Organizational Status Research Articles

International tourist organizations: legal status, classification, significance

The constant growth of international tourism exchange has led to the need for its legal regulation at the international level and the establishment of various international tourism organizations. The relevance of the study is due to the growing role of international organizations in the development of cooperation in the field of tourism. The study aims to determine the specific features of the functioning of international tourism organizations as subjects of international tourism law. To conduct an objective study, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis; deduction and induction; structural and logical generalization; and systematization. The article identifies the specific features and peculiarities of international tourism organizations. It is established that international organizations play an important role in the formation and application of international law, both in the process of its formation and in its implementation. International tourism organizations are formed through voluntary accession and participation of tourism sector representatives from different countries, operate continuously by the adopted charters, and have already proven to be an important instrument of international cooperation. The author defines the legal status of international tourism organizations. The author establishes that the most common international tourism structure is an association that brings together national organizations, tourism industry enterprises, and individuals voluntarily to solve specific tasks in the field of tourism. Approaches to the classification of international tourism organizations are generalized. The classification of international tourism organizations by types of activity, spheres of activity, national­territorial basis, and socio-state basis is considered. International tourism organizations are usually divided into the following main groups: global of a general nature; regional of a general nature; regional of a sectoral nature; specialized; and special. The article examines the role of leading international tourism organizations in developing tourism. The United Nations has recognized the leading role of the World Tourism Organization in the field of tourism and travel, assigning it the key responsibility for promoting responsible, sustainable, and accessible tourism, designed to foster economic growth, international understanding, peace, and prosperity, as well as mutual respect and unconditional observance of civil rights and fundamental freedoms.

An Analysis of Women's Roles and Positions in geopolitical organizations

Driven by the global movement for gender equality, women's participation in various fields has gradually increased. This paper describes the evolution of women's roles and status in geopolitical organizations and their current status, and analyzes women's participation in geopolitical organizations, their proportion and positions in leadership, and their influence in policy making. Although the status of women in these organizations has improved, they still face many challenges such as gender stereotypes and inequality. Strategies for promoting the development of women's roles and status in geopolitical organizations include four aspects: formulating and implementing gender equality policies, promoting gender-balanced recruitment and promotion mechanisms, enhancing women's participation in decision-making processes, and establishing women's networks and support systems. These strategies are intended to further promote gender equality in geopolitical organizations and enhance organizational diversity and decision-making quality.

Forecasting staffing needs in general education: HR-practices and staffing planning model for metropolitan schools

Introduction. The development of human capital is crucial for preparing an effective response of the Russian society to the great challenges related to ensuring sustainable economic growth, development and implementation of new promising technologies, increasing labour productivity, and improving the quality of life of citizens. The key role here is played by the state of the education sector, on which the population's mastering of competences, knowledge and skills demanded by the economy and the labour market directly depends. Ensuring the training of highly qualified specialists considering the changing staffing needs of society and trends in the development of the digital economy refers to the urgent problem of management and forecasting of staffing in the Russian education system. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by reports of international organizations, national agencies in the field of education, reports of working groups, as well as domestic and foreign studies in the field of forecasting the staffing status; official web pages of federal and regional executive authorities that carry out management and control in the field of education; websites of educational organizations of general and higher education; information from open data sources. Qualitative analysis of data using general scientific methods of cognition was carried out on the obtained set of data. Results. The analysed solutions have limitations that make it difficult to directly transfer them to the staff forecasting model for Moscow schools. They do not consider the peculiarities of Moscow education, for example, the directions of the Moscow education development strategy, specifics of the nomenclature of positions and certification of managerial staff, city projects of pre-professional education, optimization of administrative staff, etc. When creating a staff forecasting service for Moscow schools, it is necessary to consider the advantages of platform solutions that provide an integrated interdisciplinary approach using large amounts of data. At the same time, the forecast should consider the peculiarities of the Moscow education system that can affect the staff composition of schools. Discussion and Conclusions. Based on the analysis, a model solution for forecasting the staffing status of educational organizations in the metropolitan education system has been developed, including methodological approaches to evaluation; directions for assessing the dynamics of changes in the staffing status of schools; the structure of the staffing composition of Moscow schools; the structure of primary data; and a set of indicators.

