Water Organisms Research Articles

Monitoring the Kotychi Lagoon in Western Peloponnese, Greece, Using Remote Sensing Techniques and Environmental Assessment

The Kotychi Lagoon (western Peloponnese, Greece), together with other coastal wetlands such as Pappas, Prokopos and Lamia, is part of the wider area of the Strofylia Wetlands National Park and Protected Areas of Western Peloponnese, which has been protected by the Ramsar convention since 1971 and classified as a Natura 2000 area due to its high diversity and ecological value. This study aimed to estimate the water surface evolution of the Kotychi Lagoon using optical remote sensing techniques to record parameters and indices related to the geometrical and landscape orientation features for the 1945–2016 period and to evaluate the ecological and environmental status of the lagoon through in-situ measurement and sample analysis. High-resolution aerial photos at a scale of 1:30,000, orthomosaics, and satellite images were used and linear regression rates (LRR) were calculated to determine the changes. Seasonal sampling of water, sediment, and macrofaunal organisms in the lagoon was performed to monitor environmental and ecological parameters. The results showed that the lagoon’s water surface shrank during the 1945–2016 period, showing different rates in four segments. The shrinkage prevailed in the northeastern and southern parts of the lagoon, with rates of 17.75 and 6.46 m/year, respectively. The ecological status was determined to be poor, although nutrient input seemed to have been moderate over the study period. We conclude that applying remote sensing techniques using a combination of high-resolution images constitutes an effective and accurate method for the spatiotemporal mapping of wetlands. The ecological problems of the Kotychi Lagoon were highlighted and confirmed through complementary in-situ analyses. These problems need to be addressed by the respective managerial bodies in order to restore the lagoon to good ecological status.

Long-Term Contamination of the Arabian Gulf as a Result of Hypothetical Nuclear Power Plant Accidents

Long-term consequences of radionuclide contamination of the Arabian Gulf as a result of hypothetical accidents at the Bushehr and Barakah nuclear power plants (NPPs) were studied using a chain of models including the atmospheric dispersion model RIMPUFF, the marine compartment model POSEIDON-R, and the dose model. The compartment model POSEIDON-R is complemented by a dynamic model of the biota food chain that includes both pelagic and benthic organisms. The source terms for the hypothetical releases of the selected radionuclides (134Cs, 137Cs, 106Ru, and 90Sr) in the atmosphere were defined as a fraction of respective reactor inventories available in the literature. Conservative meteorological scenarios for the calculation of the initial depositions of radionuclides were selected. Because the Gulf is shallow, a significant portion of the reactive radionuclides (134Cs, 137Cs, 106Ru) remain in the bottom sediments and continue to contaminate water and benthic organisms for a long period of time. The annual dose due to the consumption of marine products can exceed 1 mSv, whereas the annual dose due to drinking the water from desalination plants is expected to be an order less. The contribution of elements to the dose depends on the type of reactor. This is manifested in differences between the contributions of different marine organisms to the dose.

Bioakumulasi Timbal (Pb) pada Bivalvia (Anadara antiquata, Anadara granosa dan Perna viridis) dari Perairan Lekok, Pasuruan

Lead is one of inorganic material causes pollution in waters that have a high level of toxicity for organisms. Lead pollution in waters can be accumulated by several water organisms, such as Bivalves. Bivalves are type of shellfish that can accumulate heavy metals. This study aimed to know the bioaccumulation of Lead on the Bivalves (Anadara antiquata, Anadara granosa dan Perna viridis) found in Lekok water (Pasuruan, Jawa Timur). The amount of Lead in the water, sediment and Bivalves was measured by using Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometer (AAS). The bioaccumulation of Lead on the Bivalves was analyzed by using Bioconcentration Factor (BCF). The result showed that amount of Lead in the water and sediment were 0,356 mg/L and 21,245 mg/kg, respectively. The BCF value of Lead on the Bivalves of Lekok waters were <30 indicating low accumulation level.

Environmental Impacts of Coal Combustion Residuals: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives.

