Organochlorine Compounds In Fish Research Articles

Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in fish from freshwater environments of the central Andes, Argentina.

The Central Andes region is considered an area of high environmental relevance in South America and it is rich in glaciers, which are the main fresh water sources and reservoirs of the region. The presence of organochlorine compounds (OCs) is an environmental threat due to their persistence and adverse effects on wildlife and humans. The levels of OCs, such as chlordane compounds (CHLs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were determined in muscle and liver tissues of fish and in sediments collected from different sites of the central Andes: the Mendoza River and the Yaucha River (rainbow trout: Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Carrizal Dam (silverside: Odontesthes bonariensis). Regardless of studied site and fish tissue, the general OC trend was: DDTs > PCBs > HCHs > CHLs > HCB. The results showed clear geographic distribution patterns for DDTs. Among the sampling sites, silverside fish showed the highest average load of DDTs (614 and 867 ng g-1 lw in muscle and liver tissues, respectively). Based on the biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor (BSAF), both rainbow trout and silverside fish showed comparable capability to accumulate p,p'-DDT in their tissues. Intraspecific correlational analysis showed that CB-138 in muscle and p,p'-DDT in liver were clearly correlated with the lipid content in silverside specimens, which highlights the relevance of taking into account the fat content and the type of target tissues.

Food Processing Effect on the Residue Levels of Organochlorine Compounds In Fishes

A study was conducted to screen certain pesticide residues such as Organochlorine compounds in fish samples and to assess the effect of food processing methods on degradation of residue levels in both natural and spiked samples. Fish samples were collected from local areas of Hyderabad, Telangana, India and subjected to various food processing such as boiling and broiling and samples were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography- Electron Capture Detector by employing QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method for sample extraction and cleanup process. The final mean residual levels and their degradation percentage was also calculated with respective treatments. Heat processing methods proved to be highly effective on degradation of some Organochlorine compounds in both natural and spiked samples of fishes. Both the treatments i.e. boiling and broiling were statistically nonsignificant on degradation of respective pesticides in both natural and spiked samples of fishes.

Development of a Rapid and Sensitive Routine Method of Analyses for Organochlorine Compounds in Fish: A Metrological Approach

The determination of organochlorine compounds in biological samples is very important, since these compounds are lipophilic and persistent in the environment and tend to accumulate in living organisms. However, considering the importance to apply adequate statistical tools to develop and evaluate analytical methods, this paper has as objective the optimization, validation and uncertainty evaluation of a rapid and sensitive routine method for analyses of organochlorine compounds in fish. For optimization of the method, statistical tools such as design of experiments were used, while guidance from SANCO 12571 and Eurachem/Citac Guide were used for the validation of the method and uncertainty estimation of the results respectively. Finally, the method was evaluated using a certified reference material (CRM) in an accredited laboratory that is in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2005, completing a suitable metrological approach ensuring that the method is fit for purpose.

Background fish feminization effects in European remote sites.

Human activity has spread trace amounts of chemically stable endocrine-disrupting pollutants throughout the biosphere. These compounds have generated a background level of estrogenic activity that needs to be assessed. Fish are adequate sentinels for feminization effects as male specimens are more sensitive than humans to exogenous estrogenic compounds. High mountain lakes, the most distant environments of continental areas, only receive semi-volatile compounds from atmospheric deposition. We analyzed the expression levels of estrogen-regulated genes in male fish from these mountain lakes in Europe. Incipient feminization involving expression of estrogen receptor and zona radiata genes revealed a widespread diffuse estrogenic impact. This effect was correlated with the concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in fish and was consistent with the persistent occurrence of these tropospheric pollutants in the most remote planet regions. These results should be of general concern given the increasing endocrine disruption effects in human populations.

