Organisation For Economic Co-operation And Development Research Articles

Tibetan lake sediment records reveal historical emission and long-range atmospheric transport of chlorinated paraffins

The Tibetan Plateau, a recognized global sink for Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), lies adjacent to two major emitting regions, inland China and India. This unique geographical setting makes it a pivotal site for examining the presence and compositional evolution of POPs following their long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). This study focuses on the current predominant POPs, chlorinated paraffins (CPs). We comprehensively screened 675 homologues of the very short- (vSCCPs), short- (SCCPs), medium- (MCCPs), and long-chain CPs (LCCPs) in six dated sediment cores across the extensive Tibetan area. The findings unveiled pronounced temporal disparities in CP concentrations and compositions between Tibet's southern and eastern sectors, reflecting divergent usage and emission chronicles of inland China and India. Notably, a market shift in China from regulated SCCPs to the in-use MCCPs and LCCPs was observed in the 21st century, contrasting with India's unregulated production of SCCPs. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Screening Tool, developed to assess the overall persistence (POV) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) of organic chemicals, elucidated the erosion of CP source signatures induced by fractionation, a process that intensifies with transport distance from the source regions. This study enhances our understanding of the emission inventories and LRAT behavior of these transitional regulatory contaminants, highlighting the Tibetan Plateau's crucial role as an environmental sentinel in global pollution dynamics.

Artificial intelligence and decision-making in government functions: opportunities, challenges and future research

PurposeArtificial intelligence (AI) has received much attention due to its promethean-like powers to transform the management and delivery of public sector services. Due to the proliferation of research articles in this context, research to date is fragmented into research streams based on different types of AI technologies or a specific government function of the public sector (e.g. health, education). The purpose of this study is to synthesize this literature, identify challenges and opportunities, and offer a research agenda that guides future inquiry.Design/methodology/approachThis paper aggregates this fragmented body of knowledge by conducting a systematic literature review of AI research in public sector organisations in the Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS)-ranked journals between 2012 and 2023.FindingsThe search strategy resulted in the retrieval of 2,870 papers, of which 61 were identified as primary papers relevant to this research. These primary papers are mapped to the ten classifications of the functions of government as classified by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the reported challenges and benefits aggregated.Originality/valueThis study advances knowledge by providing a state-of-the-art of AI research based the OECD classifications of government functions, reporting of claimed benefits and challenges and providing a research agenda for future research.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: MRI

MRI is a noninvasive imaging modality that uses powerful electromagnetic and radiofrequency fields to produce cross-sectional images of the body. MRI is primarily used for neurologic exams (28%), followed by musculoskeletal (23%) and oncology exams (17%). In total, 432 MRI units in 11 jurisdictions were identified by the Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory (CMII) in its 2022 to 2023 national survey. Most sites are publicly funded hospitals located in urban centres. Canada has an average of 10.8 MRI units per million people. The greatest density of units per million people is in Yukon, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Overall, 2,214,157 publicly funded MRI examinations were performed in the 2022–2023 fiscal year. This represents a national average of 55.6 exams per 1,000 people, an increase of 4.3% since 2019– Canada is positioned in the bottom 25% of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in units per million population and the bottom 50% of OECD countries for average volume of publicly funded MRI exams per 1,000 population. The average age of MRI equipment in Canada is 8.4 years; 62.8% of MRI units are 10 years old or newer, 23.3% are 11 to 15 years old, and 13.9% are more than 15 years old. On average, MRI units operate 15.3 hours per day and 97.4 hours per week. Overall, 76.0% of sites reported MRI operation on weekends and 17% of sites reported operating 24 hours a day.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: Provincial and Territorial Overview