On-site solid-waste impoundments, landfills, and receiving water bodies have served as long-term disposal sites for coal combustion residuals (CCRs) across the United States for decades and collectively contain billions of tons of CCR material. CCR components include fine particulate material, minerals, and trace elements such as mercury, arsenic, selenium, lead, etc., which can have deleterious effects on ecosystem functioning and public health. Effects on communities can occur through consumption of drinking water, fish, and other aquatic organisms. The structural failure of impoundments, water infiltration, leakage from impoundments due to poor construction and monitoring, and CCR effluent discharges to water bodies have in the past resulted in harmful environmental impacts. Moreover, the risks posed by CCRs are present to this day, as coal continues to account for 11% of the energy production in the United States. In this Critical Review, the legacy of CCR disposal and the concomitant risks posed to public health and ecosystems are assessed. The resiliency of CCR disposal sites in the context of increased frequency and intensity of storm events and other hazards, such as floods and earthquakes, is also evaluated. We discuss the current state of knowledge on the environmental fate of CCR-derived elements, as well as advances in and limitations of analytical tools, which can improve the current understanding of CCR environmental impacts in order to mitigate the associated risks. An assessment of the 2015 Coal Ash Final Rule is also presented, along with needs to improve monitoring of CCR disposal sites and regulatory enforcement.

Iron overload consequences for submerged plants stoichiometry, homeostasis and performance

Accelerated lakes eutrophication is one of the greatest challenges nowadays. To counteract its negative effects, large-scale restoration treatments are carried out worldwide. However, research in this field is mainly focused on the process effectiveness and there is a scarcity of studies concerning the impact of restoration treatments on water organisms and ecosystem homeostatsis. Our microcosm study presents the effects of a phosphorus coagulant (iron [III] chloride) on functional traits changes, oxidative stress and macro- and microelement stoichiometry disturbances in macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, a model species inhabiting eutrophic waters. Application of the coagulant to experimental vessels influenced the physicochemical and optical parameters of water and led to significant changes in biogeochemistry. Stoichiometric alterations were reflected by disturbances in the relative contents of macro- (C, N, P, Ca, Mg) and microelements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Co) and induced luxury consumption of available ions. Physicochemical and stoichiometric changes mutually exerted negative influence on M. spicatum functional traits. The parameters of oxidative stress remained at low levels, comparable to the untreated control whereas stoichiometric analysis revealed the activation of mechanisms responsible for minimizing low light stress. The ability of M. spicatum to maintain homeostasis of Cu and Co under simulated chemical water restoration was closely related to high concentrations of Fe and Zn ions, which simultaneously were not subjected to homeostasis control. Thus, chemical lake restoration treatments based on phosphorus coagulants are not as environmentally safe as previously considered and may have far-reaching consequences for the biogeochemical cycle and food web functioning.

Experimental Inactivation of Microalgae in Marine Ballast Water by Microbubbles Generated through Hydrodynamic Cavitation

This paper presents a novel approach to microbubble technology for the treatment of aquatic invasive organisms in ship ballast water. The microbubbles are produced by hydrodynamic cavitation with a sudden and dramatic water pressure drop. The air and ozone microbubbles, respectively, verified the bioavailability of ship ballast water treatment using marine microalgae as an indicator. Besides the effects of an ozone injection dose, the morphological changes of cells and the effluent toxicity were investigated. Compared with the ozone microbubble treatment, the inactivation of marine microalgae by air microbubbles required a long treatment time. In the storage experiment, it was found that air microbubbles did not inhibit the growth of microalgae cells, and that the injection of active matter such as ozone was still necessary to ensure the validity of biological invasion. However, even with very low doses of ozone, the inactivation effect of ozone microbubbles was still very evident. Overall, it helps to minimize the use of active matter to reduce the toxicity of treated water, and this has the capability to develop into an environmentally acceptable and practical ballast water treatment technology.

