Organo-mineral Fertilizer System Research Articles

Loss of nutrients from meadow-brown soils during irrigation of apple trees in the conditions of the dry subtropics of Azerbaijan

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of water consumption, depending on the length (96, 144 and 192) meters of irrigation furrow with a slope of relief tg = 0.021 on the leaching of nitrogen, phosphorus and humus from irrigated soils of the dry subtropics of Azerbaijan under apple trees. Under conditions of leaching of nutrients, the effect of mineral and organic fertilizer systems on apple yields has also been studied. With a 96-meter furrow and a water consumption of 0.2 l/sec, the content of leached nutrients (N, P) and gross humus with soil was 0.01 % nitrogen and phosphorus, 0.02 % gross humus. Increase in water consumption from 0.2 l/sec. up to 0.4 l/sec. It has a negative effect on the leaching of humus, nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. With a water consumption of 0.4 l/sec, these indicators increased markedly by 0.01 % for humus, nitrogen and phosphorus. Along the length of the irrigation furrow in both water consumption rates, the leaching of nutrients and humus from the soil increases. It was found that with an increase in the length of the furrow to 192 meters at a water consumption of 0.4 l/sec, the leaching was greater than the 96-meter furrow in humus by 0.22 %, nitrogen by 0.07 % and phosphorus by 0.04 %. The use of an organomineral fertilizer system (Background+ N120P120K90) had a positive effect on the yield of apple trees. Thus, in the non-maneuverable version on a 94–meter furrow, the yield of the apple tree was 274.2 c/ha - when the furrow was lengthened to 192 m, the yield gradually decreased due to the high content of leached nutrients and humus (268.5 c/ha). When using N120P120K90 + 10 t/ha of manure, 278.4 c/ha yield was established at 96 m furrow and 0.2 l/sec of water consumption. Whereas, when the furrow was lengthened to 192 m at the same rate of fertilizers and water consumption, the yield decreased to 278.2 c/ha, that is, furrow lengthening was ineffective at slopes tg = 0.021. It was found that at high slopes, the shorter the furrow, the less nutrients are washed out.

Biotechnological methods of growing sunflower in different fertilizer systems

Abstract The presented results of the study on the effect of biopreparations and different fertilizer systems on the formation of sunflower yield and productivity, determination of economic efficiency of sunflower cultivation under sharp fluctuations in climatic conditions through the use of biotechnology elements and fertilization. Growing sunflower without seed treatment with biopreparations under mineral fertilizer system provided an average yield of 2.93 t/ha, with an additional 0.31 t/ha of sunflower seeds. The organo-mineral fertilizer system resulted in the highest increase in additional production – 0.50 t/ha, and the increase in sunflower yield through fertilization system was the most significant, with a minimum important difference (MID05) of 0.11 t/ha. Seed treatment with biopreparation contributed to an increase in sunflower yield in all fertilizer systems: without fertilizer application, only due to the action of biopreparation, the yield increased to 2.82 t/ha; application of mineral fertilizer ensured a harvest of 3.09 t/ha of sunflower seeds; the organo-mineral fertilizer system had the highest yield indicator – 3.23 t/ha. The highest output of dry matter from the production was obtained through seed treatment with biopreparation and the use of organo-mineral fertilizer system, which provided a yield per hectare of: grain units – 6.47 t, fodder units – 3.56 t, digestible protein – 1.23 t. However, the most significant increase in sunflower productivity was observed in the organo-mineral fertilizer system without seed treatment with biopreparation. The highest indicators of economic efficiency of sunflower cultivation were observed under the conditions of seed treatment with biopreparation without fertilizer application, which amounted to 18,322 UAH/ha – net profit at a profitability of 91.5 %.

Changes in crop rotation productivity and stability of agrocenoses with prolonged use of fertilizers