Impact of pesticides residue and heavy metals on lipids and fatty acids composition of some seafoods of Red Sea (KSA)

Seafood is considered by nutritionists to be a high source of omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) which are involved in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study is firstly to detect the presence of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in some fresh seafood of Red Sea commonly used in KSA in relation to its contents. It was found that the fatty acids 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, 18:3n-9 was statistically significantly higher in fresh samples than frozen (p < 0.05), smoked (p < 0.01) and canned fishes (p < 0.05), respectively. Total lipids and cholesterol content of canned and smoked fishes were significantly higher than fresh and frozen samples (p < 0.01, <0.05 and p < 0.01, <0.05). Vitamin D was found to be lower in frozen samples than fresh, smoked and canned (p < 0.05 for each). While vitamin A was higher in fresh and smoked as compared with frozen and canned samples. No organochlorine tested were detected in either fresh or processed samples (smoked, frozen and canned). Among the heavy metals, the highest lead level was detected in fresh and smoked samples as compared with frozen and canned samples. No correlation was found between organochlorine compounds in fish and the corresponding levels in fatty acids. We concluded that, all fishes are safe for uses but it is preferable to use fresh samples due to its high content of PUFA and low lead level.

Contamination status and spatial distribution of organochlorine compounds in fishes from Nansei Islands, Japan

Two species of fishes (n=52; tilapia and mullet) from industrialized and urbanized areas of Okinawa Island (Manko-Noha river, Hija river and Shikaza river) and from a remote area of Ishigaki Island (Anparu mudflat), Japan were collected between August 2005 and July 2006, and analyzed for five organochlorine compounds (OCs), viz., DDTs, PCBs, CHLs, HCHs and HCB. Concentrations and the contamination patterns of OCs in fishes varied between locations. Considerable residue levels of OCs, especially CHLs and DDTs were found in both fishes from the main Okinawa Island. These levels were relatively higher than the reported values for seafood from Japanese coasts, indicating that even now pollution sources of these contaminants still exist in this region. On the other hand, lower concentrations of OCs were detected in fishes from Ishigaki Island waters than those of other Japanese coastal waters, suggesting that this region is less contaminated by OC contaminants.

Age-Dependent Bioaccumulation of Organochlorine Compounds in Fish and their Selective Biotransformation in Top Predators from Lake Maggiore (Italy)

Fish and piscivorous bird eggs collected in 2003 from Lake Maggiore (Italy), were analysed for PCB and DDT contamination. Lake Maggiore has been severely polluted by DDT through production of the pesticide within its catchment. Although agricultural application of DDT was banned in Italy in the 1978, industrial production continued until 1996, with enough contamination of water and soil for serious bioaccumulation in the lake biota. PCB and DDT concentrations in a whitefish (Coregonus macrophthalmus Nusslin 1882) were seen to be dependent on season and fish age, but not on sex. The average increase of the lipid-normalised concentration of DDTs and PCBs was two-fold across season and also across age, resulting in an overall increase of four fold. The seasonal variation was related to the eco-physiological cycle of the fish and to the contamination dynamic of the lake, while the effect of the fish age was explained on the base of biomagnification-related mechanisms. A fugacity model was applied to predict the age-dependent bioaccumulation potential of PCBs, whose concentrations were rather stable in recent years in the lake. Predicted values for compounds with negligible biotransformation were in good agreement with experimental data (calculated vs. experimental mean difference of 14%), and a relationship between the increase of experimental age-dependent concentration and K ow was observed. The good correspondence between the predicted and the measured values for most PCB congeners confirmed the general inability of fishes to biotransform these compounds. On the contrary, the importance of biotransformation processes was recognised in birds; eggs of a fish eating bird (Podiceps cristatus) from the same area selectively bioaccumulated p,p′-DDE. For PCBs, congener 149 appears to be completely metabolized by the bird species, and congeners 95, 101, 132, 151 and 174 were reduced as well. The role of the meta–para free position on at least one phenyl ring of PCB congeners in biotransformation processes was confirmed.

Influence of altitude and age in the accumulation of organochlorine compounds in fish from high mountain lakes.

