Labour Organization Research Articles

KONSEP SEGITIGA EPIDEMIOLOGIDI TEMPAT KERJA

The workplace is a potential source of hazards and risks for workers. Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is a priority in efforts to reduce these risks through cooperation between employers and employees. Data from the International Labor Organization (ILO) shows a high number of deaths and injuries due to work accidents and work-related diseases. In Indonesia, reports from the Social Security Implementation Agency (BPJS) for employment reveal an increase in cases of work accidents from year to year. Occupational safety and health is an important factor in creating a proper working environment, with the concept of epidemiology helping to understand the host-agent-environment contribution. OHS protection efforts are crucial to reduce risks and improve well-being in the workplace.

Labor organizing at chokepoints along Amazon’s supply chain: Locating geo-strategic nodes

Amazon seems to be creating a new hybrid model of capitalism combining some elements of classical Fordist vertical integration, or even the over hundred-year-old “Taylorism” of scientific management, with 21st century elements of labor “flexibility” and reliance on gig labor and subcontracting. This hybrid model offers opportunities for organized labor to gain a foothold within some of Amazon’s vertically integrated nodes as the firm lengthens its corporate commodity chain to grow increasingly close to consumers. Building on earlier work on opportunities for, and constraints on, labor in a variety of global commodity chains, our empirical cases examine how Amazon’s corporate strategies may open opportunities for labor in three illustrative cases ensconced in fulfillment centers—the Fordist vertical integration side of the model—in the Inland Empire and Otay Mesa (both in southern California) and Northern Kentucky.

Socio-Economic Order and the Legacies of Armed Governance: The Aftermath of Paramilitary Rule in Colombia

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the legacies of paramilitary governance in the Colombian civil war. Using a local case study, we show that former militia strongholds have been shaped by the lasting effects of armed rule on the ability of impoverished peasants and rural workers to challenge existing forms of land tenure and labour organisation. Our case highlights the need to adopt a local view to understand the embeddedness of armed governance in existing socio-economic orders. Our conclusion emphasises the importance of integrating a political economy perspective when studying the legacies of armed governance.

К вопросу становления и организации социалистических соревнований и ударничества в колхозах Юга России в 1930-х гг. (часть 2)

The article delves into some practices of formation and implementation of socialist competitions and shock work movement in the labor sphere of rural workers of Don and Kuban. The objective of the study is to analyze the documentary evidence of socialist competitions and shock work activities conducted in the collective farms of the territories under consideration. The aim is to analyze the documentary evidence characterizing the policy of the state and local authorities in the period of 1930–1940s of the XX century, aimed at the education and formation of a “new” socialist shock worker, as well as to focus on the existence of a number of negative factors that accompanied the labor movement in the time period under consideration. The work uses a number of ar-chival documents, periodicals of newspapers, monographs, which allows to analyze the historical contribution of the ongoing processes. The relevance of the study of labor organization in the period under study today re-quires careful and detailed consideration, due to the fact that it has been revealed for a long time in a political and ideological context.

Introduction to carcinogenesis of nickel compounds in ILO criteria for Diagnosis and Exposure Standard for Occupational Diseases

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies nickel compounds as Class Ⅰ carcinogens. International Labour Organization (ILO) also lists nickel compounds as carcinogenic factors of occupational cancer. At present, China is revising the Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases, and cancer caused by nickel compounds may also be included in the statutory occupational diseases. The Diagnostic and Exposure Standards for Occupational Diseases published by ILO in 2022 discussed the pathogenic characteristics, occupational exposure, main health effects, diagnostic criteria and key preventive measures of nickel compounds in detail. This article mainly introduces its contents, in order to provid a basis for the formulation of relevant standards in China.

Renegotiating Skills, Wages, and the Right to Work: On the Gender of Labor Activism around Rationalization in the Bulgarian Tobacco Industry in the Early 1930s

