Bureaucratic Organization Research Articles

Segurança e desenvolvimento

Os Estados Unidos são um ator central no sistema internacional de ajuda externa. Para o governo de Washington, a ajuda externa compreende não apenas a ajuda econômica para promoção do desenvolvimento, mas também a ajuda militar para amparar aliados estratégicos. O objetivo deste artigo é recuperar o histórico da agenda de ajuda externa dos Estados Unidos, voltada à construção uma ordem estável e favorável aos seus interesses e segurança. Desde os primeiros projetos no pós-Segunda Guerra, a ajuda externa tem sido instrumentalizada em favor da contenção do comunismo e manutenção da esfera de influência estadunidense. Com a ausência das motivações da Guerra Fria, os Estados Unidos passam a utilizar a ajuda externa na resolução de problemas regionais e desafios globais. Após os atentados de 11 de setembro, os projetos de ajuda voltaram a ter importante papel para a política externa, principalmente na luta contra o terrorismo e outras ameaças difusas, que colocam em risco a estabilidade internacional. Pretende-se, assim, traçar um panorama geral acerca da definição de ajuda externa, sua organização burocrática e a evolução da agenda, destacando as motivações estratégicas e principais empregos desta ferramenta de política externa dos Estados Unidos.

FAKTOR SUKSES IMPLEMENTASI E-GOVERNMENT DI KABUPATEN TEGAL

The development of the digital age quickly and technological progress information and communication changed the way interaction in the government and society with of elimination bulkhead bureaucratic organization and forming a network management system in a new phenomenon called E-government. E-government is a means of the organizers government based electronic. The purpose of this study was to anlyze the factors success supporting the implementation E-government as well as describe a picture of success implementation E-government in the regional financial and asset management agency (BPKAD) of tegal district. The collection of technique used data was observations, the interview, and technique inquiries based the questionnaire. Analysis technique used data was a quantitative analysis the descriptive using the scale likert’s and technique count the average weighted tool. The calculations with average weighted tool show that 55 factors succesful who asked the goal has got predicate good enough, with 37 factors in critical succes factor succesfull and 18 factors succesfull the final because the value of the average (mean) after calculated show value less than the 4. So that pulled the conclusion that 67,27 % of the study factors succesfull implementation E-government is said to be succesfull and 32,73% factos said factors succesfull not the final need to the evaluation to the fore for the realization of Good Corporate Governance

Power, Values, Rules, and Leader Decision-Making

This paper argues that the application of values-based leadership increasingly challenges leaders in rules-based organisations, particularly in bureaucratic organisations such as the military, publ...

Analyzing the Impact of Initial Imprints on a Bureaucratic Organisation: The Case of Pakistan

Using a rich empirical data, we study the inefficient structures and mode of governance of Pakistan Administrative Services (PAS) of Pakistan, an heir of British elite, Indian Civil Services (ICS)....

Bureaucratic Reform in the Empirical Perspective and Pathology

Bureaucracy in government organizations is a key factor in the implementation of dailyadministration tasks. The division of labor, authority and responsibility and supervision,will be evident in the structure of this organization. Errors in the preparation of thestructure will be able to lead the implementation of the task can not be run efficiently andeffectively, and may even lead to errors in the performance of duties. And these errorsare related to the attitude of the bureaucrats’ condition urgent reforms. Wisdom Reformsto be implemented need to be identified on the substance of wisdom in it that includesnine (9) main program (Ministry of PAN-RB, 2010b: 22-26), namely: Change ManagementProgram; Setup program legislation; Organization Structuring and ReinforcementProgram; Setup Program Management; System Setup program in Human ResourceManagement Apparatus; Strengthening Monitoring Program; Strengthening ProgramPerformance Accountability; Public Services Quality Improvement Program; ProgramMonitoring, Evaluation and Reporting related to the reform of the bureaucracy tends tochange the bureaucratic standard. Pathology is a perception that attitudes, behaviors,and as a tendency to respond to a person’s soul something that is operationalized throughbehavior. Behavior will affect the commitment and dedication of personnel in performanceof its duties, especially in service to the community. In this case, which is an indicator ofthe attitude dimensions executor is a personal interest, affection for the organization, andforesight.Key Words: Bureaucracy Reform, Bureaucracy Pathology, Sustainable Development.