The analysis of hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorobiphenyls, and DDTs in muscle of fish from high mountain lakes shows that a proportion of their concentration variance depends on fish age and lake altitude. Interestingly, the magnitude of this share corresponds linearly with the log-transformed vapor pressure (Vp) of the organochlorine compounds (OC). Thus, the distributions of OC with Vp < 10(-2.5) Pa are mostly determined by these two variables. Altitude gradients mainly respond to temperature differences, involving concentration increases of 25-150 times between 8.7 and -2.3 degrees C. The age effect encompasses concentration increments of 2.4-7.8 for average lake differences between 2 and 13 yr. However, both effects are independent since no correlation between fish age and lake altitude is observed. Fish liver concentrations exhibit the same pattern, but the correlations are only significantfor age, suggesting thatthe temperature trend is more related to long-term accumulation than episodic intake. The temperature effect is independent from compound origin. In addition, the sites situated at highest altitude, those most distant from possible ground pollution sources, are the most polluted. The results can be explained by condensation effects such as those described for the latitudinal trends that support the global distillation theory. However, in the high altitude lakes a temperature-dependent amplification mechanism, probably related to low metabolism and respiration at lowtemperatures, enhances OC accumulation in fish beyond the increases predicted from theoretical condensation and solubilization enthalpies. The observed temperature dependence suggests that a general remobilization of OC accumulated in high mountain areas could take place as a consequence of the general warming of these areas anticipated in the climatic change studies.

Concentrations and Spatial Variations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Several Organochlorine Compounds in Fishes from the Northeastern United States

Fish from four lakes, two small lakes in the northeastern United States and two of the Great Lakes, were analyzed to determine the concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in this region. Three of the lakes were considered to have background levels of PBDEs; one lake was close to a suspected source. The PBDE concentrations were compared to organochlorine pesticide and PCB concentrations. Age and trophic position did not influence the organohalogen concentrations in the fish collected from the four locations. At the three background locations, the sum of PBDE concentrations ranged from 6.9 +/- 1.4 to 18 +/- 1 ng/g wet weight, or 150 +/- 9 to 300 +/- 80 ng/g lipid, and these values were similar to those of some of the organochlorine pesticides, such as total chlordane, but lower than sum of PCB concentrations. At the lake near the suspected source, the sum of PBDE concentration was 65 +/- 8 ng/g wet weight, or 2,400 +/- 600 ng/g lipid, and it exceeded the sum of PCB concentration. The hexabrominated congeners made up 43% of the total mass of PBDEs at this lake, and 7% at the background locations. Fish to sediment concentration ratios indicated that the tetra- through hexa-substituted congeners have a similar bioavailability, while the deca-substituted congener does not seem to be bioavailable at all.

EOX and organochlorine compounds in fish and ringed seal samples from Lake Ladoga, Russia

Information about the pollution of Lake Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe, has been controversial. Various effluents and drainage waters affect the quality of the lake water. Wastewaters have caused eutrophication of parts of Lake Ladoga, but concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the lake’s food webs are poorly understood. In this study, concentrations of some organochlorine compounds, chlorophenols (CPs), and extractable organic halogen (EOX) were determined in smelt ( Osmerus eperlanus), vendace ( Coregonus albula), pikeperch ( Lucioperca lucioperca), whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus), and the Ladoga seal ( Phoca hispida ladogensis) from the northern part of the lake. The concentrations of organochlorine compounds in fish were low. Concentrations were between 0.07 and 0.15, 0.65 and 1.0, and 0.29 and 0.48 mg/kg lipids for hexachlorobenzene, total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and p, p ′-DDE, respectively. The results indicated biomagnification from smelt and vendace to pikeperch and ringed seal. In ringed seals, concentrations of PCB and DDT were 12 and 29 times higher than in fish used by ringed seals as major food sources.

Metals and organochlorine compounds in fish from Latvian lakes.