The legal status and activities of the authorities of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in exile (end of 1920 – August 22, 1992): historical and legal aspects

A historical and legal study of the legal status and activities of the authorities of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (hereinafter - the UPR) in exile (late 1920 – August 22, 1992). It is concluded that, since at the end of 1920 the authorities of the UPR lost influence on the population as a result of the establishment of Soviet power in most of the Ukrainian territories and the UPR actually ceased to exist, which was formally fixed by a peace treaty between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Soviet Russia on March 18, 1921. in Riga, the UNR authorities lost their state status and acquired public status. The content adopted by the Council of People’s Ministers and approved by the Chairman of the Directory on January 9, 1921 was analyzed. a normative act entitled “Law on the Council of the Republic,” in which the Council of the Republic was defined as “a temporary supreme authority of the people, which has full power.” The authorities of the UPR imitated state activity: the Council of the Republic – as legislative, the Council of People’s Ministers - as executive authority, the Head of the Directory – as the head of the UPR. After the termination of the existence of the Council of the Republic in August 1921 the functions of the UNR authorities in exile were carried out by the Head of the Directory and the Council of People’s Ministers. The content of the “Temporary Law on the Reorganization of the State Center of the UNR in Exile” of June 10, 1948, which established the competence of the constituent parts of the State Center of the UNR: President, Vice-President, Government, Ukrainian National Council, was studied. Based on the analysis of the content of this normative act, it was concluded that the State Center of the UPR in exile formally had the status of a public organization, but pretended to be a state authority and imitated state functions. According to this document, the Ukrainian National Council performs “the functions of a temporary legislative representation.” The relationship between the constituent parts of the State Center of the UPR in exile had to be revealed in the rule-making process and in the formation of the Government. The political responsibility of the Government to the Ukrainian National Council and the President of the UPR was envisaged. The Government’s accountability to the Ukrainian National Council and control over the UNR President were established. The UNR President was vested with the right to dissolve the Ukrainian National Council at the suggestion of the Government. The authorities formed on the basis of this normative act had the status of public and performed functions in international, normative, political, scientific and other spheres.

Some Problems with the Legal Regulation of the Relations in the Field of Medical Tissue Technologies in the Russian Federation

This article substantiates the need for shaping a separate legal system to regulate the relations in tissue banking, as well as biomedical tissue and hybrid technologies. The key problems that have been faced by biomedical and cellular tissue technologies in Russia were analyzed. The major deficiencies and contradictions regarding organ and tissue transplantation in the current Russian legal system were pointed out. First, there have been no federal laws governing the activities of tissue banks. Second, the procedures of human biomaterial donation for medical use remain uncontrolled. Third, there has been no consistency in the retrieval, storage, and transportation of human biomaterials. Finally, the list and legal status of organizations engaged in relevant activities and the legal regime of biological material used for these purposes have not been defined. The study focuses on the practical problems of tissue banks and innovative biomedical technologies that require a legislative initiative. Possible ways to overcome the identified contradictions and problems were discussed.

Развитие системы поддержки одаренных детей в СССР и в России: направления и перспективы

The article examines the work with gifted children in Russia within the context of the historical development of the Russian education system. The aim of the research is to identify the characteristics, directions, and prospects for working with gifted children in Russia within the framework of extensive and intensive development paths. The research involved exploring legislative acts, projects related to working with children, pedagogical papers on the issue of giftedness; methods of analysis and generalization were applied. The scientific novelty of the research lies in predicting possible directions for the development of the Olympiad system, considering its system-forming function. As a result, it can be said that after the collapse of the USSR, the Russian system of additional education has outlined a vector of transition from an extensive to an intensive approach in working with gifted children through regional centers for identifying and supporting such children. At the same time, the system of working with gifted children retains its historical characteristics of an extensive approach in all directions, while the scale of working with gifted children increases: (1) in the Olympiad system, (2) in additional education, and also (3) in the in-depth study of subjects in general education institutions for gifted children. Among the possible directions and prospects are the improvement of the “triangle” of support for gifted children (Olympiads – schools – additional education) in the humanities, for example, by clarifying the status of general education organizations with in-depth study of socio-humanitarian subjects in relation to working with gifted children and realizing the possibilities of a variable nature of the current Olympiad system, which allows children to demonstrate their giftedness in a wide range of activities and academic subjects.

