Organized Program Research Articles

Towards a Hybrid Security Framework for Phishing Awareness Education and Defense

The rise in generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to the development of more sophisticated phishing email attacks, as well as an increase in research on using AI to aid the detection of these advanced attacks. Successful phishing email attacks severely impact businesses, as employees are usually the vulnerable targets. Defense against such attacks, therefore, requires realizing defense along both technological and human vectors. Security hardening research work along the technological vector is few and focuses mainly on the use of machine learning and natural language processing to distinguish between machine- and human-generated text. Common existing approaches to harden security along the human vector consist of third-party organized training programmes, the content of which needs to be updated over time. There is, to date, no reported approach that provides both phishing attack detection and progressive end-user training. In this paper, we present our contribution, which includes the design and development of an integrated approach that employs AI-assisted and generative AI platforms for phishing attack detection and continuous end-user education in a hybrid security framework. This framework supports scenario-customizable and evolving user education in dealing with increasingly advanced phishing email attacks. The technological design and functional details for both platforms are presented and discussed. Performance tests showed that the phishing attack detection sub-system using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) deep learning model architecture achieved the best overall results: above 94% accuracy, above 95% precision, and above 94% recall.

How follow-up rates in cervical cancer screening depend on organizational factors: A comparison of two population-based organized screening programmes.

This study compares the follow-up rates of non-normal cervical screening samples between Denmark and Flanders (Belgium) to illuminate whether organizational differences between the health systems might affect the follow-up rates, e.g. sending of reminders in Denmark since 2012 compared to Flanders with no such system in place. The study population included 48,082 Danish women and 22,271 Flemish women who received abnormal or inadequate primary screening results from 2014 to 2016. The participants were followed for 24 months, and the timeliness and appropriateness of the recommended follow-up, according to national guidelines, were evaluated. After 18 months over 90% of the Danish women had received some form of follow-up, while in Flanders, this level is achieved only for those who test positive for human papillomavirus. The analysis also revealed that 10-28% of follow-ups were performed too early, with Danish women showing the highest proportions. In both regions, general practitioners (GPs) exhibited better follow-up rates compared to gynaecologists, with gynaecologists displaying a tendency towards earlier re-testing than recommended. An important factor influencing the follow-up rate may be the sending of reminders in Denmark since 2012, as the follow-up rates in general were higher in this period. It is noteworthy that a reminder system is currently being implemented in Flanders and further studies on the potential effects should be studied. Additionally, the organization of the health system might influence the follow-up rate, as engaging the GP for screening in Denmark may have had a positive effect.

Multilevel Interventions to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening in an Urban Native American Community: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

Native Americans have the highest burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) and the lowest rates of CRC screening across the United States.1 The disparities in CRC screening were made worse during the pandemic, creating an unmet need to implement evidence-based, multilevel interventions to improve CRC screening uptake. This can be achieved through an organized outreach program with identification of screen-eligible individuals using health records from the clinic; and a screening program with the following: (1) a mailed invitation, (2) a package of materials so patients can complete a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) kit from their homes, (3) reminder calls and a letter, and (4) navigation to a diagnostic colonoscopy.2-5 We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of a program of outreach vs usual care for completion of CRC screening at an urban clinic serving the Native American community. Applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR),6 we also conducted patient and provider interviews to understand barriers and facilitators to the organized program and CRC screening in general.

New Athletes Involvement on Team Sports： towards Mitigating Anxiety and Depression

This study explores the potential of new athletes' involvement in team sports as a proactive intervention to mitigate anxiety and depression among 1st and 2nd-year students at Shandong College of Economics and Business. College life, marked by academic challenges and social adjustments, has witnessed a rising prevalence of mental health issues globally. Recognizing the impact of anxiety and depression on academic performance and overall well-being, this research aims to contribute evidence-based insights into the role of physical activity in fostering mental health among college students. Building on the multifaceted benefits of Physical Education (PE) and sports, this study employs a quantitative research design with 280 participants. Descriptive statistics reveal moderate anxiety (M = 15.2, SD = 4.5) and depression (M = 12.8, SD = 3.8) levels. Significantly, actively engaged participants in team sports exhibit lower anxiety and depression than their less-involved peers. Correlation and regression analyses underscore the negative association between hours of team sports participation per week and anxiety/depression levels, emphasizing the potential protective role of sustained engagement .The study contributes to a paradigm shift, advocating for the integration of structured physical activity, particularly through team sports, as a cornerstone in the promotion of mental health among college students. The gender-specific impact highlights the need for tailored interventions, encouraging colleges and universities to prioritize and promote organized team sports programs for holistic student well-being.