The article considers the results of many years of field experiment (1968-2018) conducted in the Central part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia (Vladimir region). The research was carried out during eleven rotations of the four-field grain crop rotation. The study shows the effect of use of organic and mineral fertilizers applied in various doses and combinations on crop rotation yield, fertility of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil. It was found that the organomineral fertilizer system (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) provided stable crop rotation productivity (on average for eleven rotations) at the level of 39.9 c. e./ha, or 79.7 % higher than the control without fertilizers. The mineral fertilizer system at medium doses of fertilizers (N50P25K60) was at the level of the organomineral system. The organic system was inferior in efficiency to the mineral system, both at medium doses (manure 10 t/ha) and at elevated doses (manure 20 t/ha). At the same time, the long-term use of organic fertilizers provided an increase in the humus content, depending on the dose of litter manure, by 16-36 % compared to the initial values. The use of organic fertilizers led to the stabilization of the content of available forms of potassium in the soil at an average and elevated level, respectively. Stabilization of the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil at the level of average supply was noted in mineral, organomineral and organic fertilizer systems, respectively, with low and medium doses. When using increased doses of fertilizers, there is a further increase in the content of nutrients in the soil. Growing crops in crop rotation without the use of organic and mineral fertilizers gradually led to a decrease in yield. The use of fertilizers provided greater stability of crop yields over the years of the study compared to the variant without fertilizers. The soil in the variants with organic (manure 20 t/ha) and organomineral (manure 10 t/ha + N50P25K60) fertilizer systems was characterized by high values of the main physiological groups of microorganisms. The ratio of the number of amylolytic and proteolytic microorganisms was 1.1-1.2, that indicated a balance in the processes of mineralization of organic matter in the soil and its humification.

Physico-chemical indicators of soil condition depending on sugar beet growing technology

Aim. The research was to identify the impact of the use of various combinations of elements of agricultural technologies on the change in the physico-chemical indicators of the state of chernozem typical for the cultivation of sugar beets. Methods. 16 variants of the rich-factorial field trial, included control without fertilizer, mineral system of life (170 NPK), organic (70 t / ha with pus) and organo-mineral in five-fold fruiting and grain-producing changes on aphids and crops ntu stratifier. The scheme for dealing with sucrose beetroot included options for mineral and organic fertilizers. At the last victorious, they sang the sap of rot. Control (without additives), N170 P170 K170, rot 70 t/ha, N170 P170 K170 + rot 70 t/ha. Results. In the variants without fertilization, the reaction of the soil solution was close to neutral, which indicates the absence of the influence of crop rotation types and methods of basic tillage on the indicator of its exchangeable acidity. The use of an organomineral fertilizer system, regardless of the type of crop rotation and methods of basic tillage, ensured the creation of an optimal for sugar beet plants, a slightly acidic reaction of the soil solution of 5.66 – 5.90 units. The difference between the value of the cation exchange capacity in the upper layers compared to the 20–30 cm layer was 4.7 – 5.4 meq/100 g of soil. Conclusions. The use of mineral fertilizers made it possible to increase the absorption capacity of the soil by 3–4 mg-eq. The values obtained on plots with the organic fertilizer system are almost identical to the control values, and the organo-mineral system was equivalent to the use of mineral fertilizers alone.

APPLICATION OF BIOHUMUS FOR REDUCING THE ACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE SOIL AND SPRING BARLEY PLANTS IN THE DONETSK INDUSTRIAL REGION

The paper aimed to analyze the effect of the application of organic fertilizer biohumus on the content of heavy metals in the soil and spring barley plants in the Donetsk industrial region of Ukraine. Application of biohumus in the organomineral nutrition system led to decrease the content of mobile forms of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium by 17.1%, 23.4%, 22.6% and 23.1% respectively. The content of copper and zinc in the grain was almost at the control level, the accumulation level of lead and cadmium in the spring barley grain decreased by 1.6 and 1.4 times, respectively. The variant of the organo-mineral nutrition system with foliar treatment of plants with biostimulant regoplant allows to reduce the amount of traditional mineral fertilizers by up to 50% while maintaining the yield level, to reduce the coefficients of biological absorption of lead and cadmium by 1.4 times compared to the control. To reduce the risk of soil and grain contamination by heavy metals in industrial regions, it is advisable to use an organo-mineral fertilizer system.

Yield and grain quality of winter wheat under traditional and modern fertilization systems

Aim. The study of the patterns of formation of relationships between the yield and quality of winter wheat grain when using traditional and latest fertilizer systems, including resource-saving and environmentally-saving technologies, various types of a new generation of organic-mineral bioactive fertilizers with fertilizer, reclamation propertie. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, statistical. The studies were carried out in a long-term experiment on gray forest soil of the Department of Agrochemistry of the NSC «Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences» in a 5-field crop rotation. Results. The impact of various traditional and new types of fertilizers on the quality and yield of winter wheat has been assessed. It was found that the highest yield was obtained with the traditional organo-mineral fertilizer system, which included the combined use of cattle manure and mineral fertilizers at a dose of 12 t/ha of cattle manure + N100P60K100 against the background of double feeding with complex chelate fertilizer – 2 l/ha – 5.67 t/ha. With organic systems, the grain yield was the highest for the introduction of OMBD at a dose of 2 t/ha against the background of pea straw 3 t/ha, where it was 5.10 t/ha with an increase of 47% compared to the control: straw. A downward trend in protein content was determined depending on the yield and moderate nitrogen nutrition, so with a control yield without fertilizers of 3.31 t/ha, the protein content was 12.4%. The use of pea straw led to the lowest protein levels - 8.99%. At the maximum dose of mineral fertilizers, the highest protein content was determined - 13.6%. The gluten content was the highest for foliar application of chelated fertilizers, 12 t/ha of cattle manure + N100P60K100 - 21.4%. Conclusions. Tendencies to maintain quality indicators at the same level for the content of starch, phosphorus and potassium for all fertilization systems were determined.

