Organizational Rules Research Articles

The epidemiology of rare types of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer from national cancer registry

BackgroundInformation on rare hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) subtypes of cancer is scarce. We aimed to elucidate the incidence and clinical features of rare tumors in Japan using the National Cancer Registry (NCR), a new nationwide integrated population-based registry.MethodsThe data of patients diagnosed in 2016–2017 were extracted from the NCR database, and classified by topography: liver cells, intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of Vater, and pancreas. Data were described and analyzed using the World Health Organization and General Rules tumor classifications. The incidences for all rare tumors including hepatoblastoma and adenosquamous cell carcinoma were calculated as the number of new cases divided by the corresponding total person years.ResultsThe NCR data yielded 8,239 patients with rare HBP tumors between 2016 and 2017. The ratios of rare tumors to all cancer types were 0.5%, 0.7%, 3.9%, 1.6%, 0.8%, and 7.2% in the liver, intrahepatic bile duct, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of Vater, and pancreas, respectively. Rare tumors occurred more frequently in men, except for gallbladder tumors. The main tumor stage was localized in liver cells (42.4%) and the intrahepatic bile duct (51.6%); more patients were diagnosed in advanced stage with gallbladder (84.1%) and extrahepatic bile duct (74.4%) tumors. Approximately equal percentage of patients were diagnosed at designated cancer care hospitals (DCCHs) and non-DCCHs, whereas 60% to 70% patients received treatment at DCCHs.ConclusionThis is the first report to provide comprehensive information on the epidemiological status of rare HBP tumors in Japan by utilizing population-based NCR data.

Inflammation interferes with chemoreception in pigs by altering the neuronal layout of the vomeronasal sensory epithelium.

Chemical communication is widely used by animals to exchange information in their environment, through the emission and detection of semiochemicals to maintain social organization and hierarchical rules in groups. The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is one of the main detectors of these messages, and its inflammation has been linked to behavioral changes because it potentially prevents molecule detection and, consequently, the translation of the signal into action. Our previous study highlighted the link between the intensity of vomeronasal sensory epithelium (VNSE) inflammation, probably induced by farm contaminant exposure, and intraspecific aggression in pigs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular and molecular changes that occur during vomeronasalitis in 76 vomeronasal sensorial epithelia from 38 intensive-farmed pigs. Histology was used to evaluate the condition of each VNO and classify inflammation as healthy, weak, moderate, or strong. These data were compared to the thickness of the sensorial epithelium and the number of type 1 vomeronasal receptor cells using anti-Gαi2 protein immunohistochemistry (IHC) and analysis. The presence of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) in the areas surrounding the VNO was also analyzed by IHC and compared to inflammation intensity since its role as a molecule transporter to sensory neurons has been well-established. Of the 76 samples, 13 (17%) were healthy, 31 (41%) presented with weak inflammation, and 32 (42%) presented with moderate inflammation. No severe inflammation was observed. Epithelial thickness and the number of Gαi2+ cells were inversely correlated with inflammation intensity (Kruskal–Wallis and ANOVA tests, p < 0.0001), while OBP expression in areas around the VNO was increased in inflamed VNO (Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.0094), regardless of intensity. This study showed that inflammation was associated with a reduction in the thickness of the sensory epithelium and Gαi2+ cell number, suggesting that this condition can induce different degrees of neuronal loss. This finding could explain how vomeronasalitis may prevent the correct functioning of chemical communication, leading to social conflict with a potential negative impact on welfare, which is one of the most important challenges in pig farming.

Keep in mind key considerations when revising quorum requirements

From time to time, a nonprofit organization might want to revisit its bylaws and make changes based on new operating environments, financial circumstances or other reasons. One of the things that sometimes gets revised are the organization's rules relating to quorum—defined by Robert's Rules broadly as the minimum number of voting members—in this case, a nonprofit's board members—who must be present at a meeting in order to conduct business in the name of the group. Typically, a quorum should be a percentage or number that is as large as can be depended upon for being present at all meetings, assuming that the weather is not exceptionally bad.

Ensure quorum requirements are reasonable, lead to good decisions

From time to time, nonprofit boards might wish to revisit the organization's bylaws and make changes based on new operating environments, financial circumstances or other reasons. One of the things that sometimes gets revised are the organization's rules relating to quorum—defined by Robert's Rules broadly as the minimum number of voting members who must be present at a meeting in order to conduct business in the name of the group. Typically, a quorum should be a percentage or number that is as large as can be depended upon for being present at all meetings, assuming that the weather is not exceptionally bad.