Training Needs of Rural Women in Agriculture for Increased Crop Production in Ebonyi State

The study focused on the Training needs of Rural Women in Agriculture for increased Crop Production in Ebonyi State. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. Survey research design was adopted. The population for the study was 240 which comprised 150 registered female farmers and 90 extension agents in the three Agricultural Zones in the State. There was no sampling due to the manageable size of the population. Structured questionnaire containing a total of 21 items was the instrument for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by three experts, two in Agricultural Education and one in Measurement and Evaluation all in Faculty of Education Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu. The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient method. A correlation of 0.76 was obtained. A total of 240 copies of the questionnaire were distributed by the researcher and three research assistants. All the 240 copies of the questionnaire distributed were properly filled and used for data analysis. Mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data collected while t- test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance at the appropriate degree of freedom. Findings among others was that women have difficulties in accessing farmland, improved seeds, chemicals for weed, pests and diseases control, Low level of basic education, lack of female extension agents to train them and it was recommended among others that land allocation should be reviewed to enable women have land for farming. They should be an organized training programme for women farmers by Ebonyi State Agricultural Development project.

Characterization of breast cancer detection programs in the Americas region with a focus on Ecuador

Introduction: breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality in women in the Americas Region, with 491 000 annual cases and approximately 106 391 deaths. In Ecuador, in 2020, there were 38,2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, with a mortality rate of 10,9 per 100 000 individuals, emphasizing the importance of early detection and access to effective treatments to reduce the morbimortality associated with this pathology.Methodology: astematic review of 58 922 scientific articles was conducted, from which, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 36 publications were selected from databases such as PubMed, BVS, SCOPE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and health websites of the six representative countries under study: the United States, Canada, Mexico, Uruguay, Brazil, and Ecuador. The collected data measured the impact and characteristics of breast cancer detection programs in relation to the reduction of mortality.Results: fifty percent of selected countries have active breast cancer detection programs, 33 % (equivalent to 2 nations) had protocols and clinical guidelines for prevention, and only one South American country was in the initial stage of implementing a sustainable pilot plan.Conclusion: in the Americas Region, it is crucial for governments to implement organized and accessible programs, ensuring universal access to the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Ecuador must join this initiative, promoting prevention and public health through pragmatic policies to reduce mortality from breast cancer

Disparities in access to breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer screening programmes have intensified during the pandemic period. Findings of a health equity audit conducted by the Pavia Healthcare Protection Agency (Lombardy Region, Northern Italy)

to evaluate the disparities in access to cancer screening programmes in the Province of Pavia (Lombardy Region, Northern Italy), along with identifying the factors influencing these disparities; to assess the impact of the pandemic emergency on invitation and screening coverage in the three organized screening programmes, which are provided free of charge to the target population. observational retrospective study covering both the pre-pandemic and the pandemic periods. for breast cancer screening, the eligible population comprises women aged 45 to 74; colorectal cancer screening is offered to men and women aged 50 to 74; cervical cancer screening is tailored based on women age. The management of all three screening programmes is overseen by the Health Protection Agency of Pavia, which proactively invites the eligible population through invitation letters. for each screening programme, the examination coverage (the number of screened individuals out of the total eligible population) was analysed considering its influencing factors, with a specific emphasis on equity-related factors such as demographics (sex, age), geographic factors (country and continent of birth, residential district), comorbidities. the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to a reorganization of healthcare services and to a reduction of the offer, resulting in an overall reduction in test coverage for all three programmes (-16.3% for breast and colorectal cancer screening, -8.5% for cervical cancer screening). The disparities in coverage among various population groups, reflecting inequalities in access, further escalated from the pre-pandemic to the pandemic period. Noteworthy, equity-related predictors of reduced screening access were non-Italian nationality and residency in rural or mountainous districts. during periods of healthcare system strain, such as the pandemic, disparities in access can become more pronounced. It is crucial to implement measures for enhancing access to screening in a more equitable manner.

