Organizing Training Programs Research Articles

Attitude and Electricity-Saving Behaviors among Household Users of Electricity in Nsukka, Nigeria

Household electricity consumption rates are increasing globally. However, saving electricity can decrease energy use, avoid wastage, and save financial resources for households. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how attitude influences electricity-saving behaviors among household users in Nsukka District, Enugu State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. A research question with corresponding null hypotheses was formulated and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. Stratified random sampling was used to select 400 household users, consisting of 206 females and 194 males. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information from the respondents. The questionnaire was validated by three experts and tested for reliability using the Cronbach alpha method. It contained respondents' personal data (biodata and demographics) and 28 items on attitudinal factors. The data obtained were analyzed to determine mean responses, and t-tests were used to test the null hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The study found that gender does not influence the attitude of household users towards electricity-saving behaviors. It is recommended that government and non-government bodies organize training programs for household users of electricity to improve their attitude and promote more electricity-saving behaviors.

Teacher And Student Perception Of Learning English Via Online During The Covid-19 Outbreak At Smpn 1 Gondang

To prevent the life-threatening transmission of COVID-19, the Indonesian government requires educational institutions across the country to switch to online learning. These contactless meetings ensure that teaching and learning activities continue as they should be. The current research sought to find out what challenges teachers and students faced while online learning was applied and how they perceived the method. A total of three students and three teachers from SMPN 1 Gondang, Mojokerto, were interviewed to share their views on online learning. The researcher used guided questions to explore the participants’ responses. From the data collected, technological barriers and demotivation are common challenges faced by teachers and students of SMPN 1 Gondang, Mojokerto, in organizing and participating in online classes. Although they favored the flexibility, they cultivated rather negative views of it. Several recommendations have been made to address these issues, ranging from improving the school’s digital infrastructure, organizing training programs to fill literacy gaps, and encouraging parents to establish an effective learning environment for students, ensuring they can keep up with the classes.

Awareness, Adoption and Perception of Lecturers toward the Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigeria

The adoption of information and communication technology is not encouraging in many developing countries and a better understanding of the factors that influence their integration is expected to promote their effective utilization. The study employed the use of the Universal Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to identify the factors that influence the use of ICT. The study is anchored on a survey research design. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire (google form). Findings from the study reveal that effort expectancy was related to behavioral intention to use ICT. Performance expectancy was related to behavioral intention to use ICT. The study, therefore, recommends that the universities management should create a conducive environment that will promote the effective use of ICT tools and organize training programmes for the effective use of the tools.

농업전문직의 교육훈련 현업적용도 영향요인 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of agricultural professionals’ training transfer varia-bles on their training transfer in the workplace. In order to achieve this, the following problems were addressed: First, what is the relationship between the training transfer characteristics and training transfer in the workplace of agricultural professionals? Second, what is the relationship between each training transfer variable and training transfer in the workplace of agricultural professionals? Methods For this study, 3 months after participants returned to work, 486 questionnaires were distributed to agri-cultural professionals participating in job training program of Agricultural Human Resources Development Center for March to November in 2019. Participants were limited to those who participated in programs suitable for grasping transfer of training. Out of 486, 428 questionnaires were analyzed. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between training transfer variables and training transfer. Results First, there was the relationship between the training transfer characteristics and training transfer. Among the training transfer characteristics, Self-efficacy and learning transfer motivation of personal psychological traits, job-related and learning transfer design of training program, and supervisor support and peer support of transfer climate had positive impacts on training transfer. Second, The effective training transfer variables to training trans-fer affect training transfer in following order: learning transfer motivation, peer support, job-related, self-efficacy, and supervisor support. Conclusions In order for agricultural professionals to apply training contents to the field, there is a need to examine the effective variables that affect self-efficacy and motivation, make an effort to strengthen motivation, organize training programs related to duties, design the programs reflecting learners’ needs, and provide experience data and action plans. In addition, it is necessary that organization provide opportunities for trainees to apply training contents to the field and there is a need of transfer climate such as continuous peer support and unconstrained communication. It also suggests that for professionals who value problem-solving-oriented jobs and personal competencies, research on various individual characteristic variables among the factors influencing field applica-tion is necessary.