The average age of imaging equipment in Canada has increased for all imaging modalities over the past 2 decades. Most imaging equipment is more than 5 years old, and at least one-third of equipment is more than 10 years old. Investing in new equipment to meet growing demand may not increase imaging capacity without also considering staffing. There is no current international benchmark for the optimal number of imaging units per population, but there is a general assumption that too few units may limit access and increase wait times while too many units may encourage low-value imaging. Canada remains below the average for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and is positioned in the bottom 30% of OECD countries in units per million population for CT, MRI, and PET-CT. Canada is positioned in the bottom 50% of OECD countries for volume of publicly funded CT, MRI, and PET-CT exams per 1,000 population. Since 2012, both the overall numbers of MRI, PET-CT, and SPECT-CT units and the numbers of MRI, PET-CT, and SPECT-CT units per million people have grown. The number of units for all modalities operating in Canada has increased since 2019–2020, except for SPECT units. In most provinces, the number of SPECT units per population decreased, indicating that population growth outpaced installation. The imaging workforce is under strain. Clearing the backlog of exams deferred during the pandemic has exacerbated existing staffing shortages. New investment in radiology staffing, particularly imaging technologists, is required, including improved recruitment and retention policies. Compared to the prepandemic period, there are now fewer full-time radiology professionals in practice across Canada, with medical physicists experiencing the largest decline per million population. Wait times for medical imaging remain above the recommended maximum wait time in many jurisdictions and are influenced by a variety of factors. The adoption of supportive tools and technologies — such as clinical decision support tools, automated order entry, and AI-driven solutions — can assist the workforce, add value to imaging services, and increase access to medical imaging.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: PET-CT and PET-MRI

PET-CT Imaging PET-CT is an advanced imaging technique that combines PET with CT to measure metabolic or biochemical activity in the human body. Sixty PET-CT units in 9 provinces were identified by the Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory (CMII) in its 2022–2023 national survey. All units are located in urban centres. Canada has 1.5 PET-CT units per million people. The greatest density of units per million people is in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Approximately 156,320 publicly funded PET-CT examinations were performed in the 2022–2023 fiscal year. This represents a national average of 3.9 exams per 1,000 people, an increase of 18.2% since 2019– PET-CT was reported to have the largest demand in oncology (66.1%), followed by cardiology (13.2%) and neurology (10.1%). Applications for PET-CT continue to expand to new clinical indications and therapeutic areas. The upfront capital and ongoing operational costs of PET-CT units, as well as the costs of radiopharmaceutical products and equipment, may act as barriers to the rapid adoption of this technology. Canada is positioned in the bottom 25% of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in units per million population and the bottom 50% of OECD countries for average volume of publicly funded PET-CT exams per 1,000 population. The average age of PET-CT equipment in Canada is 7.2 years; 51.5% of PET-CT units are 5 years old or newer, 21.2% are 6 to 10 years old, and 27.3% are more than 10 years old. Radiotracers are essential in PET imaging. The most commonly used PET-CT radiotracers are for oncology: 91% of sites reported using fluorodeoxyglucose F18 and 31.8% of sites reported using gallium-68 DOTA-TATE. The production of most radiotracers requires the use of a cyclotron.1 Overall, 21.7% of PET-CT sites reported local proximity to a cyclotron, reflecting a disparity in the access to and growing demand for radiotracer supply. PET-MRI Imaging PET-MRI is a technique that combines PET with MRI to produce highly detailed imaging of soft tissues in the human body. PET-MRI is almost exclusively used for research purposes in Canada; therefore, data are limited for this modality. Six PET-MRI units were identified in Canada across 3 provinces, representing a national average of 0.2 units per million people. The average age of PET-MRI equipment in Canada is 6.7 years; 2 units are 6 to 10 years old, and 1 unit is 5 years old.