AbstractStarting from the early 1930s, structural changes in the Bulgarian tobacco industry, prompted by the advent of the world economic crisis and German economic expansionism into Southeastern Europe, led to a deep restructuring of the labor processes, known in the terminology of the time as rationalization, in the Bulgarian tobacco industry. The introduction of the tonga rationalization technology had a deskilling and deeply gendered effect on the industry, making a significant number of skilled male workers redundant, disproportionately decreasing average male wages and leading, in turn, to a further feminization of an already majority-female workforce.The introduction of the new system provoked a strong response from the organized labor movement, which used a variety of tactics to fight against the new technology: from strikes to petitions to tripartite negotiations. Organized labor's reaction was deeply gendered, an aspect that only becomes truly visible if, in addition to gender and skill, we employ the analytical lens of scale. By following trade union policies on the local, national, and international levels, the article goes beyond the carefully crafted gender-neutral language in official documents to reveal tensions between the conservative attitudes of rank-and-file activists and the official trade union agenda. This is especially evident in communist labor politics, where Bulgarian trade union policies on the local and national levels provoked an intervention on the part of the Profintern between 1930 and 1931. The movement's internal contradictions resulted in a polyvalent, ambiguous, and non-linear trade union policy formed through the clash of and negotiations between local activists’ conservative notions of gendered work and family roles and the radical gender program of international communism.

2Committee on Freedom of Association (cfa) of the International Labor Organization (ilo): Complaint against the Government of Cameroon presented by the Confederation of Public Service Unions (cps), Case No 3428, June 2023

2Committee on Freedom of Association (cfa) of the International Labor Organization (ilo): Complaint against the Government of Cameroon presented by the Confederation of Public Service Unions (cps), Case No 3428, June 2023

Academic Integrity Training Module for Academic Stakeholders: IEPAR Framework

The global surge in academic misconduct during the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbated by remote teaching and online assessment, necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional aspects and stakeholders' perspectives associated with this issue. This paper addresses the prevalent use of answer-providing sites and other types of academic misconduct, underscoring the challenge of detecting all or most of the student misconduct. Exploring factors such as faculty inexperience in remote teaching and assessment, the paper advocates for proactive measures to preserve integrity in education. Emphasizing the need for a culture of integrity beyond traditional classrooms, the paper reviews existing models, then details steps to create a framework using the International Labour Organization (ILO)’s TREE training method. It presents the IEPAR framework (Inspiration, Education, Pedagogical considerations, Assessment design, Response and Restorative practice), and assesses its effectiveness. Incorporating faculty feedback, the paper concludes with evidence-based findings, positioning the IEPAR framework as a robust approach for addressing academic misconduct and fostering a culture of academic integrity in higher education through responsible training of all stakeholders.

Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches for Robust and Timely Detection of PPE in Construction Sites

Globally, workplace safety is a critical concern, and statistics highlight the widespread impact of occupational hazards. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), an estimated 2.78 million work-related fatalities occur worldwide each year, with an additional 374 million non-fatal workplace injuries and illnesses. These incidents result in significant economic and social costs, emphasizing the urgent need for effective safety measures across industries. The construction sector in particular faces substantial challenges, contributing a notable share to these statistics due to the nature of its operations. As technology, including machine vision algorithms and robotics, continues to advance, there is a growing opportunity to enhance global workplace safety standards and mitigate the human toll of occupational hazards on a broader scale. This paper explores the development and evaluation of two distinct algorithms designed for the accurate detection of safety equipment on construction sites. The first algorithm leverages the Faster R-CNN architecture, employing ResNet-50 as its backbone for robust object detection. Subsequently, the results obtained from Faster R-CNN are compared with those of the second algorithm, Few-Shot Object Detection (FsDet). The selection of FsDet is motivated by its efficiency in addressing the time-intensive process of compiling datasets for network training in object recognition. The research methodology involves training and fine-tuning both algorithms to assess their performance in safety equipment detection. Comparative analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of novel training methods employed in the development of these machine vision algorithms.

Is infrastructure a critical aspect of self-organized entrepreneurial activity?

The limitation of capitalist principles and ethics has long been an issue for self-organized enterprises. Even though capitalist modes of labor organization, administration, and management are expelled from the workplace, issues of growth, investment, production, and circulation remain exposed to dominant forms of production. Nevertheless, communities of solidarity, along with spatial and techno-material settings, constitute the infrastructure of commoning practices in those endeavors. We compare the cases of the factory occupation movement in Argentina and the occupation of the Vio.Me. factory in Greece (2010), where a shift to self-organization emerged in the context of the Argentinian and Greek economic crises. We focus on struggles revolving around the use and ownership of spatial-material infrastructure and the production of use-values, highlighting the emancipatory potential of self-organization. Space and objects appear as a contested terrain, while at the same time, material settings are transformed, through the collectives’ participation in networks of distribution and solidarity.