Teachers’ Intention to Use Digital Resources in Classroom Teaching: The Role of Teacher Competence, Peer Influence, and Perceived Image

Objectives: Rapid advancements in information processing and technology are causing transformations in education at an unprecedented pace. The use of digital resources is becoming essential for educators to ensure the effectiveness of their teaching. There is thus a need to transform ways and means of educating teachers to meet the new challenges. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that determine teacher intention to use digital resources in classroom teaching. Method: The study adopted a single cross-sectional design, in which questionnaires with pre-established scales were completed by 276 university teachers from three major public universities in the Kashmir region of India. The collected data were subjected to descriptive, correlation, and regression analysis. Results: Findings suggest that intention to use digital resources in the classroom is significantly influenced by teachers’ perceptions of their own competence, perceived usefulness and ease of use of technology and digital resources, and peer influence. Among these factors, perceived competence exerts the strongest influence. Results indicate that perceived social image has no significant impact on intention to use digital resources. Conclusions: The study supports the view that teacher competence and peer influence are two key determining factors for the use of digital resources. Additionally, it demonstrates that digital resources must be perceived to offer potential benefits and ease of use in order to gain widespread acceptance among teachers. Implications: This research advances the understanding of digital resource adoption in classroom teaching, particularly in developing countries like India. The findings provide critical direction to policymakers and digital resource developers to enhance use of digital resources in classroom teaching by prioritizing the development of useful and user-friendly resources. Moreover, universities should organize training programs to enhance teachers’ proficiency in utilizing digital resources for effective teaching.

Determinants of Primary School Teachers’ Intention of Steam Education in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam

STEAM education is an educational approach that integrates science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics into a cohesive and interdisciplinary curriculum. The aim of the study is to explore the determinants of primary school teachers’ intention of STEAM education in Thai Nguyen province of Vietnam. The results revealed that the influence of attitude towards STEAM Education includes four factors (interests, willingness, confidence and motivation) and profile of respondents in terms of gender, education levels and teaching experience. The results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that the effect of these factors on STEAM Education was statistically significant. Additionally, among these factors, the factors of Willingness and Confidence were the biggest influence on the STEAM education variable whereas the factor of Interests being the lowest influence. This study's findings contribute to the understanding of the current state of STEAM education implementation in Thai Nguyen province and provide insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by primary school teachers in adopting this approach. The proposed measures for organizing training programs can enhance teachers' capacity to effectively teach science using STEAM education, aligning with the curriculum objectives and the demands of the 2018 Program and Textbooks Innovation in Vietnam.

Characteristic features of building life strategies by university student: Psychological and educational support for developing

Introduction. The article addresses the problem of psychological and educational support for university students in building their life strategies in the context of global transformation. The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristic features of building life strategies by university students and to determine the ways and forms of psychological and educational support for this process. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the ideas of learner-centered approach. In order to achieve the purpose of the study and test its hypotheses, the authors used theoretical (analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (questionnaire, method of mathematical and statistical information processing) methods. An electronic survey was used to collect empirical data. The study sample included 422 students of Kostroma State University. Results. The article presents a theoretical analysis of approaches to the problem of building life strategies, as well as the research findings in the field of psychological and educational support for students in the educational environment of the university. The study revealed the following characteristic features of the process of building university students’ life strategies: the external determination of this process, the dominance of short- and medium-term planning, the close connection of their own readiness for long-term planning with the existing experience of building life strategies in the family; the greater dependence of life strategies on the circumstances of a close social environment than on global transformational processes, the determination of the dynamics of building life strategies by personal competencies to a greater extent than changing social circumstances; ambivalence of the university’s impact on the process of building individual’s life strategies, which is expressed positively in the increase in the ability to plan and negatively – in the destruction of previously established life strategies. The authors have drawn the conclusion that mediated, contextual formats of education have a much stronger impact on individual’s life strategies than specially organized training programs on self-design. The study revealed the willingness of students to engage in specially organized activities aimed at designing life strategies at the university. Students’ demand for individual, psychological formats of support in the process of long-term planning has been identified. University teachers and curators are considered to be the most referential subjects for students to influence the life strategy in the university environment. Conclusions. Based on the data obtained, the authors identified the characteristic features of building university students’ life strategies and revealed the ways and forms of psychological and educational support for this process.

Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinde e-Sağlık Okuryazarlığı ile Sağlığı Geliştirici ve Koruyucu Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi

Objective: The research was conducted to determine relationship between e-Health literacy level and health promoting and protective behaviors in nursing students. Methods: The sample consists of 279 nursing students studying at a state university and agreeing to participate in the research. Data were collected using personal information form, e-Health Literacy Scale and Health Promotion and Protective Behaviors Scale. Results: Nearly half of students are 22 years old and over (47.7%), 69.2% of them are women. A statistically significant difference was determined between age and place of residence of the students and Health Promotion and Protective Behaviors Scale mean score (p<.05). The mean score of e-Health Literacy Scale is 28.97±6,324. The mean score of Health Promotion and Protective Behaviors Scale is 76.34±10.02. There was a positive and very weak (r=0.196, p=0.001) correlation coefficient between variables and was statistically significant (p <.05). Conclusion: The e-health literacy level and health promoting, and protective behaviors of nursing students are moderate. As the level of e-health literacy increases, health promoting, and protective behaviors increase. It is recommended to add a course about e-Health literacy to curriculum of nursing students and to organize training programs on health promoting and protective behaviors.

Appropriate Blood Pressure Measurement for Initial Diagnosis of Hypertension: A Best Practice Implementation Project

Background: The worldwide prevalence of hypertension people aged 25 and above is more than 40%. Data accuracy for blood pressure is important to diagnosis and treatment. In self-complaints among patients in cardiology outpatient clinic, the incidence of incorrect blood pressure measuring was 11.9%.Aims: Enhanced accuracy for blood pressure measurement in the outpatient setting.Method: Clinical audits were conducted using the JBI Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System (JBI PACES). With the 7 audit criteria recommended by best practice, improvement and audits were performed for 22 weeks for evaluation of improved quality for blood pressure measurement.Result: Standard documentation complying with recommended clinical guidance was established, with the organized educational training program and environmental renovation, the project’s performance in improvement was significantly enhanced, compliance with clinical practice guidelines before implementation of 35%-90% increased achieving 70%-100% after implementation. Noise in the outpatient setting of 62 dB decreased to 52 dB, with daily incidence of 11.9% for complaint in incorrect blood pressure measuring decreased to 1.1%.Conclusion: Evidence-based practice project successfully enhanced the accuracy for blood pressure measurement in outpatients.Recommendation: The empirical application of quality improvement in blood pressure measurement accuracy achieves progressive results. The important factors are the completion of environmental transformation, the establishment of standard documents, the education of patients and health care volunteers, and the maintenance of the effect through continuous review.

Lower urinary tract symptoms and toileting behaviors in Turkish adult women

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in Turkish adult women and to compare toileting behaviors in women with and without LUTS. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 815 women. The International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire – Female LUTS and a toileting behaviors form, created by the authors, were used in evaluations. Nearly 50 % of the women had at least one LUTS, 45.8 % had storage symptoms, 7.4 % had voiding symptoms, and 20.2 % had incontinence symptoms. The rates of premature urination, straining during urination, delayed urination, and sitting on the toilet while urinating were higher in women with LUTS than in women without LUTS (p < .05). The rate of squatting on the toilet while urinating was lower in women with LUTS than those without LUTS (p < .05). Various LUTS were common in adult women. Some toileting behaviors such as premature urination, straining during urination, delayed urination, and sitting on the toilet while urinating were higher in women with LUTS compared to women without LUTS. Since the rate of unhealthy toilet behaviors is higher in women with LUTS, it is important to know unhealthy toilet behaviors in the management of LUTS and to organize training programs to prevent these behaviors and LUTS.