Саморегулівні організації: юридичні особи на межі приватного і публічного права

The article analyses the legal status of self-regulatory organisations (SROs). These organisations are formed among the actors of various types of professional and business activity (lawyers, doctors, auditors, accountants, etc.), but the notion ‘self-regulatory organization’ has started to be used in legislation only recently. The main function of these organisations is to carry out self-regulation, i.e. to regulate the activity of their own members by adopting rules of conduct and monitoring compliance with them. However, these organisations often acquire regulatory powers not only from their members, who voluntarily agree to be subject to their regulation, but also from the state, which delegates to them or recognizes their public regulatory powers. This creates a kind of paradox: on the one hand, SROs are established in a manner typical of private law entities. However, on the other hand, their activities acquire the features of administrative activity. This raises a number of issues in law enforcement practice. Firstly, there are difficulties with the type of legal regulation that should be applied to the activities of these organisations - general permissive or special permissive. Secondly, the issue of court jurisdiction is ambiguous as well, i.e. which courts (administrative or commercial) have competence to resolve disputes arising between self-regulatory organisations and their members. Thirdly, the issue of compulsory membership in self-regulatory organisations is also quite acute, as this may lead to a violation of the right to freedom of association. Finally, the question of whether SROs are liable in the event of damage caused by them when exercising public authority is also ambiguous. There is a question concerning the conditions of their liability: shoud these be general conditions (Articles 1166-1167 of the Civil Code of Ukraine) or special conditions according to the rule of ‘truncated’ composition, which is typical for the liability of public authorities (Article 1173 of the Civil Code of Ukraine). This article provides a detailed analysis of these and other issues and outlines the ways to resolve them

Friend or foe in the eyes of the beholder? How and when LMX increases and decreases workplace ostracism

Purpose This study aims to build on social comparison theory to develop a theoretical model of leader–member exchange (LMX) relationship to workplace ostracism through perceived organizational status by coworkers and envy. This study further proposes that warmth and competence may potentially moderate these two indirect effects. Design/methodology/approach This study tested the hypotheses in a battery manufacturing company located in South China by a survey of 216 employees organized in 55 work teams, using different sources. Additionally, the authors conduct two online vignette experiments to test this study’s mediation, proving the causality. Findings The authors found that high-level LMX leads to both envy and perceived organizational status by coworkers, which results in a mixed blessing on workplace ostracism toward the employee with high-level LMX. The focal employee’s warmth and competence moderate these indirect relationships. Research limitations/implications The authors use LMX to explore antecedents of workplace ostracism and explain how and when these focal employees suffer workplace ostracism from their coworkers. The authors extend the research on LMX by examining the interpersonal risk of being a focal employee. The authors discover two critical boundary conditions – warmth and competence. Practical implications This study suggests that it is important to balance the level of the differential LMX; appropriately endorsing other members is a good way to avoid eliciting envy and opposition. Meanwhile, person-oriented citizenship behaviors such as demonstrations of concern or help may shortly build up an employee’s warm impression on their coworkers. Originality/value By discovering the bright and dark sides of LMX, this paper has the potential to advance theories on LMX and workplace ostracism. Therefore, the authors believe the current research will have an important impact on relevant research in the future.

EXPRESS: The increasing value of status in low-performing organizations: Evidence from the video game industry

Strategic management research generally assumes that high-status teams outperform their low-status counterparts. Indeed, status can cause decision makers to favor high-status teams, providing them with better access to resources. However, we theorize that in organizations which demonstrated high previous performance, status has a much weaker influence on decision makers. This is because in these organizations, there is no expected resource scarcity that would push decision makers to favor high-status teams. We therefore hypothesize that the difference between low- and high-status teams in terms of performance is smaller in organizations that exhibited high performance in the recent past. By analyzing a unique dataset from the video game industry, we find support for our theory. Our results confirm that the relationship between team status and performance is much stronger in organizations with low previous performance. Our study provides fresh insights about the organizational contingencies of the Matthew effect.