Organochlorines and metals have high toxicity and worldwide distribution in the aquatic environment. They are known to accumulate in sediments. In mollusks and fishes, they are bioconcentrated, even when released in minute quantities into the environment. This is important, as these chemicals have an adverse impact on species diversity, and accumulate in humans when seafood is consumed (Jaffar et al. 1988; Ruiter 1995). The nature and extent of accumulation and impact of persistent xenobiotics in water bodies depend on their sources; i.e. whether they are from industry, agricultural activities, transboundary transport with air masses (Sharif et al. 1993), geochemically determined elevated concentrations, or dissolution of mineral phases due to acidification of the environment (Iivonen et al. 1992). It is, therefore, important to analyze persistent xenobiotics (metals and organochlorines) in biota, even if the impact of anthropogenic pollution is minimal. Metal and organochlorine concentrations in fish in Latvia have never been reported. In Latvia direct point sources are found only in a few regions, while dominant metal sources in many cases appear to be transboundary transport of pollutants (Nikodemus and Brumelis 1994). Comparatively high biota contamination levels (HELCOM 1996) have been found in neighbouring countries (Sweden, Poland, Russia and Denmark), but data for comparison in Latvia is lacking.

Organochlorine compounds in fish from a farming station in the municipality of P�ez, State of Zulia, Venezuela

Organochlorine compounds in fish from a farming station in the municipality of P�ez, State of Zulia, Venezuela

Relative Concentrations of Cytochrome P450-Active Organochlorine Compounds in Liver and Muscle of Rainbow Trout From Lake Ontario

The teleost liver is the primary target organ for the induction of cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases by chemicals in fish. However, monitoring information on the residues of monooxygenase-inducing organochlorine compounds in fish generally consists of data on the concentrations in muscle tissue or the whole body. We determined the relative concentrations of cytochrome P450-active PCB congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the muscle and liver of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) sampled from the Ganaraska River on Lake Ontario. There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations of 24 PCB congeners in muscle and liver tissues when concentrations were expressed on a wet weight or a lipid weight basis. Of the 7 other potential cytochrome P450-active organochlorine compounds quantified, only dieldrin was present at significantly higher concentrations in muscle than liver samples, and endrin was present at significantly higher concentrations in liver than muscle. The demonstration of equivalent concentrations of most of these organochlorine compounds in liver and muscle suggests that data on contaminant levels in muscle may be used to evaluate the potential for induction of hepatic monooxygenases in salmonids.

Reply to comments on "Occurrence and bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes for Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior"

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleReply to comments on "Occurrence and bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes for Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior"Deborah L. Swackhamer and Ronald A. HitesCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 5, 618Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/es00063a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (89 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Comment on "Occurrence and bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior"

Comment on "Occurrence and bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior"

Occurrence and bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale, Lake Superior

A wide range of chlorinated organic compounds was measured in different size classes of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush namaycush) and whitefish (Coregonus culpeaformis neohantoniensus) from Siskiwit Lake, a remote lake on Isle Royale in Lake Superior. Our results confirm the long-range transport of several chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and, in addition, indicate that technical chlordane constituents, octachlorostyrene, pentachloroanisole, and decachlorodiphenyl ether also are transported to remote locations. Chemical concentrations as a function of fish age (size) were not similar between species and were not consistent among compounds. Differences in bioaccumulation with age between species for a given compound indicated that physical-chemical properties alone do not determine bioaccumulation in a species; fish characteristics are also important. The relationship of the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the octanol-water partition coefficient (K{sub OW}) was examined. The correlation was weak for pesticides and poor for PCB congeners when compared to published relationships based on laboratory data.

Accumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes. Distribution of 2,4,5-T, α-HCH, β-HCH, τ-HCH and 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′- hexachlorobiphenyl in tissues

Accumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes. Distribution of 2,4,5-T, α-HCH, β-HCH, τ-HCH and 2,4,6,2′,4′,6′- hexachlorobiphenyl in tissues

Accumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes. Difference of accumulation factors by fishes

Accumulation of organochlorine compounds in fishes. Difference of accumulation factors by fishes