Organisation For Economic Co-operation And Development Member Countries Research Articles

Measuring the health of people in places: A scoping review of OECD member countries

A scoping review was performed to identify how Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries measure overall health for sub-national geographies within each country. Sixty publications were selected from MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar, plus information extracted from 37 of 38 OECD countries statistical agency and/or public health institute websites that were available in English. Data sources varied by categorisation into national statistical agency mortality (n=7) or population-level survey morbidity (n=5) health indicators. Region was the most common geographic scale (e.g., eight indicators for 26 countries), slightly fewer indicators for urban areas (max countries per most frequent indicator=24), followed by municipality (range of 1-14 countries per indicator). Other geographies, particularly those at smaller granularity, were infrequently available across health indicators and countries. Wider availability of health indicators at smaller, and non-administrative, geographies is needed to explore the best way to measure comparative population health in local areas.

Classification of Oecd Countries in Terms of Medical Resources and Usage with Hierarchical Clustering Analysis

Medical resources and usage data collected regularly and could be considered a major benchmark for countries. We aimed to classify the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) member countries using the World Bank data in terms of medical resources and usage. This is a cross - sectional study. The medical resources and usage data between 2010-2015 were evaluated. Among 36 OECD member countries, 13 of them that lacked data couldn’t be included in the study. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used for grouping countries with similar medical resources and usage. Although there are various methods of hierarchical clustering analysis, Ward method, has been used. Square Euclidean distance was used to obtain clusters by Ward method. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between variables. Hierarchical clustering analysis resulted in 4 clusters for selected 23 OECD countries. It was found that Turkey was in the first cluster together with Israel, Spain, Greece and Mexico. The heterogeneous clustering among the OECD countries may have been produced by the financial disparities between the countries. The results are expected to provide helpful insight on the comparison of health status.

The Global Health Security Index is not predictive of vaccine rollout responses among OECD countries

Objective: This study sought to evaluate the utility of the Global Health Security (GHS) index in predicting the launch of COVID-19 vaccine rollout by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries.Methods: Country-level data on the preparedness to respond to infectious disease threats through vaccination rollout were collected using the GHS index. OECD member countries were rank-ordered based on the percentage of their populations fully vaccinated against COVID-19. Rank-ordering was conducted from the lowest to the highest, with each country assigned a score ranging from 1 to 33. Spearman's rank correlation between the GHS index and the percentage of the population that is fully vaccinated was also performed.Results: Israel, ranked 34th in the world on the GHS index for pandemic preparedness, had the highest percentage of the population that was fully vaccinated against COVID-19 within 2 months of the global vaccine rollout. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between GHS index and the percentage of population fully vaccinated was -0.1378, with a p-value of 0.43.Conclusion: The findings suggest an absence of correlation between the GHS index rating and the COVID-19 vaccine rollout of OECD countries, indicating that the preparedness of OECD countries for infectious disease threats may not be accurately reflected by the GHS index.

Association between gender inequality and population-level health outcomes: Panel data analysis of organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

BackgroundGender plays a well-recognized role in shaping health inequities. However, the population-level health consequences of gender inequalities have not been measured comprehensively. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between gender inequality and health indicators in organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.MethodsEcological study based on 1990–2017 panel data for OECD member countries. Gender inequality was measured using the Gender Inequality Index (GII). The population health parameters evaluated were life expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE), years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and specific-cause mortality. Two-way fixed-effects linear models were used to assess the relationship between gender inequality and health outcomes. Models included potential mediating and confounding factors such as health spending, political model, and income inequalities.FindingsGreater gender inequality was associated with lower LE (-0·49%; CI95 -0·63%– -0·31%; p-value < 0·0001), HALE (-0·47%; CI95 -0·63%– -0·31%; p-value < 0·0001) and with increased premature mortality YLL (6·82%; CI95 3·63%–10·75%; p-value < 0·0001) and morbidity measured in DALYs (1·50%; CI95 0·48%–2·46%; p-value = 0·0028) and YLD (2·59%; CI95 0·67%–4·77%; p-value = 0·0063) for each 0·1 increments on the GII. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the results were robust to the various specifications of the causal models.InterpretationOur results suggest that gender inequality pose a sizable impact on population health outcomes. Promoting gender equality as part of public policies is vital for optimizing health on a population scale.FundingAgencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID)/Programa Becas/Magister Becas Chile/2017- 22,170,332

Accounting Harmonisation through IAS/IFRS and Internationalisation: Evidence from FDIs and Cross-Border M&amp;A