Socioeconomic and psychosocial outcomes of parents with children in out-of-home care: A scoping review

Families involved with child welfare services (CWS) often diverge systematically from the general population. They are more likely to live in challenging circumstances characterised by adverse socioeconomic conditions (e.g. poverty) and psychosocial adversities (e.g. mental health problems and substance misuse). Past research has primarily focused on the development and lifelong health and social outcomes of children who have experienced out-of-home care (OHC). However, the separation could also trigger negative emotions and other changes in parents, but much less attention has been paid to the associations between children’s placement and parents’ lives.This scoping review synthesises results from quantitative studies investigating the socioeconomic and psychosocial outcomes of parents who have experienced the removal of a child into OHC. Six databases were comprehensively searched, with 15 studies selected for inclusion in the review. Studies were conducted among countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with substantial heterogeneity in the methods and designs, as grouped into three categories: “cross-sectional assessments” (4 studies), “longitudinal assessments” (7 studies) and “pre-post assessment” (4 studies).To a large extent, studies focus on psychosocial outcomes among mothers. The majority indicate that having a child placed in OHC is associated with the deterioration of psychosocial or socioeconomic outcomes among parents. We may conclude that parents who have experienced the removal of a child are a group that deserves tailored support and counselling. However, further quantitative research into aspects of parents’ lives after children’s OHC placement is needed, particularly with longitudinal designs and more rigorous methods to enable a better understanding of the causes and effects of these associations. This might support the development of targeted and effective interventions for these families.

Insights for the OECD's baby PISA from Mexico's large-scale assessment of pre-schoolers

In 2018 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) launched its International Early Learning Child Well-being Study (IELS), also known as Baby PISA. In the first round of data collection, the IELS focused on three OECD countries: England, Estonia and the United States. In this article we show that a similar study of pre-schoolers to IELS took place in Mexico – EXCALE for Pre-school – and argue there is much the research community can learn from an empirical study of this initiative. Our novel comparative study draws on data from policy documents and interviews with sub-national and municipal education officials in Mexico. We reveal how EXCALE for Pre-school led to a narrowing of teaching practices and standardising student assessment aimed at 5-year-olds. We argue that the Mexican case shows how large-scale assessments bring early years learners into the orbit of official state governing, and that assessment now drives those pedagogical practices that limit the diversity of learning experiences of pre-schoolers.

Asymmetric effects of GVC on poverty in ASEAN and OECD

PurposeThis study aims to analyze the relationship between global value chain (GVC) participation and poverty levels. Additionally, it investigates the impact of education levels, specifically analyzing literacy rates and tertiary education rates, on the correlation between GVC participation and poverty in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries.Design/methodology/approachFixed effect and random effect models will be employed to quantify the relationships between the dependent and independent variables. The Hausman test is applied to determine the appropriate estimator between fixed and random effects. Also, in the model, time-fixed effect or two-way fixed effect has been used to control for unobserved heterogeneity both across entities and over time in panel data analysis.FindingsThe findings demonstrate that engagement in GVCs presents a promising avenue for stimulating development, advancing income per capita growth and facilitating job creation. Notably, the results illuminate that the poverty-alleviating impacts of GVC participation are most conspicuous in nations boasting elevated levels of educational attainment among their populace.Originality/valueThis research aims to promote a better understanding of the connection between GVC participation and the level of poverty, with GVC participation decomposed into forward participation and backward participation.

A historical trajectory of Financial Education: from OEEC to the new ENEF

This paper discusses the relevant historical aspects of Financial Education. The aim is to contribute to a broad understanding of how the subject has been built up, changed and become an everyday topic. We start from the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), through the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which developed Financial Education, until we arrive in Brazil, with the Estratégia Nacional de Educação Financeira (ENEF — National Strategy for Financial Education), in 2010, updated in 2020. The historical trajectory of the OECD and ENEF proposals shows a market approach to Financial Education. Over the years, in the context of education and Mathematics Education, discussions have matured, resulting in a Financial Education that questions the neoliberal system and seeks social transformation.