Incidence-Based Breast Cancer Mortality Trends in Estonia Before and After the Introduction of Organized Mammography Screening: A Register-Based Study.

Despite the relatively low breast cancer incidence in Estonia, mortality remains high, and participation in mammography screening is below the recommended 70%. The objective of this register-based study was to evaluate incidence-based (IB) breast cancer mortality before and after the introduction of organized mammography screening in 2004. Breast cancer deaths individually linked to breast cancer diagnosis were obtained from the Estonian Cancer Registry and used for calculating IB mortality. We compared age-specific IB mortality rates across 5-year birth cohorts and 5-year periods. Poisson regression was used to compare IB mortality for one age group invited to screening (50-63) and three age groups not invited to screening (30-49, 65-69, and 70+) during two periods before and after screening initiation (1993-2003 and 2004-2014). Joinpoint regression was used for age-standardized incidence and IB mortality trends. Age-standardized IB mortality has been decreasing since 1997. Age-specific IB mortality for birth cohorts never exposed to screening showed a continuous increase with age, while in cohorts exposed to organized screening the mortality curve flattened or declined after the age of first invitation. Significant decreases in mortality from 1993-2003 to 2004-2014 were seen in the 30-49 (age-adjusted rate ratio 0.51, 95% CI 90.42-0.63) and 50-63 (0.65, 95% CI 0.56-0.74) age groups, while no decline was seen in the 65-69 and 70+ age groups. The age specific IB mortality curves in birth cohorts exposed to screening and the significant mortality decline in the target age group after the initiation of the organized program suggest a beneficial effect of screening. Improved treatment without screening has not reduced mortality in older age groups. Our results support raising the upper screening age limit to 74 years.

EFFECTS OF EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT AND WELFARE ON PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF ACCRA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, GHANA

Human resources are the most important resource of every organization. To get the best out of them, they need to be properly managed by providing them with the needed resources. Employee development and welfare are basically a higher form of motivation to prove their commitment. This study was designed to assess the effects of employee development and welfare on the performance of the staff of Accra Technical University, Ghana. A total of 100 respondents comprising 21 senior staff and 79 junior staff were used in the study and a questionnaire was used to gather data. Findings indicated that short courses, seminars, workshops, delegation, coaching, and participation are some of the employee development activities of Accra Technical University. Welfare packages include first aid equipment, sitting facility, medical facilities and leave travel concessions. Factors that generally affect employee development and welfare are limited opportunities, organizational culture, and the attitude of top management. Among the recommendations made was that management should have more organized and efficient development program opportunities for its employees to help retain them. Additionally, management should improve the welfare packages of employees.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0601/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Cancer screening programs in South-east Asia and Western Pacific

BackgroundThe burden of cancer can be altered by screening. The field of cancer screening is constantly evolving; from the initiation of program for new cancer types as well as exploring innovative screening strategies (e.g. new screening tests). The aim of this study was to perform a landscape analysis of existing cancer screening programs in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific.MethodsWe conducted an overview of cancer screening in the region with the goal of summarizing current designs of cancer screening programs. First, a selective narrative literature review was used as an exploration to identify countries with organized screening programs. Second, representatives of each country with an organized program were approached and asked to provide relevant information on the organizations of their national or regional cancer screening program.ResultsThere was wide variation in the screening strategies offered in the considered region with only eight programs identified as having an organized design. The majority of these programs did not meet all the essential criteria for being organized screening. The greatest variation was observed in the starting and stopping ages.ConclusionsEssential criteria of organized screening are missed. Improving organization is crucial to ensure that the beneficial effects of screening are achieved in the long-term. It is strongly recommended to consider a regional cancer screening network.