Gender roles in the fisheries of North Aral Sea in Kazakhstan

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the existing research on the Aral Sea from a gender perspective, with a specific focus on women's roles in the fishery sector.The methodology employed in this study involved the use of a semi-structured in-depth interview instrument, which was developed to document the role of women in the fisheries value chain, as well as the challenges and opportunities they face.Originality / value of the research. This article aims to fill the gap in the lack of recognition of women's roles in fisheries in Kazakhstan and start a conversation about gender considerations in the ecologically and economically vulnerable coastal community of Kazakhstan.Findings. The study's findings highlight the prevalent gender roles in the fishery sector in the research area, where men are primarily responsible for catching fish, while women process and add value to it, both at home and in processing plants. However, despite their significant presence in the fish processing industry, women lack representation in fisheries associations. The study also identified pikeperch as a key export-oriented fish and highlighted the potential for women to contribute to farmed fish production. Finally, the study identified women's interest in skills training, particularly in marketing and sales, and recommended that stakeholders in the fishery sector jointly design and organize training programs to facilitate women's access to these skills.

How Effective are SETA Programs Anyway: Learning and Forgetting in Security Awareness Training

Prevalent security threats caused by human errors necessitate security education, training, and awareness (SETA) programs in organizations. Despite strong theoretical foundations in behavioral cybersecurity, field evidence on the effectiveness of SETA programs in mitigating actual threats is scarce. Specifically, with a broad range of cybersecurity knowledge crammed into in a single SETA session, it is unclear how effective different types of knowledge are in mitigating human errors in a longitudinal setting. his study investigates how knowledge gained through SETA programs affects human errors in cybersecurity to fill the longitudinal void. In a baseline experiment, we establish that SETA programs reduce phishing susceptibility by 50%, whereas the training intensity does not affect the rate. In a follow-up experiment, we find that SETA programs can increase employees’ cybersecurity knowledge by 12-17%, but the increment wears off within a month. Furthermore, technical-level knowledge decays faster than application-level knowledge. The longer “shelf-life” of application-level knowledge explains why training intensity makes no difference within a month. This study reveals a (relatively) more effective component of SETA programs and cast doubts on the overall effectiveness of SETA programs in the long run.

Employees’ Perception Regarding In-House Training Programs in Pakistani Organizations

This study examines employees’ perception regarding quality of in-house training programs in different organizations of Lahore city, Pakistan. These Organizations have in-house training facilities and conduct training programs in coordination with HR department on regular basis. Purpose of study is to find employees perception and satisfaction level regarding various training variables and difference of opinion among groups of respondents (gender, designation, and work experience). Data sample consists of 123 employees through structured questionnaire. The research tool consists of 32 items and 6 factors including training material, trainer, need-based training, facilities, timing, &amp; schedule, and benefits of training. Questionnaire includes 30 close-ended questions on Likert’s five point rating scale. Research design uses quantitative approach. Data Analysis tool used for interpretation is SPSS 23.0 applying frequency distributions/percent, mean, standard deviation and t-tests/ANOVA for analysis. Survey method was used to collect data. A structure questionnaire was used as primary data collection tool using random sampling technique. Total 175 questionnaires were distributed to respondents by the researcher, out of which 123 completed questionnaires were found usable. The study provides conclusions about employees perception and satisfaction level regarding various training factors surveyed in the research tool. It also provides conclusions about difference of opinion among various groups of employees (like gender, designation and work experience groups). Study findings shows overall satisfaction level among employees of organizations. The study also represents recommendations for managerial implication and directions for future researchers for training and development practices.