The process of accounting harmonisation via International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards (IAS/IFRS) adoption is very widespread, and it is still involving a huge number of countries all over the world.Previous academic literature investigated the impact of this process from different perspectives, such as the quality of financial reports, the transparency of financial disclosures, the liquidity of the financial markets and the cost of equity.The aim of this article is to contribute to the research stream exploring the effects of IAS/IFRS adoption, investigating if accounting harmonisation through the IAS/IFRS has had an impact on the internationalisation process. To achieve our objective, two multiple linear regression analyses are presented. The first one focuses on the impact of the adoption of IAS/IFRS on foreign direct investments (FDIs) using data collected from a sample of 34 Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) member countries. The second statistical analysis investigates the influence of IAS/IFRS adoption on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A), considering operations carried out by European-listed companies towards target companies located in the 34 OECD member countries. The FDIs and cross-border M&amp;A are considered proxies of the internationalisation process.Preliminary results show that the adoption of IAS/IFRS has positively affected FDI flows and increased the value of cross-border M&amp;A.This study has tried to provide theoretical contributions to the literature stream about the effects of the harmonisation process with IAS/IFRS adoption, showing the beneficial impact they may have on the internationalisation process. Moreover, our findings can be useful for policymakers and managers, suggesting that becoming IAS/IFRS adopters can facilitate the internationalisation process of the companies.

Sustainable development and quality of life in Poland compared to other OECD member countries

The aim of the publication is to analyze the concept of sustainable development in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and De-velopment (OECD) with particular emphasis on the quality of life of Polish citizens against the background of other member countries of this organization. Analyzing selected measures of the sustainable development of OECD member countries in the period 2000-2018, the increase in social and individual well-being of the inhab-itants and the harmonious arrangement of the relationship between man and the human environment were revealed. The progressive degradation of the natural en-vironment was stopped, the effectiveness of using natural resources was increased and the comfort of life of the inhabitants was improved in the conditions of pro-gressive economic growth. Considering the total index of Better Life Index, it was found that Poland was in this respect in the third tenth of all 37 OECD member countries. Poland achieved better results than the average in the areas of "personal safety", "education", and "balance between work and home life". However, for the remaining eight criteria ("housing", "life satisfaction", "civic engagement", "work and wages", "society", "quality of the environment", "income and wealth", "health") Poland achieved much worse results than the average for OECD coun-tries.

Are OECD Countries in a Rule of Law Recession?

Abstract This paper examines whether there is a rule of law recession among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This formal inquiry is motivated by the recent findings of a democratic recession across several countries with a long tradition of democratic values. I conduct both quantitative and qualitative analyses using the rule of law index from the World Justice Project, as well as different government and academic reports. Results show that, by and large, there is no rule of law recession among OECD member countries. Findings indicate that 12 out of the 28 OECD member countries analyzed in this paper continue to expand their level of adherence to the rule of law during the period 2014–2020. In fact, just as many OECD member countries have stable scores in their respective rule of law index. In contrast, only Turkey, Hungary, Korea, and Poland exhibit a rule of law recession.

African trade of mangoes to OECD countries: disentangling the effects of compliance with maximum residue limits on production, export supply and import demand

Abstract This article theoretically and empirically disentangles the effects of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides on production, export supply and import demand. We adopt a modelling approach based on the costs and benefits associated with food safety standards and use our theoretical framework to assess the empirical net effects of MRLs for pesticides on African mango production and trade with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. On the one hand, we theoretically highlight that for a given production technology and a level of elasticity of production costs with respect to the MRL gap, producers will likely (probability and quantity) produce standard-compliant products if they are able to completely pass through the standard-compliance costs to the unit price they receive from exporters; otherwise, they will exit standard-compliant products market. On the other hand, we theoretically show that the net effects of the MRL gap on bilateral trade can be positive, zero or negative depending on the effects of consumers’ perceived quality (positive), trade costs (negative) and standard-compliant production cost (negative). We use a cross-sectional data set for 12 African countries that produced and exported MRL-compliant mangoes to 31 OECD countries in 2016. On the one hand, we find that the net effect of MRLs is positive for the level of standard-compliant mango production and negative for the probability of producing. On the other hand, they are positive in mango trade between African and OECD member countries. Our results highlight that the tightening or imposition of strict MRLs for pesticides in developed countries may be trade promoting, while they severely impede production in African countries.

