkably suppressed insulin secretion but the ability to secrete insulin recovered to control levels after 24 h exposure to the OCP compounds. The abundant ROS generated by 1 h exposure to OCP compounds was inversely related to insulin secretion in RIN-m5F pancreatic beta cells. Therefore, these results suggest that low-concenration exposure of skeletal muscle and pancreatic beta cells to OCP compounds may affect insulin secretion and insulin-dependent glucose uptake through extreme oxidative stress and inactivation of the glucose transport protein.

Historically linked residues profile of OCPs and PCBs in surface sediments of typical urban river networks, Shanghai: Ecotoxicological state and sources

Residues, potential sources and ecotoxicological effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in typical urban river networks of Shanghai. In total, 47 surface sediments were collected in each of the sampling seasons (summer and winter). Laboratory analysis by GC-ECD showed that OCPs and PCBs concentrations were in medium levels compared to other national and international areas. As for OCP compounds, HCHs and DDTs were two dominant pollutants, with ∑HCHs concentrations ranging from 1.74 to 28.78 ng/g and ∑DDTs concentrations ranging from 0.88 to 25.45 ng/g. For individual HCHs, β-HCH was the most dominant HCH compound, with a mean value of 5.06 ng/g, followed by α-HCH (3.50 ng/g) in winter. A similar case of HCHs was also found in the summer season. Concentrations of ∑18PCBs varied from 6.67 to 37.10 ng/g in winter and from 10.63 to 45.55 ng/g in summer. Individual PCB 28, 101, 118 and 123 were dominant among all congeners, with averages of 3.16, 1.55, 2.47 and 2.37 ng/g in winter, 3.11, 2.34, 4.92 and 4.41 ng/g in summer, respectively. ∑20OCPs (the sum of twenty OCPs) concentrations in cultivated land areas were more abundant than that in artificial surface areas, indicating an abundance of pesticides and fertilizers in cultivated lands. Analysis of possible sources indicated that both industrial and agricultural residues contributed to higher HCHs and DDTs concentrations, which mainly originated from weathered pesticides with aerobic transformation processes. For PCB compounds, a significant seasonal variation, atmospheric precipitation, and surface runoff were the major factors for fluctuated PCBs concentrations. Ecotoxicological assessment based on established sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) showed that DDT compounds have a potential threat to the aquatic environment of our study area.

Organochlorine pesticides in the Tisza River (Serbia): Distribution and risk assessment

Paper provided the systematic data on the distribution and risk assess?ment status of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediment of the Tisza River (Serbia). The ?-HCH, endrin ketone and methoxychlor are the most commonly found OCPs compounds. According to Serbian regulation concentrations of dieldrin, ?-HCH, ?-HCH and heptachlor were below limit values. In the Tisza River, sediment samples concentrations of aldrin, endrin, ?-HCH, endosulfans, heptachlor epoxide, p,p?-DDD, p,p?-DDE, p,p?-DDT were above limit values but below maximum concentration. Adverse effects are expected occasionally and slight potential health risks may exist to organisms based on the sediment quality guidelines. Upon exposure to organochlorine pesticides through non-dietary routes, results reported no potential cancer risk. The highest risk of cancer was through ingestion of contaminated sediments and minimal through inhalation routes.

Infants' Neurodevelopmental Effects of PM2.5 and Persistent Organohalogen Pollutants Exposure in Southern Taiwan