Implementing an Organized Colorectal Cancer Screening Program: Lessons Learned From an Academic–Community Practice

IntroductionThe effectiveness of mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) outreach might be enhanced through an organized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program, yet published real-world experiences are limited. We synthesized the process of implementing a CRC screening program which used mailed FIT outreach in a large integrated academic-community practice. Materials and MethodsData from a pilot mailed FIT program were shared with healthcare system leadership which inspired the creation of a cross-institutional organized CRC Screening Program. In partnership with a centralized Population Health Team and Primary Care, we defined: 1) the institutional approach to CRC screening, 2) the target population and method for screening, 3) the team responsible for implementation, 4) the healthcare team responsible for decisions and care, 5) a quality assurance structure, and 6) a method for identifying cancer occurrence. ResultsThe Fred Hutch/UW Medicine Population Health CRC Screening Program began in September 2021. The workflow for mailed FIT outreach included a mailed postcard, a MyChart message from the patient's primary care provider (PCP), a FIT kit with a letter signed by the PCP and program director, and up to three bi-weekly reminders. Patients without a colonoscopy 3 months after an abnormal FIT result received navigation through the program. In the first program year, we identified 9,719 patients eligible for outreach and in an intention to treat analysis, 32% of patients completed CRC screening by FIT or colonoscopy. ConclusionsReal-world experiences detailing how to implement organized CRC screening programs might increase adoption. In our experience, broadly disseminating pilot data, early institutional support, robust data management and strong cross-departmental relationships were critical to successfully implementing a CRC screening program that benefits all patients.

LUNG CANCER SCREENING- THE ONTARIO? CANADA EXPERIENCE

Lung cancer remains the most significant cause of cancer death, accounting for about 20% of all cancer-related mortality. A significant reason for this is delayed diagnosis mostly related to lack of symptoms in early-stage disease. Low-dose computed tomography screening of high-risk, asymptomatic populations has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality. Various approaches have been taken on the implementation of lung cancer screening programs. Ontario Health Cancer Care Ontario OHCCO believes that screening that is delivered through organized programs is more likely to reduce cancer incidence and mortality, minimize the potential harms of screening and be cost effective when compared to screening that happens outside of organized programs. Based on lessons learned from a pilot project the province has now transitioned to a full provincial Ontario Lung Cancer Screening program. The key objectives of this presentation are to: discuss the need for early lung cancer detection; to clarify the use of the word Screening; to outline the essential components or the foundations of a screening program; and to summarize the Ontario experience on implementation of a population-based lung cancer screening program.

Population screening for colorectal cancer in Spain - A public health success with remaining challenges.

The development of organized colorectal cancer screening programs in developed countries has led to a reduction in the incidence and mortality of this cancer. The implementation of the national screening program in Spain represents a major achievement in public health, aligning us with other European countries, but it still faces ongoing challenges. One of the main issues is the low participation rate of the eligible population, averaging 45%, with significant variation between autonomous communities. This requires allocating specific resources to overcome barriers that hinder participation. Another key aspect to improving the screening program is extending the screening age up to 74 years, in line with the recommendations of the European Union, as many member states are already doing.

Radiology for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: Updates on Invasive Cancer Progression and Active Monitoring.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) accounts for approximately 30% of new breast cancer diagnoses. However, our understanding of how normal breast tissue evolves into DCIS and invasive cancers remains insufficient. Further, conclusions regarding the mechanisms of disease progression in terms of histopathology, genetics, and radiology are often conflicting and have implications for treatment planning. Moreover, the increase in DCIS diagnoses since the adoption of organized breast cancer screening programs has raised concerns about overdiagnosis and subsequent overtreatment. Active monitoring, a nonsurgical management strategy for DCIS, avoids surgery in favor of close imaging follow-up to de-escalate therapy and provides more treatment options. However, the two major challenges in active monitoring are identifying occult invasive cancer and patients at risk of invasive cancer progression. Subsequently, four prospective active monitoring trials are ongoing to determine the feasibility of active monitoring and refine the patient eligibility criteria and follow-up intervals. Radiologists play a major role in determining eligibility for active monitoring and reviewing surveillance images for disease progression. Trial results published over the next few years would support a new era of multidisciplinary DCIS care.