Renewable energy and total factor productivity in OECD member countries

This paper studies the impact of renewable energy on the total factor productivity (TFP), considering the role of human capital, innovation and trade openness in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. By applying Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lags (CS–ARDL) technique, we analyse panel time-series data. We find our variables are non-stationary and strongly correlated across sample countries. Our findings support the argument that the use of renewable energy in the production process spurs TFP in the long run through different macroeconomic channels. Fossil fuel-driven production process is found to be inconclusive in influencing TFP in the long run. Human capital and technological advancement appear to be driving factors in spurring TFP in OECD countries. Our findings are robust in the presence of the common correlation effect, as well as heterogeneous and homogeneity restrictions in the short-run and long-run parameters. We identify several resultant policy implications.

Sustainable Development and Quality of Life in Poland Compared to other OECD Member Countries

Purpose: The publication aims to analyze the concept of sustainable development in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), emphasizing the of of Polish citizens against the background of other member countries of this organization. Design/Methodology/Approach: In the study is used a research method based on literature studies in the field of finance and macroeconomics. The first step of the research was to formulate the research problem, then to collect and evaluate relevant data, then to analyze and interpret the collected data, and finally to present the data and present the directions for further research. This article presents a narrative review of the scientific literature and an analysis of statistical data to identify various concepts of sustainable development and of and to identify the main determinants of the of in OECD member countries. Findings: Analyzing selected measures of the sustainable development of OECD member countries in the period 2000-2018, the increase in the inhabitants' social and individual well-being and the harmonious arrangement of the relationship between man and the human environment were revealed. The total index of Better Life Index was found that Poland was in this respect in the third tenth of all 37 OECD member countries. Poland achieved better results than the average in the areas of personal safety, education, and balance between and home life. However, for the remaining eight criteria (housing, life satisfaction, civic engagement, work and wages, society, quality of the environment, income and wealth, health), Poland achieved much worse results than the average for OECD countries. Practical Implications: The progressive degradation of the natural environment was stopped, the effectiveness of using natural resources was increased, and the comfort of the inhabitants' lives was improved in the conditions of progressive economic growth. Originality/Value: The article is a theoretical analysis of various concepts of sustainable development and of life, and an in-depth empirical analysis of the evolution of sustainable development and changes in the of in Poland compared to other OECD member countries. So far, such comprehensive theoretical and empirical research has not been carried out.

Excess Mortality of Males Due to Malignant Lung Cancer in OECD Countries.

Excess mortality of men has been observed since the beginning of the 20th century. One of the main causes of this phenomenon is malignant cancers, with lung cancer as the main reason. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, a decline in male excess mortality was observed in most developed countries. This study aimed to analyze the changes in the level of excess mortality of men caused by lung cancer between 2002 and 2017 in the countries associated with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). In order to compare changes in male mortality rates across countries, the annual average percent change (AAPC) in male excess mortality rate for a given country was calculated. A decrease in excess male mortality due to lung cancer between 2002 and 2017 was recorded in 33 of the 35 countries analyzed. The highest rate of decline was observed in Spain (4.9% per year), Belgium (4.7% per year), Slovakia (4.4% per year) and other European OECD member countries. In most OECD countries, the decrease in excess male mortality was the result of a decrease in mortality in the male population as well as the increase in female mortality. In 10 member countries of the OECD, there was a simultaneous increase in the mortality of men and women, though the increase was higher in the female population. Only in two countries was the decrease in excess mortality of males due to a greater decline in the mortality of men. The decline in male mortality from lung cancer primarily associated with a reduction in tobacco consumption in this population initiated in the 1980s or 1990s (depending on the country) was not observed in the female population.

Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Eğitim Harcamaları ve 2018 PISA Performanslarının Karşılaştırılmalı Analizi

The outcomes of education policies and education expenditures are not always known with certainty. Therefore, the Programme for International Student Assessment Programme (PISA), which is implemented by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) at 3-year intervals, is of critical importance of the performance of the education system. Turkey participated in the PISA, which started to be implemented for the first time in 2000, in 2003. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between OECD countries 2018 PISA performance scores and education expenditure. Within the scope of the study, human development indices, schooling rates and the effectiveness of education expenditure were investigated in a group of OECD member countries, including Turkey. To ascertain the effectiveness of education expenditures, the 2003-2018 PISA results for the countries studied were analyzed. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the education expenditures of the 10 most successful countries and Turkey per student in 2018 PISA were compared with the public education expenditures and the share of gross domestic product (GDP) allocated to education. According to the PISA score, there was an increase in Turkey’s average scores but a decrease in 2015. The reason for this decrease is explained as the transition to compulsory education during the 2012-2013 education period. In addition, according to the results of the study, there is a positive relationship between countries education expenditure per student and PISA performance. No relationship was found between PISA performance levels and the share of GDP allocated to education. The reason for this may of the differing levels of economic development. Similarly, no relationship was seen between public education expenditures and the PISA performance results.