Bureaucratic Reform and The Challange of Good Governance Implementation in Indonesia

Bureaucratic reformation is the fundamental structuring efforts are expected to havean impact on changing systems and structures. The system deals with the relationshipbetween the unsure or the element that influence each other and are associated to makea form totally. The change in one element can influence the other elements in the system.The structure relates with the order of who arrayed a regular basis and systematically.Structure changes is also included with the mechanism and procedure, human resources,facilities and infrastructure, organization and organization’s environment in terms of theachievement of the efficiency of government bureaucracy. These changes include allowingall of the aspects of the bureaucracy has sufficient capacity to carry out the duties and thebasic function. Bureaucratic failure in a term for service the public until now representpoor government both at central and local government level. The urgency of bureaucraticreform in Indonesia is driven by a number of important note. First, the increased apparatusexpenditure is caused by increased of apparatus recruitment without unmeasured control.Second, the ballooning cost of democracy (election) affected the floated of local governmentbudget have increased significantly. The magnitude of the election budget and the impact ongovernmental bureaucracy resulted not ready to close the budget deficit. More than thesebureaucracy has loyalty dilemma caused by dispersed of concentration in every election’sactivity. Third, increased of develop the bureaucratic organization without planning andanalysis of the measured trigger financing and recruitment of apparatus that not less. Asa result, the bureaucracy in most areas are overload, or even lack in outside of Java. Inother side, less of local incomes make dependence to central government, while the localgovernment expenditure is to far from efficiency, even tend to be less controlled due to thehigh cost of the organization. Fourth, extensive corrupt behavior in almost all public sectorbureaucracy encourages lose confidence as a public servant.Keywords: Bureaucratic Reformation, bureaucracy design, local government, GoodGovernance

الممارسات التسلطیة فی التربیة المصریة ( دراسة تحلیلیة نقدیة )