Efficiency of Application of Organic, Organo-Mineral and Mineral Fertilizer Systems on Sod-Podzolic Heavy Loamy Soil in Sis-Urals

In a long-term field experiment, laid down in 1968, an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil was carried out. It was found that in the climatic conditions of the Urals, the organic fertilizer system was inferior to the mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems in terms of its effect on crop yields. In some rotations of crop rotations, the organo-mineral fertilizer system was more effective, in others - the mineral fertilizer system. The effectiveness of the use of fertilizers depending on the conditions of humidification of the growing season is considered. The balance of organic carbon and basic nutrients in the soil is calculated. Long-term cultivation of agricultural crops without the use of fertilizers led to the loss of 10 tons of organic carbon, ~2300 kg of nitrogen, 780 kg of phosphorus and 2700 kg of potassium from the soil. High negative balances of basic nutrients in the control variant led to a deterioration in soil fertility indicators. It is shown that the use of all fertilizer systems provided an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds in the soil relative to the initial level by 1.2-3.0 times. When using organic and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, the maintenance of organic carbon content at the initial level (1.3%) was noted. When using a mineral fertilizer system, the maintenance of the organic carbon content at the initial level was noted only at a higher saturation of the arable land with NPK. The mineral fertilizer system has led to acidification of the soil.

Урожайність і продуктивність п’ятипільних сівозмін за органо-мінеральної системи інтенсифікації в умовах Лівобережного Лісостепу України

Goal. To study the influence of precursors and the organo-mineral fertilizer system on the productivity and economic efficiency of growing crops in a short 5-field crop rotation in conditions of insufficient moisture in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Long-term field–for determination of the interaction of research objects with natural and agrotechnical factors; laboratory–for determination of the content of the main nutrients in soil and plants, the chemical composition of grain; calculation and comparison–for determination of the economic efficiency of growing crops in a 5-field crop rotation using the organo-mineral fertilizer system; statistical and mathematical — for carrying out dispersion analysis and for statistical processing of research results. Results. It is proved that in conditions of unstable moisture in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe, a 5-field crop rotation saturated with grain crops with 80% and 20% of sunflower (peas — winter wheat — sunflower — spring barley — corn for grain) is highly productive and rational under the organo-mineral fertilizer system, which involves the application of N54P56K62 + by-products of the predecessor per 1 ha of crop rotation area. Such a crop rotation on average for 2016–2020 provided a yield of grain in the range of 4.09–9.08 t/ha, and sunflower — 3.91 t/ha. Productivity of the crop rotation area by collection from 1 ha in a 5-field crop rotation was: grain — 5.07 tons, fodder units — 9.37, digestible protein — 0.79 tons. The economic efficiency of growing field crops in a 5-field crop rotation depended on the crop rotation factor, fertilizer system, and predecessors, the conditional net profit was UAH 6.86–24.93 thousand/ha with a profitability of 50–176%. Conclusions. It is established that corn (9.08 t/ha) provided a high grain yield when placed after winter wheat. The yield of sunflower seeds was at the level of 3.91 t/ha with a high content of fat (45.6%) and protein (19.6%) for the highest net profit of UAH 24.93 thousand/ha and profitability level of 176%.