Applicability of flow imaging microscopy (FlowCAM) as a ballast water investigation tool

With the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) in force, exploring an efficient tool for organism detection is critical for successful ballast water management. We evaluated the capability of flow imaging microscopy (FlowCAM) for investigating the abundance, size, and classification of 10–50 μm organisms in ballast water by comparing with a fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX53). FlowCAM (10×) performed better than FlowCAM (20×) for abundance measures, showing a significant correlation with the results of the microscope (R2=0.9966). And there existed significant differences in the counting results of Prorocentrum micans generated by FlowCAM (10×), FlowCAM (20×), the microscope (p < 0.05). We found that W (Width) showed the minimum dimension measurement. In addition, we can identify particles with a W between 10.0 and 53.5μm as 10-50μm organisms classified in the BWM Convention D-2 standard. For some species, recognition rates generated by FlowCAM were significantly lower than the microscope (p < 0.05), indicating that the identification accuracy of FlowCAM needs to be further improved. The results of our study showed that FlowCAM may become a promising tool for ballast water analysis if instrumental sensitivity and biological characteristics can be taken into account.

Occurrence and spatial distribution of paralytic shellfish toxins in seawater and marine organisms in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, China

In recent years, paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) have been prevalent in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, the west coast of the Bohai Sea, China. The content of PSTs in shellfish often exceeded the regulatory limit of 800 μg STX equivalent (eq.) kg−1, which poses a serious threat to human health. In this study, two surveys were conducted in May 2021 and May 2022 to investigate the distribution of PSTs in the coastal waters of Qinhuangdao. Seawater, surface sediment, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other marine organism samples were collected, and the composition and concentration of PSTs were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results showed that multiple PST components were detected in all seawater samples collected at different depths, mainly including GTX1/4, GTX2/3, dcGTX2, STX and C1/2, and the highest concentration of PSTs reached 244 ng STX eq. L−1. The sediment samples also contained low levels of C1/2 and GTX2/3. Trace amounts of C1/2 and GTX1-4 were detected in phytoplankton and zooplankton. Moreover, all bivalve shellfish samples were found to contain PSTs, and the scallop Azumapecten farreri and the ark clam Anadara kagoshimensis showed relatively high concentrations of 607 and 497 μg STX eq. kg−1, respectively. In addition, low levels of PSTs were also found in some non-traditional PST vectors, including whelk Rapana venosa, octopus Amphioctopus ovulum, goby Ctenotrypauchen chinensis, and greenling Hexagrammos agrammus. Results of this study improve the understanding of the distribution of PSTs in seawater and marine organisms and the potential risk of persistent PSTs in seawater to marine ecosystems and human health.

Пищевые отношения между пелагическими личинками рыб и планктонными организмами в прикамчатских водах

The nutritional relations between fish larvae and zooplankton organisms in marine waters off Kamchatka Peninsula based on the ichthyoplankton samples as well as changes in the diet of fish larvae in Kamchatka waters are considered. In spring, the most suitable food organisms for small fish larvae are polychaeta larvae, Cirripedia and Calanoida nauplii, small forms of copepods, mollusks, juveniles of amphipods. In early summer larvae of Polychaeta, nauplii of Cirripedia and Calanoida, small forms of Cladocera and Copepoda are also available. The main forage organisms for larger larvae are furcilia and calyptopis of euphausiids, small larvae of Decapoda. In the second half of summer, larger forms, mainly of the same organisms, are available for late larvae of many fishes. The relationship between the distribution of marine fish larvae and zooplankton organisms is shown. A list of available food organisms for fish larvae during pelagic development has been compiled. Three main trophic groups have been proposed.

Effects of Land Use Type on Water Quality and Organisms in a Small River of the Shizukuishi River Basin, Iwate Prefecture, Japan

Effects of Land Use Type on Water Quality and Organisms in a Small River of the Shizukuishi River Basin, Iwate Prefecture, Japan

Selection of Active Microorganism Strains Isolated from a Naturally Salty Lake for the Investigation of Different Microbial Potentials