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل ونقد الممارسات التسلطية في التربية المصرية ، وذلک من خلال تعرف النظريات المفسرة لمفهوم التسلطية والمفاهيم المرتبطة بها ، بالإضافة إلى توضيح مظاهر التسلطية في التربية سواء في الأسرة أو المدرسة . ويعتمد هذا البحث على المنهج التحليلي النقدي ، بما يشتمل عليه هذا المنهج من خطوات علمية ومنهجية ، تنطلق من مجموعة مقولات أساسية تعتبر بمثابة الضوابط الحاکمة لعملية التحليل والنقد لجوانب الظاهرة المختلفة ، للخروج بنتائج حول أبعاد الظاهرة لتنمية الوعي بها ومحاولة إحداث تغيير ذلک الواقع . وقد توصل هذا البحث إلى عدد من النتائج أهمها أن الأسرة المصرية تعمل على تخليد التسلط الإجتماعي من خلال تنشئة الأفراد على الخضوع والتبعية وتربيتهم على أساليب قمعية وتعسفية ،بحيث ينقل إلى الطفل وينمى فيه الشخصية التسلطية التي تتميز بخضوعها للسلطة ،وفي الوقت نفسه بعدوانها على من يخالفونها وبنزعتها المحافظة. وفي حين تزرع بذور هذه الشخصية ضمن العائلة تنمى صفاتها في کل المراحل اللاحقة التي يمر بها الفرد . وتتابع المدرسة عملية القهر التي بدأت في الأسرة من خلال نمط التنظيم الاجتماعي البيروقراطي داخل المدرسة، وطرق التدريس القائمة على التلقين وثقافة الصمت ،والمناهج الدراسية الغير قابلة للنقد التي تشيئت فيها المعرفة وبدت کحقائق مقدسة ، ونظم تقويمية تغرس الرهبة والخوف في نفوس الطلاب ، فضلا عن التسليع التربوي الذي حول التربية من رسالة سامية إلى سلعة تجارية يستطيع البعض الحصول عليها بينما يعجز البعض الأخر عن ذلک . وفي ظلال هذه البنية التسلطية يفقد الفرد قدرته على التفکير النقدي وينمى في شخصيته الإذعان والخضوع . ولا يمکن أن تنتج هذه البنية إلا التسلط والقهر وثقافة الصمت والاغتراب. فالتربية التي تقوم على التسلط هي أقصر الطرق لتحطيم الفرد وتدمير المجتمع . وتکون المحصلة ترسيخا للطاعة العمياء والامتثال المطلق الذي يخلق شخصيات سلبية استسلامية This research has aimed at analysing and criticising the authoritarian practices in Egyptian education through defining the theories explaining the concept of authoritarianism and its related concepts as well as clarifying the aspects of authoritarianism in education whether in the family or the school . It has relied on the critical analytical approach, including the method of scientific and methodological steps, based on a set of basic statements that are the controls governing the process of analysis and criticism of different aspects of the phenomenon, to reach results about the dimensions of this phenomenon so as to develop awareness about it . In addition, it has reached a number of results ; the most important one is that the Egyptian family perpetuates social authoritarianism through rearing individuals on submission and subordination besides raising them in coercive and arbitrary methods. Therefore , the authoritarian personality , that is characterized by conservatism as well as submission to power and at the same time by aggression against people who violate the conventional values ,is transferred and developed in the youth . While the seeds of this character are planted within the family , its traits are developed in all the subsequent stages experienced by the individual . Furthermore , the school follows the process of oppression that has begun in the family through the pattern of the bureaucratic social organization within the school ,teaching methods based on indoctrination and the culture of silence , the non-critical curricula in which knowledge appeared as scared facts ,and the systems of evaluation which instill fears in the hearts of students ,as well as the educational commodification which has transferred education from a lofty message into a commercial commodity that some can obtain while others can’t . In the shadows of this authoritarian structure, the individual develops in his personality the traits of submission and subjugation and starts to lose his ability to think critically. This structure can only produce authoritarianism, oppression, culture of silence and alienation. Thus, education based on authoritarianism is the shortest way to destroy the individual and the society since the result is a consolidation of blind and absolute obedience which creates passive personalities

Designing for ICT-Enabled Openness in Bureaucratic Organizations: Problematizing, Shifting, and Augmenting Boundary Work

This is the final version. Available from Association for Information Systems via the DOI in this record

From hierarchies to networks

PurposeHistorically, the school effectiveness and improvement movement has focussed its attention on “within school” factors associated with effectiveness and improvement and on the individual school as the primary unit of analysis for improvement and scrutiny purposes. More recently, research has focussed on school-to-school collaboration and engagement with a broader range of services and providers has highlighted the need for more adaptive and nuanced forms of collaboration and partnership. The purpose of this paper is to explore this complex landscape from the perspective of educational reform of the middle tier in Scotland.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws on perspectives associated with socio-cultural theory, its application to public service settings and insights gained from research and evaluation outcomes over a five-year period.FindingsThis paper focusses on the establishment of Regional Improvement Collaboratives in Scotland; an example of an attempt to generate system-wide change and a shift from the hierarchical cultures characterised by bureaucratic organisations to more egalitarian cultures characterised by mutualistic, laterally networked organisations. It highlights the importance of structure and cultural change, identity and agency, leadership capacity, outward perspectives, primacy of learning and teaching and variations and complexities in creating a more networked and collaborative education system. It offers cautions concerning potential unintended consequences in the quest to develop a “self-improving” or “learning system”.Practical implicationsThis paper highlights the importance of maintaining and building social cohesion between different stakeholders within educational systems in order to support the implementation of educational reform.Originality/valueThis is the first documentation and reflective analysis for an ambitious reform agenda for the middle tier in Scotland. Its value lies in the lessons and considerations it offers to other systems embarking on reforms that endeavour to build more cohesive and agile education systems, without opening them up to neo-liberal approaches to education.