Оценка судами юридической и экономической зависимости при признании отношений трудовыми

The signs of labor relations, formulated by the Soviet science of labor law, have undergone a certain rethinking in modern conditions. This is due not only to economic and political transformations in Russia. European legal science and judicial practice are also characterized by a transformation of ideas about the criteria of labor relations: significant importance is beginning to be attached not so much to the legal, but to the economic dependence of the performer on the customer of the work. These features are enshrined in the International Labour Organization recommendation “Employment Relationship Recommendation” (2006), clarified by the International Labour Office (2014), and are also reflected in national legislation, including Russian. The article makes an attempt to analyze judicial practice taking into account these trends.

Gender Difference on Internal Equity: Evidence From the Hospitality Industry in Ghana

It is a hypothetical position that employees in the hospitality industry in Ghana experience salary disparities based on the gender of the employee. Pay disparities exist because of unconscious biases in areas such as hiring, promotions, performance reviews, and salary decisions. In ensuring equal pay for equal work to fulfill the International Labor Organization (ILO) convention, this study investigated the internal equity pay of the employees in Ghana's hospitality industry based on equal work. This quantitative association study adopted a self-constructed research instrument to measure internal equity pay and randomly selected 350 respondents in the hospitality industry in Ghana to answer the research questionnaires. The respondents were made up of 160(46%) males and 190(54%) females. In looking for the significant difference of gender as related to internal equity pay of the employees in Ghana with a T'Test analysis, the study revealed that, indeed, there was a significant difference in the salary payment of the employees in Ghana. The males were paid more than the females for equal work. Therefore, the study rejected the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in internal equity pay based on the gender of the employees in the hospitality industry in Ghana. To ensure equal pay for equal work, the management and shareholders of hospitality firms in Ghana are recommended to seek knowledge of the legal requirement of this principle in the Ghana Labor Law and also become compliant with the ILO convention. Furthermore, a conscious effort must be made to ensure equal pay for equal jobs.

Current Areas of International Labor Organization Activity for the Progressive Development of International Labor Law

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of the current activities of the International Labor Organization (hereinafter reffered to as the ILO) on the unification of existing and the development of the latest international labor standards for two categories of workers. In particular, we would like to draw attention to the lack of international legal labor standards for professional athletes and the necessary norms to protect their labor rights. In international law, there are a number of universal and regional international legal acts dedicated to professional sports, for example, the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports of 1985, the International Convention against Doping in Sports of 2005, the Council of Europe Convention against Doping of 1989. However, there are no issues of regulating the work of athletes and protecting their labor rights in international legal acts.Another issue that requires the closest attention from the ILO in terms of the progressive development of international labor law is the regulation of remote (remote) work. The article examines various forms of remote work, and also presents a comparative legal analysis of the status of a homeworker and a remote (remote) worker in accordance with ILO documents. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes: the method of system-structural analysis; formal-logical method.Research results. As a result of the research, the authors found that there is a need to develop an ILO Convention, as well as an appropriate Recommendation that would consolidate the minimum labor rights of athletes with their subsequent extension in employment contracts of a private legal nature. Regarding the legal regulation of remote work, the authors also propose to allocate remote workers into a separate category of workers on a par with homeworkers and domestic workers.Discussion and conclusion. In modern professional sports, workers of various nationalities are represented, consequently, the ILO needs to progressively develop new international standards for the labor rights of athletes at a universal level, in particular, it is proposed to adopt a Convention on the peculiarities of work in professional sports. Since a homeworker and a remote worker are essentially not identical concepts, therefore, the ILO Convention No. 177 on Home Work of 1996 cannot be extended to regulate the work of remote workers, therefore it seems appropriate to develop an appropriate Convention.

Child labour, school attendance and orphaned children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This article contributes to the stock of scientific knowledge by showing the effect of orphan status on child labour and school attendance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). While the abolition of child labour is undeniably one of the major tasks assigned to the International Labour Organization (ILO) when it was founded, child labour remains a severe problem worldwide. In many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, children do not have access to school. Instead of ending up in school, millions of children are forced to engage in child labour in income-generating and non-income-generating activities. Little researchers have yet made it possible to obtain simultaneous information on child labour, school attendance and orphaned children. This paper describes the research that tries to make such a connection. Data used is from the out-of-school children and adolescents (OOSC-DRC-2012) survey organised by the Ministry of Primary, secondary and Vocational Education. Using a bivariate probit econometric model and testing the endogeneity with an instrumental variables approach, funding of the analysis supports the assumption of a significant negative relationship between child labour and school attendance. The result shows also that being orphaned reduces a child's likelihood of school attendance and increases the probability of entering the labour market. It is underlined that most children are present in non-income-generating than income-generating activities.