The biological variety of aquatic ecosystems is significantly impacted by the chemical and microbiological composition of water bodies, and there is strong reciprocal feedback between these two factors, especially for reservoirs, which can and do have a significant impact on neighboring ecosystems. Today there is an acute need to identify the most effective and economically feasible methods for cleaning and restoring water bodies. Therefore, the aim of the study was to find strains of microorganisms which are capable of biodegrading such problematic pollutants as insoluble phosphates and excess nitrogenous compounds and at the same time, are capable of suppressing the bacterial composition in reservoir waters. In the course of the research, a number of the most active strains of microorganisms were isolated from lake water samples. Five isolates were obtained from salt water and the isolates were then identified using morphological, and biochemical techniques, as well as the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In addition to the characterization and identification of the isolates, the species-specific levels of phosphate solubilizing, and nitrifying activities were also established. Thus, all isolated strains were studied and characterized, and their influence on the content of minerals such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which are important for living organisms in water, was studied. In summary, the Pseudomonas Extrem-Orientalis isolate was observed to be highly effective in solubilizing phosphates, nitrifying, and had the greatest antagonistic capacity among the investigated isolates. The information gleaned from the study’s findings helps raise more awareness in the field of microbiology and water treatment in general. The findings offer promise for the development of biopreparations with bioremediation capabilities for cleaning polluted water bodies of pollutants from various sources.

The holoplanktonic mollusks (Pteropoda and Pterotrachoidea) in surface waters of the Campeche Canyon (southern Gulf of Mexico) during a winter storm (&amp;ldquo;Nortes&amp;rdquo;) season

The holoplanktonic mollusks (Mollusca, Pteropoda and Pterotrachoidea) are independent and key groups of organisms in any marine ecosystem due to the role they play in the carbon and energy transfer along the marine trophic webs. We document the species of holoplanktonic mollusks collected in the surface waters (10 m depth) during an oceanographic expedition in the Campeche Canyon, southern Gulf of Mexico, during the February 2011 winter storm (&amp;ldquo;Nortes&amp;rdquo;) season. Organisms were collected using a close/open/close net system. Eighteen species belonging to 12 genera and nine families of pteropods were identified. Three species of Pterotrachoidea were identified. Limacina trochiformis (d&amp;rsquo;Orbigny, 1835), Heliconoides inflatus (d&amp;rsquo;Orbigny, 1835), and Creseis conica (Eschscholtz, 1829) were the species with highest density values (600.3, 678.5, and 746.8 ind &amp;middot; 100 m&amp;minus;3, respectively). The results presented here contribute to the knowledge of this group of organisms in oceanic waters of the southern Gulf of Mexico, especially during a time of year where observations are scarce.

Disclosing the bioaccumulation and biomagnification behaviors of emerging per/polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food web based on field investigation and model simulation

Emerging poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been widely detected in the environment, but their bioaccumulation and biomagnification behaviors are not well understood. We collected surface water, sediment, and various aquatic organisms from Lake Taihu, China. Several emerging PFASs, such as fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), hexafluoropropylene oxides (HFPOs), and chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acids (Cl-PFESAs) were frequently detected in water and sediment samples. The concentrations of HFPO trimer acid (HFPO-TA), 4,8-dioxa-3 H-per-fluorononanoate, and FTSs were remarkably higher than those reported previously, indicating that their application is increasing in Taihu Basin. These emerging PFASs displayed higher sediment/water partitioning coefficients (log Koc) than the corresponding perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with the same perfluorinated carbon chain length. HFPOs and Cl-PFESAs were more labile to deposit in fish livers than perfluorooctanoic and perfluorooctane sulfonic acids, respectively. Both field investigations and model simulations indicated that HFPO-TA and Cl-PFESAs, as well as the hydrogen-substituted analogs of 6:2 Cl-PFESA (6:2 H-PFESA), were biomagnified along the aquatic food chain. The bioaccumulation model simulation revealed that the accumulation of these emerging PFASs in fish was mainly through dietary intake, whereas gill respiration and fecal excretion facilitated their elimination. Metabolic transformation might also contribute to their elimination relative to the legacy ones.