International Legal Framework for the Creation, Use and Conservation of Bioresource Collections

This article presents a detailed analysis of global and regional regulation related to the creation, use, research and conservation of biological (bioresource) collections and discusses the main trends in its development. Key approaches to the regulation of activities in the field of biological (bioresource) collections based on an analysis of acts of the European Union (EU), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are identified. While there are no international treaties that deal directly with biological (bioresource) collections at the global level, various agreements in force cover important regulatory aspects concerning the creation, use, research and conservation of biological (bioresource) collections. These aspects include (1) providing access to genetic resources; (2) technology transfer and rights over such resources and technologies; (3) financial aspects; (4) standards for the conservation of genetic resources. The corresponding international treaties concluded at global and regional levels imply both integrated and sectoral approaches to the regulation of biological (bioresource) collections (e.g., international treaties regarding crop genetic resources). The conclusion highlights the need to take into account the approaches elaborated within the framework of international and regional integration law in order to improve the relevant legal regulation in the Russian Federation.

Supply chain and logistics in smart cities: A systematic literature review

Rapid urban expansion gives rise to smart cities which pose immense logistical and supply chain challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic transformed the holistic system identified by Zhao et al. in 2021. The system encompasses logistics and supply chain integral to the concept of smart cities, with a focus on sustainability. This transformation requires an in-depth study on challenges of a common framework of policies for smart cities in countries comprising the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The study employs an extensive literature analysis for the period 2020–2022. an approach which contextualizes the model. The model identifies the causes, impact, and spillovers of new trends in logistics and supply, including the sustainability of adopted technologies. The study includes the variables involved, and barriers to creating a shared model. The results reveal that the two elements affecting the supply chain and transport in smart cities are Industry 4.0 and 5.0 technologies supporting specific sectors. The resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises positively impacts the sustainability of large urban centres. The study presents both factors that help and hinder the adoption of environmental, social, and economic sustainability technologies.

Penerapan Metode Membacakan Buku Cerita Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Literasi Anak Usia Lima Sampai Enam Tahun di Tk XYZ [Application of the Story Book Reading Method to Improve the Literacy Skills of Five to Six Year Old Children in XYZ Kindergarten

<div><p class="1eAbstract-text">The results of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) research on the literacy test of Indonesia's Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) show that Indonesia's literacy ability is still low. Literacy skills are needed as a twenty one century skill that must be mastered from an early age. One way to increase literacy is to read storybooks. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the method of reading storybooks to early childhood literacy skills. The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive by distributing questionnaires using five Likert scales (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never). The research was conducted in a private kindergarten in Central Jakarta with a research subject of one hundred and nine students. The results of the research obtained are that there is a relationship between the method of reading storybooks to early childhood literacy skills. The longer the duration of reading stories to children, the higher their literacy skills. Therefore, the method of reading storybooks should be done with a longer duration and frequently, so that children's literacy skills can be maximized.<em></em></p></div>

Economic evaluation of the recent French tobacco control policy: a model-based approach

BackgroundOne in four French adults smoked daily in 2021, compared with one in six in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. To strengthen its tobacco control policy, in...

The role of regulation and regional government quality for high-growth firms: the good, the bad and the ugly

ABSTRACT High-growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and productivity growth. We investigate the relationship between product and labour market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, and the development of HGFs across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Economic Forum (WEF), and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government relate to the regional shares of HGFs. In particular, we find that the effect of labour and product market regulations is moderated by the quality of regional government. Depending on the quality of regional governments, regulations may have a ‘good, bad or ugly’ influence on the development of HGFs. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations and offer important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region.

The Relationship of Bullying Behavior and Social Interaction in School-Age Children at SDN 22 Jambi City

The problem that is currently widespread in education circles is bullying. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) stated that Indonesia is ranked first in the position of bullying cases in ASEAN with 84% confirmed in 2023, and according to data from the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) Bullying cases are quite a worrying issue in the school environment. Data records that there will be at least 1,478 cases of bullying reported in 2023. Bullying makes it difficult for children to interact well in their social environment and this can hinder the child's development process. This research was conducted to identify the relationship between bullying behavior and social interactions in school-age children at SDN 22, Jambi City. The research method used was quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The research population was students of SDN 22 Jambi City grades IV, V, VI, totaling 103 samples taken using total sampling techniques. This research uses a questionnaire instrument. The analytical test used is Spearman Rho. The results of the research show that generally the bullying behavior data is in the low category of 96 respondents (93.2%) and most social interactions are in the good category of 80 respondents (77.7%). The test results obtained were (p 0.01<0.05). The conclusion is that there is a relationship between bullying behavior and social interaction in school-age children at SDN 22 Jambi City. It is hoped that the results of the research will be used as material for consideration by schools in providing guidance and counseling support services, so that students can understand the limits of social interaction.