Factors associated with depression and determining dimensions of job satisfaction among physicians in Bangladesh

BackgroundDepression in physicians emerges early in their academic and professional careers. Lengthy and irregular duty time, high levels of obligation, job dissatisfaction, workstation culture, organizational rules, and so on significantly increased the psychological pressure on physicians. ObjectivesThe study's aim was to measure the level of depression, association, and influence of socio-demographic characteristics and job satisfaction on depression among physicians in Bangladesh, as well as to explore the factor structure of job satisfaction measure and examine its internal reliability. MethodsData were collected using a self-administered questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey of 301 physicians. The factors related to depression were investigated using a multivariable logistic regression model, and factor analysis was done to identify the important factors associated with job satisfaction. ResultsMale respondents made up 49.5 percent of the sample overall, while female respondents made up 50.5 percent. 24.58% of the physicians had mild depression, whereas 13.29%, 7.31%, and 0.66% of the participants had moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. In multivariable analysis, sex (male vs. female, AOR: 2.16, 95% CI:1.28–3.62), monthly income <15000 BDT vs. >40000 BDT, (AOR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14–0.89), and income <15000 BDT vs. 15,000–24,999 BDT (AOR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15–0.89) were the essential factors associated with depression. Furthermore, with each unit increase in the job satisfaction score was related to a 71% decrease in the odds of physicians having depression. ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate that providing appropriate organizational support, proper work assignments, and an adequate opportunity to develop their professional skills and career irrespective of sex may increase overall job satisfaction. Ultimately, this will serve to improve patient care as well as the whole health system's output.

Binary oppositions, algebraic holography and stochastic rules in genetic informatics

The article is devoted to the author's results of the algebraic analysis of molecular genetic systems, including a set of structured DNA alphabets and long nucleotide sequences in single-stranded DNA of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. A connection of the system of DNA n-plets alphabets with principles of algebraic holography is shown, which concerns a popular theme of holography principles in genetically inherited physiology. In addition, a relation between DNA n-plets alphabets and the Poincaré disk model of Lobachevski hyperbolic geometry is revealed. This relation can explain known facts of the relationship of physiological phenomena with hyperbolic geometry. Considering long DNA sequences as a bunch of many parallel texts written in different n-plets alphabets led to the discovery of some universal rules of the stochastic organization of genomic DNAs. These rules are discussed concerning the general problem of the biological dualism “probability-vs-determinism”. In general, the presented results give pieces of evidence in favor of the efficiency of a model approach to living organisms as quantum-informational algebraic-harmonic essences.

Critical problems and pragmatist solutions

In this special issue, we draw on pragmatist political and social theory and philosophy to illustrate the creative potential of this intellectual tradition for thinking about the numerous crises that haunt liberal democratic societies today. The introduction identifies five overlapping problem constellations (demise of public power, lasting consequences of inequality, pluralization of society, return of authoritarian practices and globalization of the world) that have driven the recent rise of undemocratic or authoritarian patterns of social organization and political rule. Against this backdrop, we conclude that the revitalization of certain dimensions of liberal democracy will not suffice to overcome these problems, which means that democratic practices need radical rethinking and reconceptualization. For this intellectual and political endeavour, we argue, pragmatism provides a suitable framework to identify problems that require resolution and define and mobilize collective problem solving capacities from already existing practices. All eight contributions to this special issue draw on pragmatist political and social theory and philosophy to illustrate to what extent, and to what ends, this intellectual tradition can revitalize the political and social discourse on the past, present and future of democracy. The articles are organized in two sections : (1) Pragmatist critique and the critical potential of pragmatism, (2) pragmatist politics and theories of democratic practice.

The Architecture of College Psychological Teaching Management System Based on Data Mining Technology

In order to meet the requirements of the development of educational informatization, combined with data mining technology, this article studies the architecture of the college psychological teaching management system. To experience the benefits brought by the Internet age, in order to further improve performance and meet the needs of the Internet information age, many colleges and universities have begun to strengthen the development of teaching management. Based on this background, this article proposes a standardized mode of mental health management in colleges and universities based on information technology. With the help of data warehouse and data mining technology, the ID3 algorithm, organizational rules, and other algorithms are used to develop a psychology subject evaluation system. Based on the improvement of grades and the behavioral characteristics of college students, this article formulates cross-platform operation rules, determines the B/S type as the normal state, and solves the best problem through comparison and selection. Then, a more specific system architecture design is carried out. The architecture of the software system selects the classic three-tier structure, which makes the client independent of the use platform and meets the requirements of user diversity and system portability. The design of functional modules such as the system fully meets the requirements of the ideological education management system for college students in the above analysis, with reasonable structure and clear logic. Finally, the advantages of the designed system architecture are summarized, including clarifying the grading idea of ideological education and training. It expands the transplantation ability of the system in a cross-platform way.