Продуктивність п’ятипільних сівозмін зони достатнього зволоження Правобережного Лісостепу

Goal. To assess the direction of the nature of changes in the productivity of 5-field crop rotations and to determine their energy efficiency on the podzolized chornozem of the Right-Bank Forest Steppe under the influence of the crop rotation factor and fertilizer systems. Methods. Field, laboratory, quantitative, comparative calculation, mathematical and statistical. Results. It was established that the total productivity of crop rotations depended on the share of grain, technical and fodder crops, and applied fertilizer systems. The output of grain units from 1 ha of the crop rotation area for 80–100% crop rotation saturation with grain crops was 5.95–9.10 t, for 40–60% saturation with technical crops — 5.89–9.01 t, for 40–60% saturation with fodder crops — 6.06–8.40 t, the coefficient of energy efficiency — 3.31–8.39 standard units. The largest harvest of grain units (9.43 tons) was provided by crop rotation with 20% of perennial leguminous grasses, 60% of cereals, and 20% of sugar beets under the organo-mineral fertilizer system. The coefficient of energy efficiency was 6.63 standard units. Conclusions. In conditions of sufficient moisture of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe on podzolized chernozems, during the development of the structure of the sown areas of the crop rotation, it is necessary to take into account the ratio between different groups of crops, which will ensure an increase in the efficiency of agriculture. During the current energy crisis, it is advisable to correct crop rotations in the direction of saturating crop production with «energy-cheap» crops.

Changes in Agrochemical Properties of Sod-Podzolic Soil and Productivity of Grain-Grass Crop Rotation Depending on Nutrients Balance

In a stationary field experiment on soddy-podzolic light loamy soil, the influence of fertilizer systems (organic, mineral, organo-mineral) and liming on the balance of nutrients, changes in the agrochemical parameters of the soil and the productivity of grain-grass crop rotation was studied. At the end of the 1st rotation of the five-field crop rotation, a medium-strength correlation (0.51) was revealed between the potassium balance and the change in its content in the soil, determined in an extract of 0.2 n. HCl (according to Kirsanov method). It was established that liming at 1.0 Ha of slightly acidic soil increased the productivity of crop rotation by 10%, which in turn led to an increase in the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with crop yields by 10-14%. A positive balance of phosphorus was achieved only in the variant with an organo-mineral fertilizer system when applying manure and mineral fertilizers in full dose. It should be emphasized the need to take into account the return of nutrients with straw, in case of plowing in the field. It was revealed that in the organo-mineral fertilizer system, the share of biological nitrogen entering during the plowing of the clover layer is 26-28%, and about 20-23% more N is supplied during the plowing of straw. It was noted that when calculating the nitrogen balance, it is necessary to take into account its supply not only with mineral fertilizers, but also due to biological nitrogen fixation, when incorporating straw, etc. Failure to take into account these sources can lead to serious miscalculations. The organo-mineral system provided the highest productivity of the grain-grass crop rotation - 5.16 t of grain units/ha on an unlimed background and 5.73 t of grain units/ha with liming. On a slightly acidic background, the organic and mineral fertilizer systems ensured an equal crop rotation productivity of 4.28 t of grain units/ha, while liming had a slight advantage for the mineral system.

Problems of irrigated agriculture in the Volga region and their solution

The article shows the problems of irrigated agriculture in the Volga region at different stages of its formation, starting from the emergence of widespread irrigation in the region in 1966 and up to the present; the reasons for their occurrence identified by the author, together with his like-minded people and students, and the scientific solutions developed by them. It was established why the initial socio-economic function of land reclamation "Creation of a zone of guaranteed grain production in the Volga region" was not implemented. It has been proven that the solution to this problem could be the cultivation of dwarf non-lodging wheat varieties and the use of growth inhibitors, in particular chlorocholine chloride. To achieve high productivity of an irrigated hectare, given that irrigation changes the conditions for the growth of agricultural crops, the regional characteristics of their consumption of moisture and nutrients were studied, on the basis of which new agricultural technologies were developed and introduced. The most important problems of irrigated agriculture in the region are actively developing degradation processes: groundwater rise, secondary salinization, dehumification, soil compaction and destruction of soil structure. The objective and subjective causes of these processes, the patterns of their development in the irrigated agrolandscapes of the Volga region have been established, effective methods have been developed to prevent development and reduce the severity of degradation. Thus, it has been proven that the reduction of infiltration nutrition from the fields and the normalization of the reclamation situation on them can be achieved by using the developed differentiated irrigation regimes for crops; prevention of soil dehumification and an increase in humus content is possible only on the basis of an organo-mineral fertilizer system using the calculated doses of fertilizers determined by the proposed complex calculation method according to the predicted rotational balance of nutrients. It has been established that green manure is an effective method for preventing dehumification, reducing density and restoring soil structure. The primary reason for the development of undesirable soil-reclamation processes in the irrigated agrolandscapes of the Volga region and their low productivity is the nature of irrigated agriculture systems that is not adaptive to natural conditions. To solve this problem, a toolkit has been created for adapting regional farming systems to the environmental conditions of a particular field, which is a set of modern information technologies, including local integrated GIS monitoring and three information-advising systems for managing the water regime, potential, effective fertility and the physical component of the fertility of irrigated crops. soils. Irrigated agriculture has been and remains a very costly industry. This hinders its development, especially during economic crises. To increase the yield of vegetable crops under these conditions, low-cost technologies have been developed: irrigation regimes and systems of mineral fertilizers with drip irrigation and technologies for the use of chelated fertilizers, including types, doses, timing and methods of application. An important problem is the involvement of areas abandoned due to salinization in agriculture. To solve it, for the first time, based on the study of soil-reclamation processes occurring in waste lands, it was established under what conditions their self-reclamation is possible and a method was developed for determining the degree of salinity based on the results of geobotanical monitoring.