Allplex HPV HR Detection assay fulfils all clinical performance and reproducibility validation requirements for primary cervical cancer screening

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening offers better protection against cervical cancer compared to cytology, but HPV screening assays must adhere to validation requirements of the international guidelines to ensure optimal performance. Allplex HPV HR Detection (Allplex) assay, launched in the late 2022, is a fully automated real-time PCR-based assay utilizing innovative technology that enables quantification and concurrent distinction of 14 high-risk HPV genotypes (HPV16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59,66 and 68). We assessed the validity of the Allplex for cervical cancer screening purposes, via comparison to a clinically validated comparator assay (Hybrid Capture 2; HC2), and through assessment of intra-laboratory reproducibility and inter-laboratory agreement. A clinical validation panel comprised of 973 residual ThinPrep samples was obtained from women aged 30-64 years participating in the organized Slovenian screening program, of these 863 were from women undergoing their regular screening visit after a previous negative screen test while 110 were from women with underlying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) lesions. The Allplex's relative clinical sensitivity for detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+ were 1.01 (95%CI;0.98-1.04) and 0.98 (95%CI;0.95-1.02), compared to that of HC2. At recommended thresholds of ≥98% and ≥90%, the Allplex's clinical sensitivity and specificity (p=0.0004 and p=0.02, respectively) were non-inferior to HC2. High intra-laboratory reproducibility and inter-laboratory agreement, both overall (98.1% and 97.9%, respectively) and at genotype level (>98.7%) was observed. In addition, analytical genotype-specific performance of Allplex was compared to that of its predecessor Anyplex HPV HR; high overall agreement was observed (96.3%; kappa value 0.88), with some variations in performance. In conclusion, Allplex met all validation criteria described in the international guidelines on sensitivity, specificity and laboratory reproducibility and can be considered clinically validated for primary cervical cancer screening.

Cervical screening among Chinese females in the era of HPV vaccination: a population-based survey on screening uptake and regular screening following an 18-year organized screening program.

China has a substantial disease burden of cervical cancer. To further understand preventive measures for reducing cervical cancer in China, this study aimed to correlate screening attendance and regular screening with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among Chinese females. This prospective questionnaire-based survey recruited Chinese females aged 25 or above in Hong Kong by random digit dialing telephone interviews in 2022. The survey studied women's practice of cervical screening and adherence to regular screening. Variables including HPV vaccination status and attendance of physical check-ups were involved in the questionnaire. Screening uptake and screening adherence were the main outcomes, which were measured as the proportion of women who reported having attended a cervical screening and screened regularly, respectively. Out of 906 valid respondents, the reported cervical screening uptake was over 70% among females aged 30 or above and particularly over 80% among women aged 35-59; however, the uptake was only 46% among those aged 25-29. Adherence to regular screening was 50%-60% across ages 25-59 years and dropped to approximately 40% for women older than 60 years. Both screening uptake and adherence were associated with HPV vaccination, with adjusted odds ratios of 2.37 and 2.23, respectively. A large proportion of regularly screened women may be overscreened for screening more frequently than recommended. Responded Chinese females showed good cervical screening uptake but were moderately adherent to regular screening. Policymakers should emphasize the importance of regular screening and the recommended screening frequency by HPV vaccination status for better healthcare resource use.

Enhancing career adaptability in college students: a Tai Chi-based sports intervention study.

This research explores the impact of Tai Chi, a traditional Chinese martial art, on the career adaptability of college students, utilizing a quasi-experimental design. With the increasing complexities in the transition from school to work, effective interventions that address both psychological and vocational needs are essential. The study involved 70 senior college students, randomly assigned to either an intervention group that participated in an organized 8-week Tai Chi program based on positive youth development (PYD) or a control group with no intervention. Results indicated significant improvements in the intervention group in terms of both career adaptability and satisfaction of basic psychological needs, compared to the control group. Mediation analysis revealed that the increase in career adaptability induced by intervention was mediated by the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, underscoring the effectiveness of Tai Chi as a holistic intervention tool. This study contributes to the field by demonstrating that physical activity, particularly one embedded with deep cultural and philosophical significance like Tai Chi, can effectively enhance the career adaptability of college students. It advocates for the inclusion of PYD-based physical practices in developmental interventions aimed at preparing youth for the challenges of the modern workforce.