ABSTRACT Several studies have stated the harmful effects of PM2.5 to population health, including disruption of neurological development. However, the mechanism behind the neurodevelopmental effects of ambient PM2.5 and postnatal PBDEs and OCPs exposure is still unknown. Our goal was to determine influence of breastmilk residues, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), to the infants’ neurodevelopment with respect to high and low PM2.5 exposure areas. The participants were recruited from high PM2.5 exposure areas (n = 32) and low PM2.5 exposure areas (n = 23) of southern Taiwan. The extracted 14 PBDEs and 20 OCPs compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. The infants, aging from 8-12 months, were examined by Bayley Scales of Infants and Toddlers Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) for neurodevelopment. Results showed that high PM2.5 exposure caused reduced head circumference and had significant effects on the motor skill and social emotional development. For breastmilk PBDEs, a positive correlation between BDE-196 and social emotion, after multivariate analysis with adjustment of confounders, was observed while BDE-99, 196, 197, and 207 showed higher magnitudes in low PM2.5 areas than in high PM2.5 areas. For OCPs, only γ- hexachlorcyclohexanes (γ-HCH) presented the significant difference between high and low PM2.5 exposure areas. Most breastmilk OCPs residues, including 4,4’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4’-DDT), γ-HCH, endrin, and heptachlor epoxide showed negative impact on the Bayley-III scores after multivariate analysis. In conclusion, infants’ neurodevelopment was significantly correlated with the location of PM2.5 exposure and breastmilk intake of certain PBDEs and OCPs. Breastmilk OCPs might obviously affect infants’ neurodevelopment more compared to breastmilk PBDEs based on our finding. Moreover, this study further employs awareness about viable effects of PM2.5 in infants’ neurodevelopment.

Two-way long-range atmospheric transport of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) between the Yellow River source and the Sichuan Basin, Western China

This study revealed a two-way long-range atmospheric transport of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) rather than a single mode, in Western China. Soil and air samples were collected along a transect with length of ca. 1000 km between the Yellow River source in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin. Concentrations of ΣOCPs in soils and air were detected to be 175–69,229 (median 567) pg/g dry weight and 33.6–271 (median 98.3) pg/m3, respectively. HCB, HCHs, DDTs, and SULPHs (sum of Endosulfan-I, Endosulfan-II and Endosulfan sulfate) were dominant. Isomeric ratios suggested dominant weathered technical HCH, technical DDT and chlordane profile, and confirmed the current-use of Endosulfan along the transect. Furthermore, local fresh input of Lindane and possible illegal use of technical DDT might occur in the basin area. Based on isomeric and metabolic ratios, fractionation and principal component analysis, a two-way transport system was determined. One flowed from the Sichuan Basin to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau comprising HCB, HCHs, and DDTs, while the other flowed reversely from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Sichuan Basin dominating by SULPHs and CHLs (including Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, trans-chlordane, and cis-chlordane). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated greater average contributions of the Sichuan Basin sources onto the soil ΣOCPs than that of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau source. Distinct from the single long-range atmospheric transport, our results highlighted the different source-sink roles of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin for different OCP compounds.

Atmospheric Deposition of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs): Species, Levels, Diurnal and Seasonal Fluctuations, Transfer Velocities.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the persistent organic pollutants class are pollutants that can enter water reservoirs, soils, and sediments by atmospheric deposition. The aim of the present study was to determine the total atmospheric deposition fluxes of OCPs in a semi-rural area in Bursa, Turkey. Total deposition fluxes, phase distributions, dry deposition velocities and mass transfer coefficients were calculated in the samples collected during day and night periods. Ambient air OCP samples were also taken simultaneously. Samples were analyzed for 9 OCP compounds (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane; heptachlor epoxide; endrin; endosulfan beta; endrin aldehyde; and methoxychlor). OCPs were found predominantly in gas and dissolved phases in all seasons for the ambient air and deposition samples, respectively. The annual maximum averages of deposition fluxes for dissolved and particulate phases for the beta-HCH compound were 200.2ng/m2-day and 28.6ng/m2-day, respectively. The average dry deposition velocity and mass transfer coefficient values calculated for OCPs were 4.6 ± 5.5cm/s and 0.46 ± 0.37cm/s, respectively, and these values were in line with the values in the literature. In the nighttime and daytime samples, the average deposition fluxes of OCP compounds in the dissolved phase were 1.5-10 times higher than those in the particulate phase. Although there were no great differences in daytime and nighttime samples, it was found that the flux values during daytime periods were sometimes higher.

Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Brackish Water Fish from Niger River, Nigeria.