Mutual insurance risks

The article considers the risk status of mutual insurance organizations. The growing popularity of mutual insurance among representatives of the field of material production, carriers, tourism business and other market participants, on the one hand, and the widespread opinion about the increased stability of the activities of a mutual insurance organization, on the other hand, sets the task of determining the risk status of a mutual insurance company, which will make it possible to formulate the main directions of risk–oriented regulation of such organizations. According to the author, the mutual insurance organization is subject to a significant number of various risks of risks, both event and economic and social. It is suggested that at least the following risk groups are inherent in a mutual insurance organization: risks due to the nature of insurance; risks arising from reciprocity as a technology; market risks of the mutual insurance organization; risks of an individual participant in mutual insurance in the part affecting the interests of the functioning of mutual insurance. Analysis of these risk groups makes it possible to come to the conclusion that the risk management of mutual insurance organizations should be built differently for organizations uniting individuals or large legal entities. For mutual companies of individuals, it is necessary to provide for built–in risk management mechanisms; for mutual societies that unite legal entities, risk management should be systemic and combine both the risks of the organization and its participants (enterprises).

An Analysis of The Extent of Strategic Entrepreneurships’ Dimensions which applied by the leaders of The National Security Advisory

Strategic entrepreneurship is one of the contemporary administrative trends that elevate the status of organizations by enhancing their level of performance, and its importance is particularly clear for security organizations. The current research aims to diagnose the level of practice of strategic Entrepreneurship in the National Security Advisory in Iraq. The research community was represented by the administrative leaders of the National Security Advisory, and the research included a sample of (133) of the leaders of the surveyed Advisory, and the questionnaire was the main tool for collecting data and information related to the research. The current research adopted the descriptive analytical approach, being the most appropriate for the research as it is embodied in follow-up, investigation, and codification in a qualitative way to know the phenomenon in terms of subject and content, and to reach results and generalizations that help in understanding reality, and a number of statistical methods were used, including the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and percentages, Correlation coefficient and regression coefficient, through the statistical program (SPSS). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which was the interest of the National Security Adviser in entrepreneurial culture, which raises the level of strategic Entrepreneurship, resulting from strengthening its position through the ability to make decisions and follow up on its implementation carefully, in addition to having a clear philosophy through which it attracts promising ideas in a high way.

한국 화교 공동체 조직의 변천과 특징

This paper systematically examines the evolution, characteristics, and role of Korean overseas Korean community organizations over the past hundred years. Korean overseas Chinese organizations have played an important role in the development and unity of the Korean overseas Chinese community, but there is a great lack of research on them. Therefore, through a survey on the social organizations of overseas Koreans, this book reveals the current status of trend organizations and overseas Korean associations and explores the process of organization formation in the Korean overseas Korean community. In particular, we analyzed the Seoul and Incheon areas, which are the economic centers of the Korean diaspora with the largest diaspora population today. By examining the formation and development of social organizations in Incheon and Seoul, which are the nucleus of the overseas Korean community, we explain the changes in the overseas Korean community since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Korea in terms of the government’s increased interest in and policies toward the overseas Korean community, the rapid development of private economic and trade relations between China and Korea, efforts to expand overseas exchanges, and the revival of the overseas Korean community. He also pointed out that the mutual migration of Chinese and Korean citizens will have an important impact on the future development of both countries.

From home to boardroom: Marital status and its influence on ESG disclosure

AbstractThis research article investigates the relationship between the marital status of board members and organizations' environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure, with Jordan as the study context. The investigation, grounded in established governance theories, primarily agency theory, stewardship theory, and social identity theory, adds a novel dimension to the discourse on corporate governance perspective. The study sample included 81 nonfinancial companies listed on the Amman stoke exchange from 2012 to 2021. The findings disclose a pronounced positive relationship between married board members and ESG disclosure separately and collectively, pointing to a normative commitment emanating from their personal lives that extends into their roles as corporate stewards, influencing corporate sustainability, and ethical governance. Conversely, the results did not indicate a relationship between single board members and ESG disclosure. The study underscores the importance of considering the personal attributes of board members in shaping corporate governance and ESG practices. Also, it encourages a broader perspective on how diverse personal backgrounds can enhance sustainability and ethical values within organizations by advocating for boards that reflect diverse marital statuses and a commitment to family values, benefitting not only shareholders but also society at large.