Assessing the Knowledge, Attitude, and Skills of Plant Doctors towards Plant Health Clinics in Pakistan

Infestation of insects, pests and diseases causes a serious decline in the crops, thus for effective crop management plant health clinics were established under the Plantwise initiative by the CABI in developing countries including Pakistan in 2011. Plant health clinics are reported working effectively in Pakistan, however, the knowledge, attitude and skills (KAS) of the plant doctors and their relationship with the increase in yield is not explored, yet. In this study, the KAS of plant doctors is explored by employing a binary regression analysis approach. A total of 353 plant health clinic users selected randomly were interviewed face-to-face from districts Gujranwala and Multan of Punjab province. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results indicated that plant doctors had a high level of knowledge, and skills regarding plant protection measures. The knowledge and skills were more inclined towards plant protection as compared to agronomic attributes. The binary regression analysis indicated that the knowledge (P0.05) and skills (P=0.000) of the plant doctors were statistically significantly related to the increase in the yield of crops. The increase in yield was likely to increase by 6% and 26% to increase in knowledge and skills of the plant doctors. The attitude was insignificant with the increase in yield (P0.05). Agriculture Extension Department and CABI should jointly organize training programs for the plant doctors to be acquainted with the latest agricultural innovations. Plant doctors should strive towards crop management ensuring sustainable environmental protection and conservation of biodiversity.

Women in Management Positions: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda

Throughout history, there has been an idea that women had to follow orders, which caused them to be kept in subordinate positions even after they entered the labor market; fortunately, during the last few decades, research focused on gender and female leadership has increased substantially. This has facilitated the visibility of women's potential in top positions in organizations around the world. It has been proven that the presence of women on boards of directors’ benefits organizations because it allows them to have a wider diversity of talent for business management. The present study aimed to analyze theoretical and empirical studies on the factors that facilitate women's access to board positions between 2017 and 2022. This systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA statement strategy of articles in the Proquest, Ebsco, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases. Articles published between the indicated years were selected, in Spanish and English, using inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a subsequent critical analysis of the articles obtained. A total of 34 articles were included from which the corresponding results were extracted. The results show that there is a greater amount of research on the subject in European and North American countries, published almost entirely in English. And according to the analysis, the factors that facilitate women's access to board positions can be divided into political types, such as rules, regulations and quotas, cultural factors such as support for women, equal opportunities and gender equity, organizational factors such as organizational culture, policies, practices and training programs, and social factors such as media visibility, the presence of mentors and partner support. The research concludes that the most investigated factors were political, as these factors increase the number of women on boards in the short term; however, it’s also necessary to highlight the importance of a fusion with social, cultural, and organizational factors to achieve long-term improvement; as well as the commitment of all the agents that interact in the professional life of women. This paper will contribute to future scientific research on women's access to board positions.

Self-Capacity Development of Family Welfare Program Cadres in the E-Commerce Era

Empowerment and Family Welfare, as an organizational institution, aims to increase the role of the community, one of which is the active role of women. Especially in the PKK organization in Lubang Buaya, which is actively involved in empowering women. In this case, the PKK organization in Lubang Buaya prioritizes increasing women's productivity by creating work programs in various fields. Like the creative econ-omy. Thus, this study aims to explain the role of Empowerment and Family Welfare (PKK) in Lubang Buaya Village, East Jakarta City, in the implementation of empowering women, especially as SMEs in the Creative Economy sector. This study uses a qualitative research approach with a case study research method. Observation, interviews, and documentation carried out the study's data collection process. Using analytical techniques ranging from data reduction and presentation to drawing conclusions. Researchers also use data triangulation techniques for data validity. The results of the research show that there is a role for PKK organizations, such as organizing training programs and MSME bazaar activities to encourage women in Lubang Buaya Village to produce work and start their businesses. Activities for empowering women entrepreneurs of MSMEs are also channeled through social media. Thus, the PKK organization of Lubang Buaya Village is proven to be optimal in accommodating women, and MSME actors, especially in the creative economy.