First record of microplastic in the environmental matrices of a Mediterranean marine cave (Bue Marino, Sardinia, Italy)

This study investigates for the first time the presence of microplastics in sediment, water, and benthic organisms (foraminifera) of a marine cave in the Gulf of Orosei (Sardinia, Italy). Microplastics were found in all water, and sediment samples with similar shapes, sizes, and compositions; identified items were mainly fragments and fibers constituted by PVC and polyethylene. Their provenance was supposed to be predominantly from the sea than from the seasonal freshwater supplies from the karst system. Foraminiferal assemblages were mainly constituted by calcareous hyaline taxa in the outer station, while in the inner ones, the agglutinated Eggerelloides advenus was dominant. FTIR analyses on agglutinated shells identified polyethylene. Microplastic items are collected by the foraminifers and sediment grains building the shell chambers. This is the first study providing evidence that marine caves may be collectors of microplastics and that, in these habitats, microplastics enter the biotic matrix at the protist's level.

Health risk assessment of swimming beaches microbial contamination: a case study - Mahmoudabad, Iran

ABSTRACT Waterborne organisms in marine water generally originate from untreated wastewater discharged into the sea. The presence of numerous leisure beaches in Mahmoudabad city, Iran, annually attracts thousands of tourists from all over the country to participate in recreational swimming activities. This study probabilistically characterized the health risks associated with recreational swimming engendered by waterborne pathogens, such as intestinal enterococci and Escherichia coli (E. coli) at 15 sampling points along the beaches of the study using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The mean annual infection risk of E. coli in children and adults was 0.424 and 0.229, respectively. The respective risk in terms of enterococci was 0.999 and 0.997, which were higher than the level recommended by the WHO and EPA. The results show that the risk of infection for children was higher than adults. Related authorities have to consider measures to improve environmental quality to protect tourists’ and residents’ well-being.

Observing the spread of Agulhas Leakage into the Western South Atlantic by tracking mode waters within ocean rings

The Agulhas rings transport warm and salty waters that feed the surface limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Some studies have focused on the conveying capacity of ocean eddies, and recently, the role of the Agulhas rings in advecting water masses and organisms has been explored. Here we show evidence that the Agulhas rings are responsible for the advection of mode waters from the Cape Basin to the western side of the Atlantic. We analyzed more than 3,200 temperature profiles and 2,400 salinity profiles from historical databases collocated with 52 long-lived Agulhas rings tracked from 1993 through 2016. An automated algorithm was used to identify thermostads in the profiles acquired within the rings. The data revealed mode water layers trapped inside 88% of the rings. The joint distribution of temperature and salinity indicated two types of mode waters in the range 16.2 ± 0.6°C, 35.6 ± 0.1 (Type I) and 12.9 ± 0.7°C, 35.2 ± 0.1 (Type II). The majority (67%) of the rings carrying mode waters had both types detected inside. Moreover, considering only those rings sampled west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we found that 45% of them advected mode waters to the western basin. Therefore, our results demonstrate that, despite the long journey, interaction with the bottom topography and other vortices, ocean-atmosphere exchanges, and decay, the Agulhas rings are responsible for spreading mode waters initially available at the Cape Basin throughout the South Atlantic, contributing to a positive anomaly in temperature and salinity along the eddy corridor joining the Cape Basin to the Brazil Basin.

None detected: What “zero” indicates in direct counts of aquatic microorganisms in treated ballast water

International limits on the concentrations of living organisms in ballast water are now in force for commercial ships. Microscopy-based, “direct count” assays estimate the concentrations of organisms. These assays are used in performance tests of Ballast Water Management Systems (BWMSs), which are shipboard technologies designed to reduce living organisms in ballast water to below the discharge limits. Here, we examine the factors that affect the method detection limit (MDL) of direct count assays. The MDL depends upon the volumes sampled, concentrated (or diluted), and analyzed, so the MDL will vary as these volumes vary from analysis-to-analysis. Decreasing the MDL to detect exceedingly rare individuals (e.g., ~1 individual per m3 or fewer) is possible, but problematic, given the challenges in analyzing dynamic communities of living organisms: increasing sample and analysis volumes to lower the MDL will likely accelerate the loss of individuals, as organisms are concentrated to several orders of magnitude above in situ concentrations and held for extended times. Results of direct count assays may be widely disseminated as an indicator of the performance of BWMSs, and when no organisms are detected, concentrations may be shown as “0 organisms per m3 or mL” rather than “&amp;lt;MDL”, as appropriate. When clearly derived and reported, a numerical MDL for the direct count assay—the lowermost value distinct from “zero”—provides context to results and transparency into the sensitivity of the assay.