Research on the Innovative Path of Rural Grassroots Party Organization Construction Leading the Modernization of Rural Governance

This article focuses on the role and challenges of rural grassroots party organizations in leading the modernization of rural governance, conducting in-depth research and analysis from aspects such as party organization system construction, inadequate function, and integration with villagers' self-government organizations. It analyzes the current development status of rural grassroots party organizations and the connotation of the modernization of rural governance, and dissects the problems of inadequate system in party building work, insufficient function of the party organization, and insufficient coordinated development with villagers' self-government organizations. Based on this, optimization countermeasures such as strengthening system construction, clarifying functional positioning, and promoting the deep integration of party organizations and villagers' self-government organizations are proposed. It summarizes the significance and practical operation guidance of these countermeasures for improving the role of rural grassroots party organizations in the modernization of rural governance.

Forecasting Business Status of Organizations by Analyzing Historic Earnings Call Transcripts with the Aid of Text Refinement Framework

Objectives: The research work focuses on providing an effective framework for automated text refinement that aids in financial condition projections for the company based on prior transcripts of earnings calls. The proposed framework captures the ad hoc advancements of the organizations described in the earnings call as sentiments and computes a score based on the captured sentiments. The sentiment score is then used as prime parameter to predict the stock values of the organizations. Methods: The framework is equipped with sentiment analysis or opinion mining to identify and extract the subjective content using text mining and Natural Language Processing (NLP). The extracted sentiments help in yielding a sentiment score to aid in the process of stock projection. The research also illustrates how the sentiment score-based stock prediction enhances in projections of stock compared to existing ML frameworks like LSTM, Random Forest, ARIMA and Regression models. Findings: The proposed work has an accuracy score of 93%, precision 96% and recall 95% which is comparatively better than existing ML frameworks framed on LSTM, Random Forest, ARIMA and Regression models. Novelty: The research framework overcomes the influence of regular features and test data in stock prediction by using the computed sentiment prediction score from the extracted sentiment phase to aid in prediction stock values and determine the financial status of organizations. The existing frameworks project the stock price based on trained model from previous stock price repository, which tend to fail capturing ad hoc changes incurring in the organization such as change of management or any economic disaster which can poses a high impact on stock projections, the proposed research work captures these organizational changes from the earnings call transcripts as sentiments and build a score to yield the stock projection framework. Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Text Refinement, Loughran McDonald Sentiment Classifier, Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency, Stock Price

Race, Role, and Religion: Exploring Campus Racial Climate Perceptions

Over the past two decades, researchers have shown an increased interest in analyzing the campus racial climates (CRC) of colleges and universities. Despite this growing literature, far too little attention has been paid to the CRCs of a specific institutional sector: Christian higher education. Drawing from survey data of 15 Christian higher education institutions across the United States, this quantitative study analyzed CRC perceptions and experiences across varied educational stakeholders (i.e., students, faculty, and administrators) within Christian higher education contexts. Our findings reveal that people of color (PoC) and Whites perceive their campus racial climates differently; that PoC report being treated unfairly and feeling at a disadvantage due to their race in Christian higher education; and that students, faculty, and staff of color experience a less hospitable campus culture, irrespective of their organizational status. By bringing together the CRC perceptions of these campus groups, we expand upon the shared racialized experiences and challenges of faculty, staff, and students of color. We conclude by offering implications for practice to foster diverse and equitable CRCs in Christian colleges and universities for all campus constituents.

Роль волонтерства в гражданском обществе Российской Федерации

The article analyzes the federal legislation, as well as the charters of volunteer organizations regarding the concept, functions, principles, organizational and legal forms of activity of volunteer (volunteer) organizations. The concept of the existence of a constitutional and legal status common to all volunteer organizations and the local regulatory status of specific volunteer organizations is expressed. The classification of volunteering functions into organizational, social, humanitarian and educational is proposed. As a gap in the legal regulation of volunteering, the absence of norms on the principles of volunteering in federal legislation was noted.

Legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period at the beginning of the ХХ century