Conceptualising the robotisation of manufacturing work: a thematic analysis of the literature using soft systems thinking as lens

PurposeThe introduction of robots as value-adding “workers” on the shop floor triggers complex changes to manufacturing work. Such changes involve highly entangled relationships between technology, organisation and people. Understanding such entanglements requires a holistic assessment of contemporary robotised manufacturing work, to anticipate the dynamically emerging opportunities and risks of robotised work.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review of 87 papers was conducted to capture relevant themes of change in robotised manufacturing work. The literature was analysed using a thematic analysis approach, with Checkland’s soft systems thinking as an analytical framework.FindingsBased on the literature analysis, the authors present a systemic conceptualisation of robotised manufacturing work. Specifically, the conceptualisation highlights four entangled themes of change: work, organisation of labour, workers’ (experiences) and the firm’s environment. Moreover, the authors discuss the complex patterns of interactions between these objects as relationships that defy straightforward cause–effect models.Practical implicationsThe findings draw attention to complex interactions between robotisation and manufacturing work. It can, therefore, inform strategic decisions and support projects for robotisation from a holistic perspective.Originality/valueThe authors present a novel approach to studying and designing robotised manufacturing work as a conceptual system. In particular, the paper shifts the focus towards crucial properties of the system, which are subject to complex changes alongside the introduction of robot technology in manufacturing. Soft systems thinking enables new research avenues to explain complex phenomena at the intersection of robotisation and manufacturing work.

Study On Various Factors Influencing Financial Resilience During Pandemic Period

The COVID-2019 outbreak has had a profound impact on the family lives of individuals across all income brackets, causing financial disruption even among those with higher earnings. Despite government interventions, financial awareness initiatives, and various investment schemes, many have struggled to navigate the economic shock. According to the International Labour Organization, the crisis resulted in the loss of 255 million jobs, hitting households without well-structured liquid savings the hardest. A 2020 Statista survey revealed that 79% of the Indian population faced financial fragility.
 
 Study Objective: The central focus of this research is to assess individuals' ability to manage their finances during the financial uncertainty brought about by the pandemic. The study aims to determine the financial literacy of individuals in handling reduced salaries or, in some cases, no income at all.
 
 Practical and Social Implications: Examining how individuals cope with challenges during the pandemic, such as unemployment, reduced income, and health issues, sheds light on the broader societal impact. Individuals equipped with financial literacy, knowledge, and the right attitude are more likely to plan and allocate their financial resources effectively, enhancing their financial resilience during such challenging times. Addressing financial resilience is crucial, as its absence can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder.
 Findings of the study revealed a robust correlation between financial knowledge, behavior, attitude, planning, management, and financial resilience.

TERMINATION OF CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT; REASON(S) REQUIRED OR NOT? A REVIEW OF GHANA’S LABOUR STATUTES AND CASE LAWS

The laws which regulate employment relations have gone through various stages from the master-servant relationship in the medieval period to the current statutory implied provisions embedded in employment contracts. In the current era of insatiable search for the rights and dignity of all persons across the world, the need to ensure decent work conditions has been of great interest. The right of workers to enjoy employment security is entrenched in the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention on Termination of Employment (Convention 158) and Termination of Employment Recommendations in 1963. State parties to the ILO are required to incorporate such provisions in their national laws. The ILO Conventions and Recommendations on termination of employment contract require that employment contract should be terminated on a stated reason but not at the whim and caprices of the employer. Though Ghana has not yet ratified the ILO Convention 158, the passage of the Labour Act 2003, (Act 651) was guided by the provisions in the ILO Convention on Termination of Employment. Notwithstanding the safeguards provided in Ghana’s Labour Act to protect employees from arbitrary termination of employment, the judicial interpretations have maintained the view that an employer can terminate an employment contract without giving reasons. This interpretation placed the Ghanaian worker at the mercy of the employer. What is worse is that many negotiated collective agreements contain provisions for the termination of a contract of employment at will. A recent judicial interpretation has departed from the previous view that an employment contract can be terminated without reason, thereby giving a sigh of relief to the Ghanaian worker. This paper, through theoretical reviews, seeks to reinforce the judicial interpretation that there must necessarily be a reason for the termination of a contract of employment.