Investigation of knowledge, attitude and behaviors of university students on testicular cancer: results from two different cities

Objectives: Testicular tumors are the most common malign tumor in men aged 15-35 years. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial in testicular cancer because if detected at an early stage, testicular cancer can be completely cured. Because of this reason increase in awareness and regular testicular self-examination (TSE) is recommended in the early diagnosis of testicular cancer. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude and behaviors of students about testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in Health care vocational schools of 2 different universities between November 2018 and January 2019. Data were obtained by a self-applied questionnaire comprised of four sections. Results: One hundred and six (37.7%) participants could not answer any question correctly. While 65.8% (n = 185) of the participants stated that they had heard of testicular cancer, the rate of those who heard about TSE was 17.8% (n = 50). Only 5.7% (n = 16) of the participants reported performing TSE. Binary logistic regression analysis was shown that the following factors increase men’s intention to perform TSE: Students’ academic unit [OR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.37-13.88], age [OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.008-0.72], city [OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 1.15-1.49], those who have heard of TC before [OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.016-0.917], received information about TC [OR = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.015-0.309], and those who have heard of TSE before [OR = 0.01; 95% CI: 0.001-0.079]. Conclusions: One-third of the university students had never heard of testicular cancer, ‎and TSE was not sufficiently practiced. There is a lack of information on this issue. It was thought that organizing training programs on the subject would raise awareness and save lives by early diagnosis.

A Framework for Cybersecurity Awareness in Saudi Arabia

The rapid advancement in technology has improved people's lives, but it has also increased the risks that come with using the Internet, including cybercrimes. Lately, Saudi Arabia, a booming economy, has become one of the prime targets of cyberattacks. The massive amount of cyberattacks targeting Saudi Arabia can be attributed to the lack of cybersecurity awareness among Saudi people. The objective of this study is to propose methods on the national level to increase the awareness of cybersecurity among Saudi people. We conducted a cybersecurity assessment survey to assess the cybersecurity awareness among Saudi people. The survey result indicated negligent behavior and lack of awareness. To address this issue, we proposed a cybersecurity awareness framework which targets all strata of Saudi Arabia demography. The proposed framework not only emphasized training programs in schools, universities and organizations but also addresses the awareness issue in people from informal backgrounds. The framework also includes the importance of incident response and its role in reducing incidents.

Rizik od padova kod pacijenata sa cerebrovaskularnom bolešću

Introduction/Aim. Patient falls in hospital conditions are among the most common serious adverse events following a cerebrovascular insult at all stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of falls in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Methods. A clinical case-control observational study was conducted in this investigation. The sample consisted of patients who suffered from cerebrovascular diseases and were admitted to the Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava" in Belgrade, in the period from February 3, 2018, to June 28, 2019. The Morse questionnaire was used to assess a fall risk. All statistical calculations were performed using the standard commercial software package SPSS, version 21.0. Results. Most of the subjects with a cerebrovascular insult (505 (90.0%)) had a high risk of falls, i.e. they had the Morse score values ≥ 45. The mean Morse score of the subjects in the study was 67.07 ± 21.08. The risk of falling, according to the Morse score, is the highest among subjects diagnosed with bleeding (95.7%: 96.7%) and left-sided neurological deficit (91.7%:90.8%) in both examined groups. Conclusion. It is of great importance to organizing training programs for patients, healthcare providers, and medical staff to prevent falls in hospital conditions.

The relationship between mental well-being and healthy lifestyle behaviors of seasonal agricultural worker women

The study was conducted to examine the relationship between the mental well-being of Seasonal Agricultural Worker (SAW) women and their Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors (HLBs). The study utilizes the descriptive research design. The study was conducted between November 2020 and December 2020 in Turkey, in a Family Health Center-supervised region, where SAW women were concentrated. The sample includes 355 women. The Personal Information Form, Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS), and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II (HLBS II) were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics (number, percentage, mean), independent samples t-test, Mann Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal Wallis analysis, Pearson Correlation Test, and Simple Linear Regression Analysis were also used in the analyses of the data. There was a positive, strong, and significant correlation between mental well-being and HLBs of SAW women. There was a significant difference between the WEMWBS total mean scores of SAW women according to their economic status and family type. There was a significant difference between the total mean score of the HLBS II according to income level and family type of SAW women (p&lt;0.05). As a result, it has been determined that there is a relationship between the HLBs of SAW women and their mental well-being. It may be recommended to organize training programs and provide mobile health services to enhance HLBs and increase the mental well-being levels of SAW women.