Internal vs. External Knowledge Sourcing of Organizational Rules: An Exploratory Study

In this study, we examine how organizational rules source knowledge from intra- and extra-organizational contexts. By knowledge sourcing of rules, we mean that rules reference knowledge sources located outside of rules. Knowledge sourcing of rules can be captured by formation of citation ties to the referenced knowledge sources within (i.e., other rules) and outside the organization (e.g., research publications, policies, standards, etc.). Our theoretical model proposes that knowledge sourcing of rules is driven by inherent incompleteness of rules as a result of bounded rationality of rule makers and rule making process. Incomplete rules can lead to experiences of insufficient rule knowledge, termed ‘knowledge gaps’, which are shaped by rule dynamics at the levels of rule system, individual rules, and rule networks. Our theoretical model leads to several hypotheses that we test with longitudinal archival data of clinical practice guideline (CPG) changes in a Canadian healthcare organization. We find evidence that provides overall support to our theoretical model. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

Macro Patterns of Employee Mobility: Learning from Large-Scale Employment Data

This symposium intends to present five studies investigating drivers and directions of employee mobility at the macro-level. The goal of this symposium is to connect macro-level patterns and micro-level mechanisms of employee mobility and foster a research conversation across disciplinary fields, including careers, human resource management, and organizational behavior. In addition, by bringing together diverse projects using large-scale longitudinal data, this symposium will allow researchers to discuss opportunities, challenges, and methodological concerns that arise when working with such data. Over the past decades, careers have transformed from those developing inside organizations and governed by organizational rules and norms to those unfolding within labor markets and characterized by the variety of job transitions and flexibility of work arrangements (Arthur & Rousseau, 1996; Osterman & Burton, 2005). These changes raised a number of questions and stimulated the development of several research streams. They led to the emergence of new conceptualizations of career (Guan et al., 2019; Sullivan & Baruch, 2009), including recent models of sustainable career (De Vos, Van Der Heijden, Akkermans, 2020). They made scholars to reevaluate the employee-employer relationship (Bonet, Cappelli, Hamori, 2013; Cappelli & Keller, 2013) and reinforced the problems of talent management and retention (Bidwell, 2017; Cappelli & Keller, 2014). Given the importance of fit between individual characteristics and broader organizational context (Ployhart et al., 2014; Weller et al., 2019), growing diversity of individual work experience also adds new challenges to the effective matching of workers to jobs. What binds employees and employers in the modern labor markets? What drives employee mobility? Why do people stay or leave, where do they go, and what if they come back? The papers comprising this symposium aim at answering these questions by looking at the longitudinal employment data from five different countries: France, Germany, South Korea, Spain, and Sweden. Testing the theory with such large-scale data facilitates the identification of the most general patterns of labor mobility that might stay unnoticed while analyzing examples from a single organization or survey data from a specific population. Combining studies conducted in a diverse set of countries adds richness to the topics discussed. Collectively, these papers demonstrate what we can learn about individual behavior from the macro-patterns of employee mobility. Corporate career development opportunities and employee retention Presenter: Kira Choi; EMLYON Business School Crisis-related Wage Cuts and Employee Turnover: Who Leaves? Why? Where Do They Go? Presenter: Halil Sabanci; Frankfurt School of Finance & Management Presenter: Marta M Elvira; IESE Business School How Boomerang Mobility versus Mobility to a New Employer Relates to Career Sustainability Presenter: Katja Dlouhy; U. of Mannheim Presenter: Ariane Froidevaux; U. of Texas At Arlington Question of Fit: Managerial Experience and Organizational Design Presenter: Roxana Barbulescu; HEC Paris Presenter: Federica De Stefano; HEC Paris Presenter: Olga Ivanova; USI Lugano Multiple Job Affiliations and Entrepreneurship Presenter: Chanchal Balachandran; U. of Liverpool Management School Presenter: Filippo Carlo Wezel; USI Lugano

Emotion Management and Professional Socialisation in the Medical Field

While a plethora of research has studied emotion management and its antecedents, the role socialisation plays in emotion management is underestimated in recent research. Additionally, scarce emotional socialisation research limits itself to the focal organisation. Therefore, this paper examines how emotion management is framed through a professional, cross-organisational socialisation process. Based on a qualitative study of the emotion management and socialisation of gynaecologists, I show how the professional socialisation phase of future gynaecologists comprises different organisations, of which each provides one important learning step towards the specific emotion management of gynaecologists. The profession-specific socialisation of gynaecologists places medical feeling rules in the foreground in such a way that these might shape every handling of emotions, although organisational feeling rules and individual decisions on how to deal with emotions are able to supplement it later. Finally, I discuss Bourdieu’s nexus of field and habitus as a promising conceptualisation to further theorize on the phenomena.