Вплив альтернативних систем удобрення на фонд мінерального азоту ґрунту та продуктивність буряків цукрових

Goal. To create favorable conditions for the nitrogen regime of the soil and to achieve high productivity of sugar beets by optimizing the terms of applying nitrogen fertilizers, introducing a straw destructor, micro fertilizers and growth regulator in the fertilizer system. Methods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. Research data on the effectiveness of the use of alternative straw-based organomineral fertilizer systems are given, and their influence on the mineral nitrogen fund of the soil and the productivity of sugar beets is established. It was found that the use of 5 t/ha of straw and its combination with the destructor Filazonit in a dose of 10 l/ha had an insignificant effect on the mineral nitrogen fund in the soil at the beginning of the sugar beet growing season. A significant increase in mineral nitrogen reserves in the 0–30 cm layer was achieved by applying N90P90K90 on a background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha. During the autumn application of nitrogen fertilizers under plowing, the reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil were 96 kg/ha, during the spring pre-sowing cultivation — 111–113, exceeding the control without fertilizers by 23 and 38–40 kg/ha, respectively. The formation of high reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil in the spring with the combined application of straw and mineral fertilizers contributed to the intensive growth and development of sugar beets and ensured their high biological productivity. Spring application of nitrogen fertilizers was the most effective in forming the biological harvest of sugar beets. Application of N90 in pre-sowing cultivation on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing increased the yield of sugar beets compared to the autumn application of nitrogen fertilizers by 8.3 t/ha, sugar yield — by 1.39 t/ha. The sugar content of root crops slightly depended on fertilizer systems and amounted to 17.3–17.6% in the experiment. Foliar fertilizing with micro fertilizer “Folcrop combi” and growth regulator “Folcrop amin” on the background of an alternative organo-mineral fertilization system was ineffective. Thanks to foliar fertilization, the sugar yield increased by 0.19 t/ha. Conclusions. By introducing nitrogen into pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing, the highest reserves of mineral nitrogen were formed in the soil at the beginning of the sugar beet growing season. Nitrate nitrogen content was 19.4–19.6, ammonium content was 17.6–18.1 mg/kg of soil, with reserves of mineral nitrogen in the arable layer of 0–30 cm 111–113 kg/ha. Compared to the control without fertilizers, mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil increased by 38–40 kg/ha, which created favorable starting opportunities for intensive growth and development of sugar beets. The highest productivity of sugar beets was achieved with the introduction of nitrogen in pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing. The yield of root crops was 59.5 t/ha, sugar content — 17.4%, and sugar yield — 10.35 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizers in terms of yield by 18.3 t/ha, sugar yield — by 3.18 t/ha Ha.

Characteristics of humic acids in sod-podzolic soil under long-term exposure to different fertilization systems

The elemental composition and structure of humic acids in the soddy-podzolic heavy loamy soil of the Cis-Urals were studied during long-term application of organic, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizers under conditions of a long-term stationary experiment. Mineral fertilizers contributed to the formation of humic acids with increased content of aliphatic components, the ratio H : C = 1.45 and a high degree of oxidation (ω = 0.41). The low content of nitrogen in humic acids (from 2.0 to 2.6 at.%), with various fertilizer systems, is primarily due to its low content in the plant biomass of crops cultivated in crop rotation.The organic fertilizer system resulted in the enrichment of the structural aggregates of humic acids with aromatic groups and nitrogen. The high intensity of absorption of the >C=O group of carboxylic acids in the region of 1 717 cm-1 and double bonds of carbon atoms at 1 627 cm-1 confirms this position. Humic acids of the “manure 10 t/ha” and “manure 5 t/ha + equiv. NPK” have the largest number of carboxyl groups in their composition. The vibrations of the >C=O group of carboxylic acids are most weakly expressed in soil humic acids with a mineral fertilizer system. Organo-mineral fertilizer system demonstrates intermediate results in terms of the content of the main constitutional elements in humic acids. Mineral fertilizers application reduces the amount and thermal stability of the structural components of humic acids, thereby contributing to the degradation of the most stable part of macromolecule, which can lead to the loss of potential soil fertility. Тhe use of mineral fertilizers on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil led to the enrichment of humic acids with aliphatic fragments, and of organic ones – increased the content of stable components of aromatic nature, but lowered their thermal stability. According to thermographic analysis the ratio of weight loss in the low-temperature zone and the weight loss in the high-temperature zone (Z) during long-term use of mineral fertilizers is 0.9, i. e. the proportion of components of aliphatic nature in the structure of humic acids increases in comparison with unfertilized or manure fertilized soil.