Investigation of the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in fish samples was carried out to assess the contamination status of Niger River. Ten different brackish water species of fish (6 samples for each, making a total of 60) were purchased from landing sites at the Delta area of Niger River. These were Drapane africana, Mochokus niloticus, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Pristipoma jubelini, Vomer septapinis, Pseudotolithus senegalensis, Mugil cephalus, Pseudotolithus elongatus, Sphyraena piscatorum, and Lutjanus goreensis. OCPs were determined using standard methods. Certified reference standards from Accustandard USA were used for the instrument calibration and quantification of OCPs. Twenty OCPs, namely, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, endrin, endrin aldehyde, endrin ketone, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, DDE, DDT, and DDT, were identified/quantified using Gas Chromatography (GC) (Hewlett Packard GC 5890 series 11 with electron capture detector). Confirmation was done using Shimadzu GCMS QP2010. The highest concentration of ∑OCPs in the brackish fish samples of the Niger River, 4302±2066 µg/kg fresh weight, with a range of 2237-6368 µg/kg, was detected in Drapane africana, while the lowest concentration, 2320±876.4, with a range of 1006-3288 µg/kg, was found in Mochokus niloticus. The concentration of total OCP compounds varied markedly amongst the different fish species. The guideline value of 2000 µg/kg fresh weight by WHO/FAO was exceeded and therefore implied potential harmful effects on humans. Since contamination of the fish samples was an indication of contamination of the river, the quality of the water for public water supply should be of concern; and therefore further monitoring is suggested.

Matrix effects on organic pollutants analysis in marine sediment

Interference from the matrix sample can influence of the accurate analytical method. Accelerated Solvent Extraction and their purification methods were tried to separate the organic micropollutants respectively in marine sediment. Those matrix were as organic pollutants evaluation in marine environment. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are two examples organic pollutant in environment which are carcinogenic and mutagenic. Marine sediments are important matrices of information regarding the human activities in coastal areas as well as the fate and behavior of organic pollutants, which are persistent in long-term. This research purpose to evaluate the matrice effect and the recovery from marine sediment spiking with several standar solution and deuterium of molecular target from organic pollutants in not polluted sample of sediment. Matrice samples was tested from indicate in unpolluted location. The methods were evaluated with standard calibration curve (linearity < 0.999, LOQ various ranged 0.5-1000 pg.μL-1 and LOD > LOQ). Recovery (YE) relative, Matrice Effect (ME) relative correction with deuteriated standar were evaluated the interference the matrix. Interference effect for OCPs compounds were higher than PCBs in marine sediment.

Concentration and Influence Factors of Organochlorine Pesticides in Atmospheric Particles in a Coastal Island in Fujian, Southeast China

Atmospheric particulate samples collected from Pingtan Island in Fujian province were analyzed for 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with the aims of elucidating the contamination levels and their influence factors, and providing more comprehensive and fundamental data for the risk assessment of OCPs in this coastal area. The concentration of total OCPs ranged from ND (not detected) to 27.25 pg m–3 (an average of 4.30 ± 4.07 pg m–3) and ND to 13.16 pg m–3 (an average of 3.11 ± 2.54 pg m–3) in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and the level are obviously lower than urban, industrial, suburban, and the similar research areas in the coastal areas of Europe. HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane) and DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) were the predominant contaminants, followed by Methoxychlor and Endrin, while the levels of Chlordane, Endosulfan, Aldrin and Dieldrin was relatively lower. Obvious seasonal variations in OCP levels correlate significantly with total particulate levels; higher concentrations of most OCP compounds appeared in winter, whereas lower concentrations appeared in summer. The distribution pattern of the level of most OCP compounds might be directly or indirectly influenced by meteorological conditions, and TOC (total organic carbon) is an important factor influencing the persistence of these OCPs in atmospheric particulates. The source of atmospheric particulates was traced by stable carbon isotopes, which indicate that the increased levels of OCPs in winter and spring influenced by the source of polluted air mass during the “heating season” of Northern China. The cancer risk probability was evaluated based on the residual levels of OCPs, and the results show that dermal contact was the primary pathway affecting human health, and the effect of OCP residuals in atmospheric particulates of the coastal area could not be neglected.