When is it OK to Break the Rules? (WITHDRAWN)

Rules are crucial for any organization, but people are sometimes encouraged to break organizational rules. Doing so often leads to more efficient, more creative organizations. It is possible, however, for rule-breaking to go too far. How do employees figure out when and whether to break the rules? We model intuitive rule-breaking by drawing on a theory of social interactions -- ``virtual bargaining'' -- that assumes that actors engaged in a simulated bargaining process when navigating the social world. In this paper, we present experimental data which suggests that rule-breaking decisions are driven by virtual bargaining. We conclude by discussing implications for organizational structure and management.

Gestalt Theory and the Network of Traditional Hypotheses

Summary Since at least the time of Helmholtz, the process of visual perception has been regarded as a two-stage affair consisting of an initial sensory stage corresponding to the proximal stimulus and a subsequent cognitive stage corresponding to the distal object. This construction amounts to an awkward mind body dualism wherein part of perception is done by the body and the other part is done by the mind. Gestalt theory rejected both raw sensations and their cognitive interpretation, offering a single unified perceptual process that responds to an extended pattern of stimulation. They proposed organizational rules that describe how objects arise from the indifferent retinal mosaic. The same grouping principles by which objects are segmented also function to segregate regions of uniform illumination. Lightness values can then be computed by comparing luminance values within each such framework of illumination, with no need for the mystical concept of taking the illumination into account.

Optimal voting rules for international organizations, with an application to the United Nations

AbstractThis paper studies a self‐enforcing mechanism for an international organization that interacts repeatedly over time. A random shock determines which countries would be in favor of or against taking a collective action. If the organization wants to take the action, incentives must be provided. The optimal stationary equilibrium is equivalent to a mechanism characterized by voting weights. When the discount factor is not too high, the voting weights are random. Moreover, within a class of parameters, the optimal mechanism mimics the way voting power is distributed among United Nations members via Security Council seats. That is, the model rationalizes the existence of a council with permanent members who have veto power, nonpermanent members, and the exact number of permanent and nonpermanent members observed at the Security Council.

Application of Nanomaterials in Visual Effects of National Costume Pattern Design

Nanomaterials refer to new materials that are constructed from a unit structure of one to one hundred nanometers according to certain organizational rules. The purpose of this paper is to apply nanomaterials in the study of visual effects of ethnic dress pattern design. This paper first gives a brief overview of ethnic costumes, including the status quo, development, characteristics of ethnic costumes, and also studies the pattern design and visual effects of ethnic costumes, as well as the image shaping of pattern design. Then, the content of nanomaterials is elaborated. Finally, nanomaterials are applied in the design of ethnic costumes, and they are compared with traditional ethnic costumes, and the functionalities of the costumes and the visual effects of pattern design are observed, respectively. The results show that the overall average score of the visual effect test of ethnic dress pattern design using nanomaterials reaches 8.54 points, which verifies its effectiveness.

Comparison of freight forwarder liability in selected countries of the European Union and selected countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

The continuous flow of movement of goods on the world market forces manufacturers to turn to intermediaries who are able to organize cargo transportation services. At the moment, the most common intermediary is a freight forwarder. This article defines the understanding of the term freight forwarder, its role in the supply chain, as well as the risks associated with transportation. This article analyses the part of forwarding contract which deals with a limitation of the forwarder’s liability. The limitation of the forwarder’s liability allows predicting the amount of compensation to the cargo owner in case of damage or loss of goods. In addition to the previously conducted analysis of the freight forwarder’s liability in the selected countries of the European Union, an analysis of the responsibility of freight forwarders in the selected CIS countries was carried out. Among other things, it was determined which national regulations regulate freight forwarding activities in these countries. The limitations of the liability of freight forwarders proposed by the conditions of the expedition of the national Associations of logistics and forwarding, compiled on the basis of the standard rules of the FIATA organization, are also considered.