Analysis of the Long-Term Interaction Between Molten Core and Dry Concrete at Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1

The latest investigations of Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 have demonstrated that corium attack to the pedestal walls and pedestal floor has occurred in Fukushima Daiichi Unit 1 to a certain extent. The results of past analytical benchmarks, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Benchmark Study of the Accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (BSAF project), have agreed with this finding. However, the latest investigation does not show evidence of unlimited molten core–concrete interaction (MCCI), which is one of the main discrepancies from the BSAF project. More recently a MCCI benchmark has been launched in the context of the OECD/NEA project ARC-F (Analysis of Information from Reactor Building and Containment Vessels of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station). In the benchmark, common geometry, boundary, and initial conditions have been selected among all the participants. The results show an improved agreement among different codes for what concerns overall erosion, corium temperature, and hydrogen generation, confirming that to some extent, the earlier scatter found in these variables came from differences in the MCCI scenario modeled by each partner. However, common unlimited erosion, not observed by onsite visual inspections, is still predicted. Understanding the origin of this deviation might provide insights into boundary conditions, model drawbacks, or ill-posed assumptions that might need to be revisited (e.g. interfacial temperature, effective heat transfer coefficients, concrete heat transfer). In this paper, a summary of the overall results and a discussion of modeling and boundary conditions is presented to disclose the results of the activity and the future steps to be taken in the OECD/NEA project FACE (Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident Information Collection and Evaluation).

Study on the preparation of green tea hand wash gel

Green tea exhibits beneficial effects on the skin, such as deodorization, antibacterial properties, sun protection, and antioxidant activity. Formulating hand wash from green tea leverages these advantages in personal hygiene products. This study was conducted to investigate the ratios of surfactants, thickeners, and moisturizers in the formulation of hand wash gel containing green tea. Nine different formulations with surfactant ratios ranging from 9-15%, thickener ratios 1-2%, and moisturizer ratios 5-9% were examined. Sensory characteristics, pH, dirt dispersion ability, viscosity, foam height, and foam stability were evaluated to select the most appropriate formulation. The results showed that the F8 formulation had suitable sensory characteristics, a pH of 5.53, good dirt dispersion ability, a viscosity of 152.6 Cps, a foam height of 5.1 cm, and foam stability of 94.12%. According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, the product did not exhibit skin irritation in tests conducted on rabbits.Thus, the optimal formulation for green tea hand wash gel was determined to include 1% green tea extract (dry extract form), 12% surfactant, 1.5% thickener, 7% moisturizer, other additives, and water to make up to 100%.

A standardized chamuangone enriched extract from Garcinia cowa Roxb. leaves shows acute and sub-acute safety