Based on archival materials, legislative acts, and studies of contemporaries, the article attempts to highlight the role of legal regulation in the formation and development of the cooperative movement in the region. The study helps to better understand the complex interaction between political authorities and public initiatives in the context of socio-economic transformations of the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. The problem of legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the early twentieth century, in particular in the interwar period, is relevant and important for understanding the socio-economic processes of that time. A study of this issue will allow us to better understand the role and impact of the cooperative movement on the development of economic sectors and the lives of the local population. This article examines the legal environment in which cooperative societies operated in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period. The article analyses the legal acts regulating the status, rights and obligations of cooperative organisations and assesses their effectiveness and impact on the development of the cooperative movement (the Trade Law, the Law on Companies, the Ministry of Internal Affairs’ Order). However, the legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies during this period remains poorly understood, especially in terms of their impact on community development and economic well-being of the region. The development of the Ukrainian cooperative movement in the nineteenth century coincided with the beginning of the capitalist industrialisation of Ukrainian lands. The Austrian government took this movement seriously, which was reflected in a large number of legislative initiatives of the Austrian Reichsrat. The government adopted various legal acts aimed at regulating the activities of voluntary associations, organisations and societies. Coverage of this topic will help to understand the mechanisms of functioning of cooperatives in the fields of production, trade and services, as well as their interaction with government agencies and other sectors of the economy. Further research on this topic could serve as a basis for developing recommendations for improving the legal environment for the development of the cooperative sector in modern Ukraine.

Examining organizational collaboration and resource flows of disaster response system based on a time-dynamic perspective

Increasing the efficiency of organizational collaboration and resource flows is key to improving the emergency response performance. Given that previous studies did not consider the interactions and dynamic characteristics of emergency response organizations and resources, this study divided the emergency response into four stages and analyzed the relationship between organizational collaboration and resource flows by combining the network attributes of emergency response goals at each stage. The 2022 Luding earthquake was selected as a case study, and a multisource mixed data method was used to identify 381 organizations and 2496 organizational relationships. Using the social network analysis, the dynamic evolution characteristics of the emergency response networks (ERNs) and organization-resource two-mode networks were analyzed. The results showed that the ERNs generally exhibited the following trends: a more compact structure, balanced distribution, evolution from decentralization to centralization, and homogenous organizational collaboration. A correlation existed between changes in the organizational status and ERN attributes, with government organizations always at the core and non-profit organizations gradually rising. The evolution of the resources was closely related to the network attributes and organizational relationships. We identified the strengths of China's current emergency management system, such as enhanced performance, improved information infrastructure, and emphasis on the engagement of the military and social organizations. We recommend the following for future practice: enhancing the information technology system, establishing a mechanism for the participation of social forces, and strengthening the management of emergency stockpiles. These will help improve the disaster emergency management performance and reduce casualties and losses.

Toxicity in Older Patients with Cancer Receiving Immunotherapy: An Observational Study.

Checkpoint inhibition has emerged as an effective treatment strategy for a variety of cancers, including in older adults. However, older patients with cancer represent a heterogenous group as they can vary widely in frailty, cognition, and physical status. This study aims to investigate the association between clinical frailty and immune-related treatment toxicity, hospitalization, and treatment discontinuation due to immune-related treatment toxicity in older patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Patients aged 70years and older treated with checkpoint inhibitors were selected from the TENT study, IMAGINE study, and "Tolerability and safety of immunotherapy study". Clinical frailty was assessed by the Geriatric-8 test score and World Health Organization (WHO) status. Outcomes were grades 3-5 toxicity, hospitalization, and treatment discontinuation due to toxicity during treatment. Of 99 patients included, 22% had comorbidities. While 33% of the patients were considered frail based on an abnormal Geriatric-8 test score of <15, physical impairments were considered absent in 51% (WHO score of 0) and mild in 40% (WHO score of 1). Despite the limited sample size of the cohort, consistent trends were observed with patients with an abnormal Geriatric-8 test score of <15 or a higher WHO score of 1 for having higher odds of toxicity [odds ratio (OR) 2.32 (95% CI 0.41-13.02); OR 1.33 (95% CI 0.45-4.17)], treatment discontinuation due to immune-related treatment toxicity [OR 2.25 (95% CI 0.61-8.31); OR 2.18 (95% CI 0.7-6.73)], and hospitalization due to immune-related treatment toxicity [OR 3.72 (95% CI 0.39-35.4); OR 1.31 (95% CI 0.35-4.9)]. Moreover, in a sub-analysis, we observed that the treatment discontinuation due to immune-related treatment toxicity occurred often in patients with grade 1-2 toxicity as well. Although not statistically significant, in older patients treated with immunotherapy in a real-life population with cancer, we observed consistent trends towards increased toxicity, hospitalization, and treatment discontinuation with increasing frailty. Larger studies are needed to confirm these exploratory results. Moreover, older patients with a lower toxicity grade 1-2 experienced early treatment discontinuation frequently, suggesting a lower tolerance of toxicity.