Functional convergence of on-off direction-selective ganglion cells in the visual thalamus

In the mouse visual system, multiple types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) each encode distinct features of the visual space. A clear understanding of how this information is parsed in their downstream target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), remains elusive. Here, we characterized retinogeniculate connectivity in Cart-IRES2-Cre-D and BD-CreER2 mice, which labels subsets of on-off direction-selective ganglion cells (ooDSGCs) tuned to the vertical directions and to only ventral motion, respectively. Our immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, and optogenetic experiments reveal that only a small fraction (<15%) of thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the dLGN receives primary retinal drive from these subtypes of ooDSGCs. The majority of the functionally identifiable ooDSGC inputs in the dLGN are weak and converge together with inputs from other RGC types. Yet our modeling indicates that this mixing is not random: BD-CreER+ ooDSGC inputs converge less frequently with ooDSGCs tuned to the opposite direction than with non-CART-Cre+ RGC types. Taken together, these results indicate that convergence of distinct information lines in dLGN follows specific rules of organization.

Legal regulation of the distribution of cases in courts: content, implementation, problems and areas of improvement

The subject of the research of this article is the legal norms regulating the features of the use of automated systems for the distribution of cases in courts, as well as law enforcement practice for the organization of such activities. The object of the research is procedural relations arising during the use of this system in the judicial proceedings of the Russian Federation. The author reveals the contradictions that arise between theoretically fixed normative provisions and their practical implementation. The features and problems of the activity of courts in the application of the mechanism of automated distribution of court cases are identified. The author substantiates that it is necessary to improve legislative acts aimed at court using an electronically automated system for the distribution of court cases. Author talks about the problems of legalizing organizational rules that fix the automated procedure for the distribution of cases in courts and the distribution of the judicial burden. Considers it necessary to create a full–fledged procedural and legal mechanism for the automated distribution of cases in courts to supplement the norms of the current legislation in the relevant part with cases of impossibility of using automated equipment, as well as rules of a different order of distribution of cases. The result of the work is the original author's suggestions and recommendations that form the novelty of the work. In particular, the adoption of the Federal Law "On Judicial Workload" has been proposed, proposals have been developed in the form of draft articles on amendments and additions to the procedural codes of the Russian Federation regarding the establishment of promising directions for the formation of the composition of the court using an electronically automated system for the distribution of court cases having a "flexible" nature. Modeling which the author used the formal legal method, analytical, logical and other methods of scientific cognition.

A Study of School Culture in Secondary Schools of District Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Schools’ culture is a key indicator for schools’ effectiveness and overall activities of the school. Its influence is much more significant at the level of secondary schools that are having the duty for the provision of quality graduates to institutions of higher education and skilled people to the job market. School culture consists of norms, beliefs, principles, rituals and behaviors which designs the rules of thinking, feelings and action inside an educational organization and ultimately influences school performance. Having the significant role of school culture in the background, the study aimed to investigate the school culture at secondary level. The objectives of the study were; to investigate the schools’ culture at secondary level and recommend strategies for the improvement of school culture in secondary schools. The design of the study was quantitative descriptive survey. The population of the study was 162 male heads of secondary schools in District Swat. The researcher selected a sample of 118 heads through simple random sampling, developed a Likert questionnaire, validated it and pilot tested for the determination of its reliability. The data were gathered through self-administered questionnaires from the respondents and analyzed with mean scores, standard deviation and Chi-square test. The study found a positive school culture with clear chalked out visions and missions, heads of the school took initiatives for achieving the vision of schools, teachers themselves prepared the rules for functioning of the schools and the head and teachers had collegiality for achieving schools’ visions. The administration of the schools were ambitious, friendly and supportive for the students, democratic in decision making, resolved the problems of teachers and students and were competent enough to satisfy the needs of the schools, teachers worked for the academic excellence of their students, regularly assessed students’ academic progress, focused on co-curricular activities and observed positive human relationship. It further forwarded recommendations for the improvement of the school culture at secondary level.

KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS EXPRESSED BREAST MILK AMONG WORKING MOTHERS IN HARARI REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA, 2021

Background: World health organization (WHO) rules in the beginning six month the child should be given breast milkonly, so mothers coming back to work should have a good knowledge about appropriate expression of breast milk. The main goal of the research was to determine knowledge and attitude toward expressed breast milk among working mothers in Harari region, Ethiopia, 2021 Methods:A cross-sectional study was done on 385 employed mothers for analysis of data SPSS 22 used. Results: Over all knowledge and attitude about expressed breast milk were 36% and 44%respectivly. Conclusion: the study showed there was knowledge gap in the expressing and storing of breast milk. More exertion is essential to be done by the health professionals ineducating mothers on way of expression, storing and timings of storage of expressed breast milk of breast.