Benchmarking road safety development across OECD countries: An empirical analysis for a decade

Benchmarking performance, monitoring progress and then recalibrating interventions is widely recognized as a valuable process for achieving continuous improvement in road safety. In this study, a systematic and effective methodology, IV-VIKOR with FNBC, is developed to perform the benchmarking of road safety development in an integrative manner for OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. Linking to other methods and measures as the references, 36 OECD Member countries are ranked and grouped into several classes based on their overall achievement regarding road safety from the past decade (2009–2018). This provides government officials and policymakers, across the OECD Member countries, with a flexible tool to comprehensively benchmark road safety development. Providing the ability to identify delays in action plan implementations and proactively redistribute resources toward more effective measures where required. Such a tool can also serve to increase political will and stakeholder accountabilities, at the highest level of government and the private sector for all OECD members: Thereby keeping the implementation of action plans on schedule. It helps OECD Member countries to establish the capacity for sustainable safety management; supporting them in developing future strategies and reforms to create better policies for better lives.

Pollutant emission effect of tourism, real income, energy utilization, and urbanization in OECD countries: a panel quantile approach.

Although the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries are largely regarded as a high human development index and high-income economies, evidence has continued to reveal the existential gap among the member countries drive toward achieving environmental sustainability. Giving this motivation, this research employed a panel quantile approach to examine the role of square of per capita income (the environmental Kuznets curve-EKC hypothesis) and per capita income, tourist arrivals, energy consumption, and urbanization on environmental quality in the panel of (31) selected OECD countries over the period 1995-2016. A handful of vital results were presented in the study. First, the evidence of EKC (inverted U-shaped) proposition is establish just for the lower quantiles while a no EKC (U-shaped) hypothesis is found from the 0.25th to 0.90th quantile. In specific, environmental quality starts to improve when the per capita real income peaked at 11, 271.13 USD (0.05th quantile) and 8, 604.15 USD (0.10th quantile) while the environment becomes damaged after income per capita becomes 89, 321.72 USD (0.25th quantile) and 36, 315.50 USD (0.50th quantile). Moreover, the effect of international tourism arrivals, urbanization, and energy consumption are all significant and damaging to environmental quality across the quantile but with a slightly minimized impact toward the upper quantile. Furthermore, there is statistical significant evidence of Granger causality at least from tourism development, energy consumption, urbanization, and per capita income to carbon emissions. Considering the aforementioned results, the study outlined relevant policy mechanism that is poised to guide the OECD member countries on the sustainable development path.

Going universal? The problem of the uninsured in Europe and in OECD countries

The aim of this article is to address the following questions: (1) Which OECD (The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) and EU countries guarantee health insurance coverage to the entire population and which, conversely, leave part of the resident population without coverage?, (2) How many people do not have health coverage, and what are their characteristics? and (3) Within the OECD and the EU, is there actually a trend toward universal population coverage? Approximately one third of OECD and European Union countries do not ensure health insurance coverage to the entire population. At present, the uninsured in European Union countries totals more than seven million people. Considering all 36 OECD countries, the uninsured reach almost 48 million. The diachronic analysis shows that, from the 1970s to present day, the percentage of the uninsured in OECD member countries has gradually decreased. Conversely, in EU countries, the tendency toward universalism shows a fluctuating trend. Until the mid-90s, the number of uninsured decreased. However, a trend reversal took place and the number of uninsured started to rise again from the second half of the 1990s. The number of individuals without insurance coverage is currently 2-fold higher than the figure recorded before the outbreak of the great financial crisis.

