Organizations In Italy Research Articles

Separation of Ownership and Control

ABSENT fiat, the form of organization that survives in an activity is the one that delivers the product demanded by customers at the lowest price while covering costs.1 Our goal is to explain the survival of organizations characterized by separation of "ownership" and "control"-a problem that has bothered students of corporations from Adam Smith to Berle and Means and Jensen and Meckling.2 In more precise language, we are concerned with the survival of organizations in which important decision agents do not bear a substantial share of the wealth effects of their decisions. We argue that the separation of decision and risk-bearing functions observed in large corporations is common to other organizations such as large professional partnerships, financial mutuals, and nonprofits. We contend that separation of decision and risk-bearing functions survives in these organizations in part because of the benefits of specialization of

Bargaining Units and Labor Organization in Italy

Bargaining Units and Labor Organization in Italy

Bargaining Units and Labor Organization in Italy

Collective bargaining in Italy is undergoing a significant shift, away from the traditional industry-wide negotiation between national unions and employers' associations toward individual plant bargaining by local unions. The deficiencies of centralized authority and lack of representation by unions at the local level are analyzed in this article, which discusses the factors that have caused the labor confederations to reappraise their policies and endeavor to establish a network of shop locals. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)

The National Tourist Organization in Italy

The National Tourist Organization in Italy