Efficiency of Precision Fertilization System in Grain-Grass Crop Rotation

The purpose of a comprehensive field experiment was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of a precise organomineral fertilizer system based on a uniform and differentiated application of mineral and organic fertilizers. The methodological basis of the study was a two-factor landscape field experiment with grain-grass crop rotation, established within the sloping agricultural landscape of a gently undulating glaciolacustrine plain. It was determined, that soil and agrochemical conditions and a stable soil water regime were of decisive importance in the effectiveness of fertilizers within the agrolandscape. The level increase in yield from the differentiated application of peat-dung compost (once in a bare fallow) and mineral fertilizers relative to the uniform application was 7–12% for winter wheat, 5–11% for oats, 3–8% for perennial grasses, and in the entire crop rotation—5–8%. It regularly decreased during the mineralization of the applied organic fertilizers. Among the three variants of the precise fertilization system studied, the best result was achieved in the option, where organic and mineral fertilizers were applied differentially. In this case, the absolute increase in crop rotation productivity relative to the unfertilized variant reached 16.39 t ha−1 of cereal units or 116%, and relative to the uniform fertilizer system—2.27 t ha−1 of cereal units or 8%.

Effectiveness of short-term crop rotations under different fertilization systems in the insufficient moisture zone of the Right-Bank Steppe of Ukraine

Topicality. In the condition of insufficient moisture in the Right Bank Steppe of Ukraine, agriculture is associated with weather risks, non-compliance with the appropriate structure of sown areas and fertilization systems, which makes it difficult to obtain high and stable yields of agricultural crops. The development of agricultural systems is the basis for increasing both yield levels and the competitiveness of the agricultural industry as a whole. Aim. To study the influence of fertilization systems on the fertility of ordinary chernozems and crop productivity in biological short-term crop rotations. Methods. Field trial, laboratory, statistical methods. Results. It was found that the field crops of both grain-fallow-row and grain-row crop rotations were formed the highest productivity under high level of fertilization. Under different fertilization systems, it was noted that the productivity of grain-fallow-row crop rotation is higher than grain-row crop rotation by 8.3 t/ha or by 5.6 %. The productivity of both crop rotations was increased by an average of 6.4–7.8 % due to the application of microbial preparations against the background of mineral and organomineral fertilization systems. The content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in all variants of both crop rotations increased due to studied fertilizer rates, but these rates were insufficient to maintain the content of nitrogen and humus at the initial level. In both crop rotations, it was noted that the lowest degree of "burning" humus was on the background of the organomineral fertilizers. When organomineral fertilizers were applied in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.50 % that was 0.06 % less compared to variant with the mineral fertilization and control, and in grain-row crop rotation, this indicator was 0.46 % that was less by 0.11 and 0.06 %, respectively. Conclusions. Profit at the level (on average) of UAH 9114.4/ha was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation, it is more by UAH 1039/ha, or 11.4 % compared to grain-row crop rotation. The advantage was that the predecessor residues in the organomineral fertilizer system was used as organic fertilizer, which have a positive effect on the synthesis of organic matter in the soil, productivity and economic efficiency. Keywords: crop rotations, fertilizers, yield, productivity, soil fertility, economic efficiency.