Understanding Complex Social Network of Government Officials in Decision Making

Understanding Complex Social Network of Government Officials in Decision Making

OECD ÜLKELERİNİN REFAH DÜZEYLERİNİN GRİ İLİŞKİSEL ANALİZ ile DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

In recent years, the definition and measurement of the well-being levels of nations have been among the most studied topics by researchers. After World War II, national income was used for this purpose; however, due to the impact of globalization, the inadequacy of this approach was identified, and a human-oriented development approach was adopted. Thus, the Human Development Index (HDI), first introduced in 1990, was presented as an important indicator. The need to define and measure well-being in more detail based on changing conditions resulted in the calculation of the Better Life Index (BLI) by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2011. In the present study, BLI 2017 data for 35 OECD member countries and 3 non-member states were analyzed with Gray Relational Analysis (GRA). In Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) analyses, determination of the weight is an important and critical issue that directly affects the results. Therefore, four objective weight determination methods, including mean-weights (MW) and standard deviation (SD), entropy, and CRITIC, were used in the study. Countries were ranked based on gray coefficient scores determined in the analysis. Thus, it was determined that the countries with the highest scores included Norway, Australia, USA, Canada, Iceland, Switzerland, Denmark, and, Sweden while the countries with the lowest scores were South Africa, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, and.

New trends in the development of scientific, technological and innovation policies of the world countries: the OECD vision

A new direction of science, technology and innovation policy, initiated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), has been investigated. The proposed OECD paradigm of new mission-oriented policies encompasses initiatives aimed at overcoming public challenges in the world and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (UN), which is especially relevant for Ukraine. The general characteristics of the instruments of political influence and interaction are given. These instruments are the “mix” of policies that aim to implement direct and indirect forms of support. The examples of developing the national strategic documents and supporting a sustainable economy in the OECD member countries are considered. Highly developed countries introduce special instruments that promote breakthrough innovations to implement strategic priorities. The OECD notes the feasibility of creating different types of institutions that will be responsible for defining national strategies and shaping science, technology and innovation policies. The challenges and trends of political support for innovative business by the OECD member countries are described. The governments of these countries are initiating the formation of new directions and the use of new public policy instruments, in particular: a combination of fiscal instruments and direct support instruments, simplified access to financing schemes and increased transparency through the creation of a “single window” or digital support services, etc.

Сучасні світові та вітчизняні тенденції зайнятості з урахуванням впливу COVID-19

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that today in the world and in Ukraine is actively spreading a dangerous infectious disease — COVID-19, which negatively affects GDP, labor market, in particular reduces employment, increases unemployment and increases poverty. The aim of the article is to assess global and domestic employment trends taking into account the impact of COVID-19. The change in the share of the population aged 15…64 in 2018 compared to 2015 in the general structure of the population in some countries and in Ukraine is calculated, which allowed concluding that the tendency to narrow the employment base is strengthening, especially in Ukraine. Changes in the number of employed people aged 15…70 by individual member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Ukraine in 2019 compared to 2005 are calculated, which allowed to identify negative trends for the labor market, especially for Ukraine. The unemployment rate for individual OECD member countries and Ukraine in 2005 and 2018—2019 is analyzed. The change in the unemployment rate for individual OECD member countries and Ukraine in 2019 compared to 2005 and 2018—2019 is calculated. the importance of the impact of COVID-19 on the unemployment rate in some OECD countries and on the number of hours worked in the world and its comparison with the Global Financial Crisis of 2007—2008. The experience of individual countries of the world in preserving jobs during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic is summarized. Measures to preserve jobs in the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic are proposed, including: stimulating economic and labor market development through the introduction of active measures of fiscal and monetary policy of the state and providing soft loans and financial assistance to the real sector of the economy, including medical sphere; support for medium and small businesses, creating conditions for job preservation; protection of the employed population in the workplace, in particular with regard to the creation of safe working conditions, the promotion of flexible, in particular online forms of employment, etc.

Multiple Conjunctural Impact on Digital Social Innovation: Focusing on the OECD Countries

This study aims to explore the influencing factors of multidisciplinary digital social innovation (DSI) in the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) member countries in light of the socio-technical system transition theory. It sets up the eight variables of the four areas that comprise the DSI, and then identifies the causal conditions (arrangements) based on the empirical findings through the fuzzy-set multi-conjunctural analysis. In short, it concludes that, if OECD member countries have high level of democracy and e-participation, high GDP and business-friendly environment, high social expenditure, and high level of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) development and patent applications, they are highly likely to achieve a sufficient level of digital social innovation. This study underlines that the result of combined arrangement explains that the DSI can be more properly characterized by the multi-level and structured approach of the socio-technical system transition that goes beyond the fragmentary approach of existing innovation theories and the current related academic field. Moreover, this study reveals that the social factors (including the social capital variable) that have attracted attention from previous studies may have little effect on the DSI. In essence, it suggests that citizen interaction and social change can be newly formed through technological innovation in a multi-dimensional way, and that more in-depth discussion regarding the new context of ‘digital citizen’ might be required.