Pesticide pollution status in cocoa plantation soil

Management of cocoa plantation field relied on the use of pesticides over the years; hence, the fate of such chemicals is one of the most debated issues among the stakeholders. Young and old cocoa plantation fields from 4 major cocoa producing States in Nigeria were selected as the study area. Eight composites soil samples collected from 3 portions of 6 transect measured area (100 x 50m) of the field were transported to the laboratory in sterile glass jar for analysis. A total of 19 organochlorine pesticides residues; (aldrin, α-hexachlorohexane, β-hexachlorohexane, γ-hexachlorohexane, δ-hexachlorohexane, α-chlordane, γ-chlordane, p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, p,p’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, dieldrin, endosulfan I, endosulfan-II, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, endrin aldehydes, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and metoxychlor) were analyzed with gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The results revealed the variation in the number of residues detected among the study fields. Endosulfan-I had the highest value g organochlorine pesticides residue detected. Most of the residue concentrations were within the European Union regulatory standard of Czech Republic. Other-cyclodine group had the highest concentration value among the evaluated organochlorine pesticides groups. The significant (P < 0.05) higher concentration of total organochlorine pesticides were observed in old fields. Composition quotients values indicate that most of the observed organochlorine pesticides residues were products of historical usage. There were strong correlations among the total organic carbon contents of soils and the total organochlorine pesticides compounds. Government regulatory agencies are encouraged to vigorously embark in further monitoring and ensuring the safety compliance of farmers towards the use of pesticides in Nigeria farms.

Historical records and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediment from a representative plateau lake, China

The PAH and OCP concentrations in sediment cores collected from a deep lake were measured and evaluated chronologically. The results indicated that the PAH and OCP concentrations significantly increased from the 1950s to the 1990s and subsequently decreased to recent years. Integrated molecular diagnostic ratios indicated that the predominant petrogenic sources occurred from the 1950s–1980s. Petroleum and fuel combustion dominated the source of contamination more recently as a result of energy structure changes in this region. Additionally, HCHs and DDTs were the dominant OCP compounds, making up a majority of the total OCPs present (>85%). HCHs accounted for a larger ratio of the OCPs between the 1950s and 1980s, suggesting that HCHs were the dominant POPs in this period. DDTs then became dominant in the 1980s and later. High α/γ-HCH ratios suggested that the emission and conversion of local technical HCHs were the predominant HCHs source. The ratios of (DDE + p,p’-DDD)/DDTs and p,p’-DDT/DDTs indicated that the DDTs mainly originated from historical input. In addition, the dramatic decrease since the 1980s may be the result of China’s banning of DDTs. However, DDTs were still present in the 1990s, suggesting DDTs were still used in this region and beyond.

Atmospheric deposition of organochlorine pesticides by precipitation in a coastal area.

Wet deposition fluxes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined for rain samples collected in a coastal area of Turkey. Seventeen precipitation samples were collected over a 1-year period from 2008 to 2009. Rainwater was accumulated at the beginning of rain events using real time monitoring. Atmospheric concentrations were also measured in parallel with deposition samples. Both atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes were determined as particle and gas phases. The particle phase and dissolved phase deposition fluxes were 794.26 ± 756.70ngm-2day-1 and 800.77 ± 672.63ngm-2day-1, respectively. The washout ratios for OCP compounds were calculated separately for the particle and dissolved phases using the atmospheric concentrations and rain concentrations. The minimum washout ratio for the particle phase was 2339.47 for Endrin aldehyde, whereas the maximum washout ratio was 497593.34 for Methoxychlor. The maximum washout ratio for the dissolved phase was 247523.89 for Endosulfan beta, whereas the minimum washout ratio was 10169.69 for p,p'-DDT. The dry deposition velocities ranged from 0.01 to 1.67cms-1. The partitioning of wet deposition between the particle and dissolved phases was 50% in terms of total OCP deposition.