Penerapan Aspek Kompetensi Administrasi, Transparansi Dan Efisiensi Dalam Restrukturisasi Birokrasi Pemerintah Daerah

Abstrack
 The implementation of the restructuring of the bureaucracy can be defined as a process of redesigning or rearrangement of the existing bureaucracy. When the dynamics on both internal and external environments that bureaucracy must also adapt these dynamics in order to survive. Adaptation to the dynamics of the causes of bureaucracy must perform in accordance with reality. Restructuring or realignment of bureaucratic organization is essentially an activity to prepare the unit will be assigned the bureaucratic organization of work areas, specific tasks or functions. Government Regulation No. 41 of 2007 is a government regulation governing guidelines for the preparation and control of the regional organization in the overall governance process.
 Kata kunci: good governance, bureaucracy restructurization, local government

Climate Catastrophe and Stanley Milgram’s Electric Shock “Obedience” Experiments: An Uncanny Analogy

Awareness of impending climate catastrophe has greatly increased over the last 30 years. Increasing awareness, however, has not translated into decreasing but instead increasing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to shed new light on this perplexing and ultimately destructive positive correlation. It does so by applying a new interpretation of Milgram’s Obedience to Authority “electric shock” experiments to the problem of climate catastrophe. This paper reveals that both the Obedience Studies and climate catastrophe share a crucial common denominator: both involve powerful figures utilising manipulative techniques of bureaucratic organisation to push and pull the functionary helpers below them into contributing to preconceived goal achievement. In both cases, for the functionary helpers to achieve the goals of the powerful, all must agree to contribute to the infliction of harm on a powerless group. Nearly all helpers choose to make their harmful contributions because they not only stand to personally benefit, they also suspect that—with so many other links in the chain participating in goal achievement—they can probably do so with total impunity. It is argued that this comparison may help to better understand the complex, self-reinforcing, yet ultimately destructive relationship shared between fossil fuel corporations, the ideological pursuit of economic growth, political impotence, rapacious consumer demand, and impending climate catastrophe.

How metaphorical framings build and undermine resilience during change: A longitudinal study of metaphors in team-driven planned organizational change

ABSTRACTChange is a constant feature of organizing and one that requires resilience, or the ability to effectively face challenges. Although research demonstrates important findings about resilience during chaotic change like crises, less is known about resilience in mundane situations like planned change. This study explores team-driven planned organizational change, offering insights about how team members metaphorically frame change, analyzing how their framing fluctuates over time relative to perceptions of team success. Our three theoretical contributions extend theory about metaphors and organizational change, showing how negative framings of change are endemic to teams, regardless of perceived success; generate knowledge about resilience in organizing by showing how metaphors both build and undermine resilience; and extend applied theory about stakeholder participation in bureaucratic organizations.

Do Bureaucratic Organizations Lobby? The Case of Ghana Immigration Service

Information from Seventy interviews and secondary evidence was used to investigate the relationship between Ghana Immigration Service’s (GIS) lobbying and the outcomes it produced. The focus of the investigation was in four areas: the strategies and tactics of lobbying employed; intermediate outcomes achieved; final outcome attained; and the effect of GIS’ lobbying on politics-administration relations. The evidence showed that the strategies succeeded in achieving the desired policy reforms. In addition to this final outcome, GIS’ lobbying also succeeded in attaining intermediate outcomes: increased attention; increased knowledge; and persuasion. Among others, the study’s contributions are that: it has explicated the overlooked conditions under which bureaucratic lobbying or influence is likely to occur; it has shown that lobbying impact should include not only final outcomes but also intermediate effects. Moreover, it has shown that politics-administration relations is a dynamic rather than a static category that is not explained by one best practice model but rather a best fit model or combination of models that is contingent on factors producing transient changes in the relationship.