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe safety assessment of herbal products is critical for their appropriate pharmacological applications. Garcinia cowa Roxb., commonly known as Cha-muang in Thai, has ethnopharmacological relevance for inflammation, infectious diseases, and diabetes. The leaf extracts of G. cowa have been extensively reported for their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Notably, chamuangone is their major active constituent that contributes to various pharmacological properties. Aim of the studyThe current study aims to establish a standardized chamuangone enriched extract (CEE) and assess its acute and sub-acute toxicities in animal models. MethodologyCEE was established from G. cowa leaves using a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), followed by fractionation and enrichment through silica gel vacuum and column chromatography. The concentration of chamuangone in the extract was quantified using a validated quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The safety profiles of CEE were thoroughly evaluated in rodents according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 425 and 407 guidelines. The effects on oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also evaluated in various organs. ResultsBased on the quantitative HPLC analysis, the CEE contained 73.0 ± 2.0% w/w of chamuangone. In the acute toxicity study, following up and down procedure the female rats were dosed with CEE at 1750 and 550 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), with CEE 1750 mg/kg b.w. was toxic, causing mortality, while CEE 550 mg/kg b.w. was deemed safe. An LD50 value was calculated according to the standard protocols, resulting in 970 mg/kg b.w. In histopathological examination, 550 mg/kg b.w. of CEE was safe in all the selected organs, while the 1750 mg/kg b.w. CEE treated rats exhibited toxic effects in histological tissues sections in the form of necrosis in the brain, cardiac muscle hypertrophy, liver inflammation, mild untoward effect in the spleen, fibrosis in the lungs, pancreatitis, pyelonephritis, and ovarian cyst. Administration of CEE at doses of 550 mg/kg b.w. (single dose) in the acute and 100 mg/kg b.w. (regularly 28-days) in the sub-acute toxicity studies significantly (p < 0.05) decreased levels of uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Importantly, the CEE (550 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) also significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT) and decreased MDA levels. Normal histopathology was observed in the sub-acute toxicity study in all treated groups. ConclusionThis study successfully concludes that CEE at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. is safe for therapeutic application or use as a chemopreventive functional food utilizing green extraction methods. However, chronic toxicity studies are further recommended to validate safety concerns over an extended period.

A step towards sustainable environment in OECD countries: Do natural resource depletion, resource tax, institutional quality, and green innovation matter?

AbstractProtecting and improving environmental quality is essential for sustainable development. This study considers natural resource depletion, resource tax, institutional quality, and green innovation, which are likely to impact environmental quality. These issues are addressed by Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7, 12, and 18. The study aims to uncover the influence of the variables we have considered on environmental quality in a sample of 18 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1994 to 2020. Before panel data analysis, we conducted preliminary tests to determine the most suitable techniques. The econometric procedure comprises four stages: unit root analysis, cointegration analysis, estimation of long‐run coefficients using two different methods, and panel causality analysis. The empirical findings suggest that resource tax and green energy innovation positively impact environmental quality for the panel in the long run. Results based on the country show that institutional quality has a negative impact on environmental quality in Portugal but a positive impact in Luxembourg. Although resource taxes positively impact environmental quality in Portugal, they harm Luxembourg. Lastly, natural resource depletion negatively impacts environmental quality in Luxembourg. There are no statistically significant results for other countries. The study concludes with policy recommendations.

Miniaturizing Nanotoxicity Assays in Daphnids.

The rapid progress of the modern world has resulted in new materials and products created at an accelerating pace. As such, nanoparticles have widespread applications and often find their way into the aquatic ecosystem. In the case of freshwater ecosystems, one of the commonly used bioindicators species used for pollution assessment is Daphnid magna. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other organizations such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have set guidelines for acute toxicity testing in daphnids that are severely lacking in terms of information on the characteristics of the exposure vessel when studying the adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs). Understanding the toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials is imperative given the scarcity of information on their adverse effects. Furthermore, miniaturization of nanotoxicity assays can reduce the number of daphnids used, as well as the cost and nanomaterial waste, and provide results even at the individual animal level with enhanced reproducibility of testing. In this study, the impact of the exposure vessel on the observed physiological changes of daphnids was investigated for a silver nano ink. Exposures in eleven commercially available vessels; nine made of plastic and two made of glass were compared for 24 h. The effect of surface to volume ratio of the exposure vessel and the animal number or "crowding" during exposure was investigated in the context of miniaturizing biomarker assays as alternatives to traditional experimental setups in Daphnid magna. Toxicity curves showed differences depending on the vessel used, while a novel feeding rate assay and the activity of key enzymes were assessed as physiology endpoints.