Kronik Gerakan Serikat Buruh di Indonesia: Peta dan Sejarah

This research focuses on studying the dynamics of the trade union movement in Indonesia in a historical review and current map of the Trade Union Confederation/Labor Unions registered with the Ministry of Manpower. This study is a qualitative combination of literature and empirical research, combining literature and field data to explore the dynamics of trade unions in Indonesia, especially confederations. Since the 19th century, the birth of the Dutch East Indies Teachers' Workers' Union in 1879 began the emergence of the Workers' Union Movement (SP) or Labor Unions (SB) in Indonesia. These labor organizations, especially in the transportation and plantation sectors, played a central role in Indonesia's struggle for independence. Over time, various labor organizations emerged that played a key role in national political dynamics, such as VSTP, PPKB, and the Indian Vakbonden Association (PVH). Despite experiencing challenges during the Japanese occupation and the failure of the PKI's political action in 1926, the labor movement continued to develop until post-independence, with a major role played by organizations such as SOBSI in the Old Order era, SPSI in the New Order era, and various organizations that emerged during the Reformation era. Since the Reformation era, new trade unions have emerged and old unions have emerged, driven by political reform and the rapid growth of trade and labor unions. The latest mapping shows that more than 4 million workers/laborers are members of more than 20 organizations under various federations and confederations. Organizations such as KSPSI AGN, KSPSI JUMHUR, KSPI, and KSPSI YRS have the most members.

The Evolution of Employment Law and Its Impact on Workplace Dynamics

Purpose: This study investigates the evolution of employment law and its consequential impact on contemporary workplace dynamics. The research aims to elucidate the developmental trajectory of employment law and how these legal frameworks influence organizational behavior and labor market outcomes. Research Design and Methodology: A comprehensive review of pertinent literature was conducted, employing a qualitative, descriptive research methodology. This approach involved systematic examination and synthesis of existing studies, providing a nuanced understanding of the historical antecedents and contemporary phenomena influencing employment law. Findings and Discussion: The findings reveal that employment law has significantly evolved from its nascent stages during the Industrial Revolution to the complex legal frameworks of today. Key developments include establishing minimum wage laws, anti-discrimination statutes, and regulations addressing non-standard employment forms. The study highlights the impact of these legal changes on organizational practices, employee well-being, and broader economic dynamics. Technological advancements and globalization are critical drivers of recent legal adaptations, raising new challenges and opportunities within the gig economy and digital workspaces. Implications: The evolution of employment law underscores the importance of robust legal protections for promoting fair and equitable workplaces. Policymakers and organizational leaders are encouraged to continuously adapt legal frameworks to address emerging challenges, ensuring the protection of workers' rights, and fostering inclusive and dynamic work environments. Further interdisciplinary research is essential to inform effective policy interventions and enhance the adaptability of employment law in the face of ongoing socio-economic transformations.

Effects of the WHO Labour Care Guide on cesarean section in India: a pragmatic, stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial.

Cesarean section rates worldwide are rising, driven by medically unnecessary cesarean use. The new World Health Organization Labour Care Guide (LCG) aims to improve the quality of care for women during labor and childbirth. Using the LCG might reduce overuse of cesarean; however, its effects have not been evaluated in randomized trials. We conducted a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized pilot trial in four hospitals in India to evaluate the implementation of an LCG strategy intervention, compared with routine care. We performed this trial to pilot the intervention and obtain preliminary effectiveness data, informing future research. Eligible clusters were four hospitals with >4,000 births annually and cesarean rates ≥30%. Eligible women were those giving birth at ≥20 weeks' gestation. One hospital transitioned to intervention every 2 months, according to a random sequence. The primary outcome was the cesarean rate among women in Robson Group 1 (that is, those who were nulliparous and gave birth to a singleton, term pregnancy in cephalic presentation and in spontaneous labor). A total of 26,331 participants gave birth. A 5.5% crude absolute reduction in the primary outcome was observed (45.2% versus 39.7%; relative risk 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.54-1.33). Maternal process-of-care outcomes were not significantly different, though labor augmentation with oxytocin was 18.0% lower with the LCG strategy. No differences were observed for other health outcomes or women's birth experiences. These findings can guide future definitive effectiveness trials, particularly in settings where urgent reversal of rising cesarean section rates is needed. Clinical Trials Registry India number: CTRI/2021/01/030695 .