Balance of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in short-rotary cultivations of the forest-steppe

The purpose of research. Give a comparative comprehensive assessment of the balance of phosphorus, Ca and Mg and establish a hierarchy of subordination of balances with the productivity of short-rotation crop rotations for long-term use of organo-mineral fertilizer system using by-products of crops as organic fertilizers for Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The generally accepted methods of researches were applied: field, laboratory, mathematical methods, comparative-settlement. Research results. Regardless of the structure of short-rotation crop rotation, the balance of Ca and Mg was deficient, and the balance of Ca exceeded the balance of Mg by 4.88 times. The balance of Ca was 1.74 times more stable by the coefficient of variation. Between the components of the phosphorus balance and the balance of Ca revealed 62.5% of correlations of medium and strong level, between the turnover of Mg–9.14%, and between the components of the balance of Ca and Mg revealed 34.7% of paired correlation coefficients, indicating subordination balances in the sequence: Mg next Ca then R. Between the balance of Mg and Ca and performance, the relationship was at a low functional level. The ratio of Ca to Mg in the components of the balances did not exceed the optimal values: in the main products the ratio was 1.3 to 1, and the normalized interval varied from 0.9 to 1 to 1.6 to 1. The widest ratio of Ca to Mg was in by-products 2.3–3.7 to 1 with a normalized interval of 2.7–5.0 to 1. Conclusions. When expanding the ratio of the balance of Ca to Mg > 3 to 1 and when reaching the balance of Ca > 800 kg / ha, the circulation of phosphorus is blocked, which leads to a decrease in crop rotation productivity at the yield of k.o. up to 4.0-4.5 t / ha, and with the narrowing of the ratio of Ca to Mg to 2.5 to 1 and 1.5–2.0 to 1 there is an increase in productivity to 5-6 t / ha and 6.0–7.0 t/ha from 1 hectare. According to the established criterion of the ratio of Ca to Mg in the circulation of macronutrients, crop rotations can be classified according to increased soil protection capacity (Ca to Mg > 3) and crop rotations with high productivity (Ca to Mg <2). Crop rotations with a ratio of Ca to Mg 2.0-3.0 to 1 are intermediate in nature and combine soil protection properties with high productivity.

Agrotechnical methods of increasing drought resistance of spring barley

Studies were conducted in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine with the aim to increase the drought resistance of spring barley through such agrotechnical methods as: selection of new adaptive varieties, as well as improving the fertilizer system through the use of new nutrient complexes. New promising drought-resistant varieties of spring barley such as Stepovyk, Avers, Pryazovskyi 9, Chudovyi, Donetsk 14 are intended for cultivation in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. It is established that the use of the new Nutrient Complex 3 increases the yield with the mineral fertilizer system by 1.37 t/ha, with the organo-mineral fertilizer system —by 2.08 t/ha, and Nutrient Complex 1 with the biological fertilizer system —by 1.6 t/ha,compared with control sample without the use of nutrient complexes.

Продуктивність короткоротаційних сівозмін в зоні Лісостепу за різних рівнів інтенсифікації

Goal. To substantiate short-term dynamic crop rotations with 100% saturation of grain crops at different levels of intensification suitable for agricultural formations of different forms of ownership of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Long-term field, laboratory, vegetation experiments, laboratory studies (chemical, physicochemical, microbiological). Results. The study was conducted in the subzone of unstable humidification of the Forest-Steppe on typical low-humus chornozem in Panfil research station of NSC “Institute of agriculture of NAAS”. It was found that different fertilizer systems (without fertilizers (absolute control), mineral (with the introduction of N45P55K55), organomineral (NPK + by-products of the predecessor), organic fertilizer systems (by-products of the predecessor)) of cereals of dynamic 4-field crop rotations (peas — winter wheat — corn for grain — spring barley) provided in conditions of unstable moisture of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine high and stable grain yields of winter wheat, which on average in 2016-2020 reached 4.67–6.75 t/ha, corn for grain — 5,86–8.30 t/ha, spring barley — 4.18–5.54 and peas 3.21–4.28 t/ha. Productivity of crop rotation area collected from 1 ha of arable land was 4.54–6.29 tons, feed units — 7.48-10.47, digestible protein — 0.60–0.84 tons. Economic efficiency of growing cereals in short-term crop rotations, depending on the fertilizer system, was: relatively net profit — 12.11–14.73 thousand UAH/ha at a level of profitability of 83–144%. The lowest energy costs (14.1 GJ/ha) and energy consumption (89.8 GJ/ha) were fixed in the control version (without fertilizers), and the highest — 28.3 and 115.5 GJ/ha, respectively — for the application of organomineral fertilizers. Conclusions. It was found that the organomineral fertilizer system provided the highest grain yield of 6.29 t/ha, harvested from 1 ha of arable land: fodder units — 10.47, grain units — 7.69, and digestible protein — 0.84 t. Economic efficiency for the same intensification system provided: conditionally net profit — 13.36 thousand UAH/ha, the level of profitability — 83% at Kee — 4.2.