Fish Fingerprinting: Identifying Crude Oil Pollutants using Bicyclic Sesquiterpanes (Bicyclanes) in the Tissues of Exposed Fish.

In the present study, we investigated the possibility of identifying the source oils of exposed fish using ratios of bicyclic sesquiterpane (bicyclane) chemical biomarkers. In the event of an oil spill, identification of source oil(s) for assessment, or for litigation purposes, typically uses diagnostic ratios of chemical biomarkers to produce characteristic oil "fingerprints." Although this has been applied in identifying oil residues in sediments, water, and sessile filtering organisms, so far as we are aware this has never been successfully demonstrated for oil-exposed fish. In a 35-day laboratory trial, juvenile Lates calcarifer (barramundi or Asian seabass) were exposed, via the diet (1% w/w), to either a heavy fuel oil or to Montara, an Australian medium crude oil. Two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were then used to measure selected ratios of the bicyclanes to examine whether the ratios were statistically reproducibly conserved in the fish tissues. Six diagnostic bicyclane ratios showed high correlation (r2 > 0.98) with those of each of the two source oils. A linear discriminatory analysis model showed that nine different petroleum products could be reproducibly discriminated using these bicyclane ratios. The model was then used to correctly identify the bicyclane profiles of each of the two exposure oils in the adipose tissue extracts of each of the 18 fish fed oil-enriched diets. From our initial study, bicyclane biomarkers appear to show good potential for providing reliable forensic fingerprints of the sources of oil contamination of exposed fish. Further research is needed to investigate the minimum exposure times required for bicyclane bioaccumulation to achieve detectable concentrations in fish adiposetissues and to determine bicyclane depuration rates once exposure to oil has ceased. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:7-18. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Bioluminescence potential during polar night: impact of behavioral light sensitivity and water mass pathways

During polar nights of 2012 and 2017, bioluminescence (BL) potential surveys demonstrated high emissions at depths around and below 100 m at offshore stations to the north of a Svalbard fjord (Rijpfjorden). We demonstrated that the highest bioluminescent emissions for offshore stations are located at depths below depths of modelled/ambient light intensities corresponding to the reported irradiance thresholds for the behavioral light sensitivity of krill and copepods, and suggest that behavioral light sensitivity is one of the reasons for high values of BL potential observed below 100 m at offshore stations. In order to understand sources of bioluminescent taxa responsible for the observed high values of BL potential in offshore waters, we have investigated the origin and pathways of water masses circulating to the north, offshore of the fjord Rijpfjorden by using a hydrodynamic model. For both 2012 and 2017, the model water masses mostly originate from the west, where the Atlantic water is flowing northward, then along the shelf and shelf slope of northern Svalbard, and to the offshore of the fjord. This indicates that the advection of zooplankton by North Atlantic Water is one possible source of bioluminescent organisms offshore of northern Svalbard. In 2012, water masses also originated from the inflow through Hinlopen trench and strait, while, in 2017, the offshore water was advected and upwelled into the fjord on time scales less than 10 days, and after that there was a recirculation back from the fjord to offshore on time scales larger than 10 days. This recirculation from the fjord might be another source of bioluminescent organisms in the offshore waters.

Long-Term Neutralization of Acidic Condensate from Gas Condensing Boilers

The pH of wastewater needs to remain between 6 and 9 to protect water organisms. Condensates from a gas condensing boiler have a pH value of about 3. An optimal way to neutralize the acid condensate is to use cheap material such as dolomite. An old-style neutralization box (NB) was tested with a standard faction of dolomite. However, it did not sufficiently neutralize the condensate. Therefore, several tests were performed involving changes to the construction of the neutralization box, a finer fraction of dolomite and aerating the condensate in the neutralization box. In summary, a new NB technology with partitions, a finer fraction of dolomite and condensate aeration proved sufficient in the neutralization of the pH of the condensate in the short and long terms. It depends on what material the heat exchanger is made of in the condensing boiler. The aluminum content reduces the effectiveness of dolomite in the long run, so aerating the condensate in the NB is recommended, which leads to its more effective neutralization.