Political budget cycles and the civil service: Evidence from highway spending in US states

We study political budget cycles in infrastructure spending that are conditional on bureaucratic organization. Bureaucrats can facilitate or hinder politicians' ability to engage in voter-friendly spending around elections. To test this idea, we use civil service reforms undertaken by US states in the second half of the 20th century to study political budget cycles in highway spending under civil service and patronage. We find that under patronage, highway spending is 12% higher in election years and 9% higher in the year before an election. By contrast, under civil service highway spending is essentially smooth over the electoral cycle. These findings provide a novel way through which civil service rules can stabilize government activity.

Job Satisfaction, Motivation and Commitment to Change of Stated Owned Enterprises Ministry Employee of Indonesia

The State-Owned Enterprises Ministry as one of the Government agencies has a strategic role as a builder of State-Owned Enterprises to change the form of organizational bureaucracy and transformation to be a superholding company. This study focused on the influence of internal factors namely employee motivation and job satisfaction toward the commitment to change of State-Owned Enterprises Ministry employee. 
 This study aimed to find out whether the motivation and job satisfaction affect the commitment to change, as well as provide strategies to increase commitment to succeed employee’s change toward the organizational changes. Data were collected using a stratified random sampling of 177 State-Owned Enterprises Ministry employees by spreading questionnaire, in-depth interviews with management, and focus group discussion (FGD) with the representatives of the employees from each division.
 The results indicated that motivation significantly associated with job satisfaction and Job Satisfaction is associated with the higher level of employees commitment to Change, but motivation was not associated with commitment to change. Qualitatively, it was more due to the change of commitment form among employees of the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises, in General, it is a normative commitment and the commitment of the continuance, where employees feel obligated to support organizational change, not to take the effective role to make changes to the organization. Cross-validation result indicated that the final full SEM was valid and reliable.

Information overload, time pressure and organizational patterns as perceived by Israeli school staffs

ABSTRACT This article examines the connections between information overload and time pressure, as well as between organizational patterns as they are perceived by school faculty, contingent upon the level of the specific educational framework (elementary-high school) and teachers’ roles within the school. The participants were 539 teachers. The main questions examined were: (A) Is there a connection between information overload and time pressure on the one hand, and the perception of organizational patterns by the faculty on the other? (B) Do differences exist between different staff position-holders as far as their perceptions of information overload and time pressure? (C) Does the organizational pattern as it is perceived by different staff members mediate between information overload and time pressure on the one hand, and the educational framework in which they work on the other? In order to answer these questions, three close-ended questionnaires were administered. Results show that in schools perceived as bureaucratic hierarchical organizations, teachers experience a higher degree of information overload and time pressure than teachers who work in schools perceived by them as systemic organizations. In addition, the organizational pattern mediates the connections between teachers’ roles in the school and their sense of information overload and time pressure.

Why Military Organizations Are Cautious About Learning?

This article argues that military organizations display a more rigorous form of collective sensemaking than ordinary bureaucratic organizations. Military organizing is predicated on the rigorous modes of thinking and acting that follow from the particular military propensity to impose order on chaos. This trait is antithetical to modern notions of “the learning organization,” in which exploring variety and experimenting and testing out unproven methods are central. We identify two sets of structural conditions that constitute the sociocognitive landscape of military organizations and discuss how the military logic of action might be enacted in different sociocultural contexts. Our framework is brought to bear on recent research on international military missions, and in the concluding section, we summarize our arguments and discuss their wider implications in terms of trade-offs between adaptability and other capabilities in the design of military forces.