Efficiency of mineral and organomineral fertiliser systems for column-like apple trees on sod-podzolic soil

Currently, biologized systems of land use and cultivation of agricultural crops based on the application of biological methods of plant protection, organic and organomineral fertilizer systems are becoming more widespread in various branches of crop production, including industrial horticulture. At present, in various fields of crop research, including industrial horticulture, biological land use and cropping systems based on biological plant protection methods, organic and organomineral fertiliser systems, have increasingly been used. The fertilisation of the column-like apple tree, dramatically different in its parameters and characteristics of physiological development from the apple tree with a conventional crown, has been insufficiently studied. The specific biological fertiliser systems for column-like apple trees should be developed. It is necessary to define doses, forms, periods, methods of mineral and organic fertiliser application into particular soil and weather conditions of cultivation, which will ensure stable fruiting of column-like varieties, high performance of plants, commercial and consumer qualities and environmental safety of fruits, beneficial for human health. The present work established the influence of mineral and organomineral fertiliser systems on plant performance and fruit quality of column-like apple-tree cultivated on sod-podzolic soils. The research objects included the Triumph, President, Valyuta and Ostankino column-like apple varieties, organic and mineral fertilisers. The research was carried out in 2016-2020 in the field agrochemical experiment at the Demonstration Garden of FSBSO ARHCBAN (Moscow region) on the sod-podzolic soil having medium loamy particle-size distribution. The experiment included 4 groups: 1) control without fertilisers, 2) N90K90, 3) 100 t/ha of organic fertilisers, 4) N90K90 + 100 t/ha organic fertilisers. Mineral fertilisers (Na, Kc) were applied annually; organic fertiliser (bedding horse manure and sawdust) was applied in 2014. The performance measurements, plant biometrics and analyses of plant samples were carried out following the standard methods. The influence of mineral and organomineral fertiliser systems on plant performance and fruit quality of column-like apple trees growing on sod-podzolic soil showed varietal specificity and diversity, depending on the variety. The Valyuta variety was more sensitive to mineral fertilisers (plant performance improved by 22.1 % over the unfertilised control) than organic fertilisers (plant performance decreased by 14.3 % compared to the reference). Although the President variety reacted positively to the application of organic fertiliser (plant performance increased by 22.5 %), the apple mass per plant in this variety decreased by 9.0 % when mineral fertiliser was applied. Furthermore, the co-application of an additional fertiliser (organic or mineral, respectively) for Valyuta and President varieties reduced the plant performance. The Triumph variety showed a weak sensitivity to various forms of fertilisers; upon their coapplication, the plant performance of this variety decreased by 12.4 % relative to the unfertilised control. The Ostankino variety characterised by the highest plant performance (up to 5.5 kg/plant) showed low sensitivity towards each fertiliser; under their co-application, the plant performance increased by 14.6 % relative to the control.

Effect of liming and fertilisation systems on the physico-chemical properties of leached chernozem (black soil)

Long-term agricultural use of chernozems (black soils) leads to a decline in their effective fertility. The depletion of the arable and subsoil horizons in calcium can occur under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. The strongest anthropogenic impact on physico-chemical properties is caused by varying levels of fertilizer application. Average annual rate of pHkcl decrease on unfertilized variant was 0.008-0.01 units per year. At the same time in the grain-fallow crop rotation the decrease of pHkcl is more intensive than in the grain-grass crop rotation. Under the influence of mineral fertilizers the growth rate of acidity increased by 1.8-2.1 times. After 12 years after application of organic fertilizers the value of acidity increased by 0.13-0.15 units after carrying out the experiment with pHkcl in comparison with initial values. The application of dolomite flour contributed to the increase of pHkcl by 0.41-0.53 units as early as one year after application of the ameliorant, the maximum shift was observed on the 4th-5th years. The application of organic and mineral fertilizers contributed to the trend of increasing the content of available phosphorus in the soil, compared with the unfertilized variant in both crop rotations. The content of mobile forms of phosphorus increased in the variants where green manure crops were sown. The application of manure and mineral fertilizers had no significant effect on the content of potassium in the soil. When using organo-mineral fertilizer system, as well as its combination with crop-sideration, there was a tendency of some increase in potassium content in the arable layer. The minimum additional yield was obtained for all crops with the application of 8 tonnes of manure per hectare of crop rotation land, and the maximum was obtained with the organo-mineral fertilisation system and its combination with crop-sideration. Liming increased the productivity of all crops.