Integration of community pharmacies in an Italian colorectal cancer screening program: insights from the Local Health Authority of Bologna

In Italy, a nationwide population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening initiative has been in place since 2006. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in involving community pharmacies in this activity. This commentary provides an insightful analysis of the integration between the screening program of the Local Health Authority (LHA) of Bologna (Northern Italy) and community pharmacies. A horizontal integration at the micro level with service and clinical integrations supported by meso-level policy (regional authority) was applied. Four types of integration such as normative, informational, financial and functional serving as enablers were implemented. A high level of depth of consensus, connectivity, communication, and trust was pursued. The program achieved large participation from community pharmacies, with 91.1% (n = 234) of pharmacies in the LHA territory actively participating. On average, each pharmacy served 1,228 (range, 1,021-1,519) target citizens. Between 2021 (the first full year under the community pharmacy model) and 2022, pharmacies delivered an annual mean of 68,295 kits (range, 12-840). In 2021, there was a remarkably high level of screening completion, with 93.7% of fecal immunochemical tests being returned to pharmacies. This percentage increased by 3.3% in 2022. In our setting, pharmacy involvement improved service quality by introducing complete traceability of kits and specimen flow, as well as temperature control. It also led to a 4.6% increase in attendance rates compared to the previous organizational model (61.6% vs. 57%; P < 0.001). Finally, additional European experiences involving community pharmacies in organized CRC screening programs, resembling the Bologna setting, are reported.

Development and preliminary validation of the scale of factors which influence decision-making of the elderly to take part in physical exercise programs

Regular physical activity and exercise are beneficial for both physical and mental health. However, in the elderly, the level of physical activity they partake in is consistently inadequate. Recognizing the need to enhance the participation of the elderly in organized physical exercise and understanding the factors which influence their decision-making becomes pivotal. The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement instrument, specifically a scale, to identify these factors and evaluate its psychometric properties. First, the statements were formulated, which was followed by content assessment by a panel of experts. In the process of scale validation, its internal consistency, stability, correlations between the variables, and factor structure were also evaluated. The scale was tested on a sample of 1777 participants engaged in guided physical exercise at the School of Health Association (društvo Šola zdravja), all aged 60 years or more. The exploratory factor analysis yielded a four-factor model with 27 statements which explained 42.9% of variability. The results indicated weak, but statistically significant correlations between the factors and an acceptable level of internal consistency and stability of the entire scale. This scale, developed to establish the factors that influence the decision-making of the elderly to take part in organized physical exercise, represents a valid and reliable measurement instrument, which can be beneficial in the planning and promotion of organized physical exercise programs for the elderly.

"I was screaming hallelujah": Patient and provider perceptions of blood-based testing for colorectal cancer screening.

Blood-based tests for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can offer many advantages over stool-based tests such as FIT. Yet, we know little about patients' and providers' perceptions of this type of test. We report findings from a qualitative study comparing patient and provider perceptions of blood-based testing for CRC screening. Patient participants were aged 45-75 years and members of a large, integrated health system. Participants were mailed, but did not complete, a FIT through an organized FIT-screening program and were scheduled for a health-care encounter at any of nine clinical sites. Participants were consented to complete a blood draw. We used purposive sampling to select and recruit patients (who did and did not complete the blood test) and providers/specialists who would be involved in offering the blood test to patients or explaining results. We administered telephone interviews using a semi-structured interview guide and recorded and transcribed all interviews, then coded and analyzed content. We interviewed 15 patients (11 completed and 4 did not complete the blood test) and 5 providers (3 primary care providers, one gastroenterologist (GI), and one GI medical assistant). Patients were enthusiastic about completing a blood test, citing the simplicity, ease, convenience, and high perceived accuracy of the test. Providers were also receptive to a blood-based option, if adequate test performance could be achieved and if they have information that informs patients about the pros and cons of blood-based screening versus other screening tests. Patients and providers were willing and enthusiastic about blood-based CRC screening tests. Future research focusing on performance and communication is needed.