From Pots to Pan Pipes: Specimen Exchanges between Paul S. Martin and Harold Gladwin

Specimen exchange saw widespread use in the nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries among museum-based anthropologists as a means of collections growth and refinement. This paper examines organizational aspects of specimen exchange at the Field Museum, and presents a case study of exchanges between anthropology curator Paul Martin and Harold Gladwin of Gila Pueblo. The Field Museum’s specimen exchange policies and procedures establish norms of the practice. I use this case to demonstrates how individuals with cultural knowledge and capital are able to achieve desired outcomes for their exchange partners within bureaucratic organizations. Attention to specimen exchange contributes to the greater literature on the value of collections and deaccessioning, as this practice is essentially the movement of collection objects out of museums.

Appetite for Imprecision: The Role of Bureaucracy in Implementing a Pay-for-Performance Program

Pay-for-performance (PfP) conservation programs emphasize data and modeling to more cost-effectively target incentive payments. Geographers question the rationalist impulse to quantify and problematize the role of techno-science—models, metrics, accounting protocols, and standards—in performing economic rationalities. The critique of techno-science, however, directs empirical research toward the political economy of knowledge production with little consideration of the role of bureaucratic organization in performing calculations. In this article, I study the bureaucratic work in coordinating the largest agri-environmental PfP program in the United States—the Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). Data for this article were collected in North Dakota, a top-five CSP recipient state. Through semistructured interviews and participant observation of bureaucratic encounters with farmers in localized offices, I found that the situated nature of the street-level bureaucracy placed it in a unique position to interpret, probe, undermine, and promote the PfP agenda. The article argues that data-driven technologies in the CSP were designed with a considerable appetite for imprecision. The appetite for imprecision reflects a structural problem conditioned by the interaction of economic rationality with the nature of technical innovation, administrative rationalities, and political opportunism. Given the momentum to expand data-driven technologies in conservation, the article calls on geographers to consider the dynamic and incomplete ways in which data are mobilized in practice and what efforts to be more transparent eventually conceal.

Yuebu of the Tang Dynasty: Musical Transmission from the Han to the Early Tang Dynasty

This paper studies the system and development of the yuebu, an official court music system during the Tang dynasty. Research on the music of the Tang dynasty has been quite abundant, mostly on the yanyue (court banquet music that was administered by the yuebu), with notable studies by scholars such as Ren Bantang (1982), Kishibe Shigeo (1973), Wang Xiaodun (1995), and Shen Dong (2000). However, previous research on music of the Tang dynasty emphasised acculturation and assimilation between China and cultures from bordering western countries; they did not look at music of the Tang court from the perspective of the yuebu as a complex bureaucratic system. Our interest focuses on yuebu as a functioning system that reflected a historically important route of transmission of traditional Chinese music. Through examining the cultural integration of several dynasties encompassing a period lasting more than three hundred years from the Han to the early Tang dynasties, as well as migration and training of the musicians of the yuebu and their method of musical transmission (particularly transmission within the family unit), this paper aims to gain an insight into the historical basis and cultural meaning of the yuebu. The discussion consists of two parts. Part one introduces the classification and the nature of the yuebu. On the one hand, as an official musical organisation in the court, the music repertory of the yuebu was the result of combinations of a variety of musical cultures from the Han to the Tang dynasties. On the other hand, as a bureaucratic organisation, yuebu represented a system consisting of “yue (music), qi (instruments), gong (musicians), and yi (uniform)”, legally sanctioned under the “yuelin (law on music)”. Part two concerns itself with the development of the yuebu in the Tang dynasty through scrutinizing the impact of migration and the training of musicians, and musical transmission during the pre-Tang era (namely, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern, and Sui dynasties). From this, the paper ventures to explore, with a musicological approach, the typical means of propagating music traditions in China via training and transmission within a relatively closed system that was self-protecting and maintained within the family unit.